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D'olbia À Tanaïs. Territoires Et Réseaux D'échanges Dans La Mer

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D'olbia À Tanaïs. Territoires Et Réseaux D'échanges Dans La Mer D’Olbia à Tanaïs. Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique Christel Müller To cite this version: Christel Müller. D’Olbia à Tanaïs. Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique. Ausonius Editions, 2010. hal-01984207 HAL Id: hal-01984207 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01984207 Submitted on 16 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. D’Olbia à Tanaïs Christel Müller, ancienne élève de l’École Normale Supérieure et ancien membre de l’École Française d’Athènes, est Profes- seur d’histoire grecque à l’Uni- versité de Reims. Ausonius Éditions — Scripta Antiqua 28 — D’Olbia à Tanaïs Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classique et hellénistique par Christel MÜLLER Diffusion De Boccard 11 rue de Médicis F - 75006 Paris — Bordeaux 2010 — AUSONIUS Maison de l’Archéologie F - 33607 Pessac cedex http://ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/EditionsAusonius Diffusion De Boccard 11 rue de Médicis 75006 Paris http://www.deboccard.com Directeur des Publications : Jérôme France Secrétaire des Publications : Stéphanie Vincent Graphisme de Couverture : Stéphanie Vincent © AUSONIUS 2010 ISSN : 1298-1990 ISBN : 978-2-35613-035-8 Achevé d’imprimer sur les presses de l’imprimerie BM Z.I. de Canéjan 14, rue Pierre Paul de Riquet F - 33610 Canéjan septembre 2010 Illustration de couverture : carte du Bosphore cimmérien (P. Dubrux, pas après 1833, d’après Tunkina 2002, fig. 45) et décret d’Olbia en l’honneur de deux Athéniens vers 340-330 a.C. (d’après I.Olb 5). Pour Graham et Arthur Sommaire Avant-propos 11 Introduction 15 I - Territoires et conquêtes dans le Pont Nord du dernier tiers du ve s. au début du iiie s. a.C. 23 Le Bosphore cimmérien 23 Des Arkhéanaktides aux Spartocides 24 L’intégration de Nymphaion 24 Les cités du Bosphore asiatique 25 La prise de Théodosia 26 La conquête de la Sindikè 31 Colonisation interne : fondations et refondations du Bosphore asiatique 34 Tanaïs, colonie bosporane ? 37 Ethnicité et partage du territoire : archontes des cités et rois des ethnè 39 Le Bosphore cimmérien : représentations et réalités d’une totalité territoriale 41 Marqueurs symboliques et physiques du territoire 43 Et les kourganes ? 46 Olbia pontique 48 Le nom de la cité 48 Situation territoriale d’Olbia à partir du ve s. a.C. 49 Olbia et les Spartocides dans la première moitié du ive s. a.C. 52 La recolonisation du territoire aux ive-iiie s. a.C. 53 Les possessions extérieures d’Olbia ? 56 Chersonèse 58 Une fondation du ve s. a.C. ? 58 À la conquête de la chôra 60 Kerkinitis, Kalos Limèn et la Crimée du nord-ouest 62 Chersonèse et le Bosphore 66 II - Crises pontiques d’époque hellénistique (c. 270-milieu du iie s. a.C.) 67 Quelle(s) crise(s) ? 67 La réduction des territoires 67 Barbares en mouvement 70 Un changement climatique ? 74 Une crise monétaire ? 75 La reprise très relative de la fin du iiie s. 78 III - Les relations entre États du Pont Nord et l’intervention de Mithridate de la deuxième moitié du iie s. à la mort du roi en 63 a.C. 81 Néapolis de Scythie, petit royaume hellénistique 81 Les rois de la Scythie tardive 81 Néapolis à Kermenchik ? 81 Questions chronologiques : de la grande à la petite Scythie 82 Néapolis, capitale du royaume 83 Une monarchie hellénistique entre Scythes et Grecs 88 Néapolis et Olbia 89 Néapolis et le Bosphore cimmérien 91 L’intervention du royaume du Pont 93 Le traité entre Pharnace et Chersonèse, attaquée par les Scythes 93 L’intervention de Mithridate dans le Pont Nord à l’époque de Diophantos 95 Diophantos, Saumakos et le Bosphore 98 Conséquences de la domination pontique pour les États du Pont Nord 99 La fin de Mithridate 102 IV - La dynamique des territoires : prospections et fouilles dans les chôrai nord-pontiques 105 Le Bosphore cimmérien 105 Histoire des recherches 105 La péninsule de Taman’ 106 Gorgippia 108 La péninsule de Kerch 109 Nymphaion 111 Théodosia 115 Chersonèse 118 Olbia 119 V - Parcellaires et propriété foncière 125 Chersonèse 125 Histoire de la recherche 125 Limites géographiques du parcellaire 126 Questions chronologiques 127 Interprétation spatiale 134 Description du parcellaire et questions de métrologie 134 Fermes et autres bâtiments 136 Disposition des lots et éléments perturbateurs 139 Évolution du parcellaire après sa mise en place 141 Autres parcellaires du territoire de Chersonèse 143 Du parcellaire à la propriété foncière 146 L’inscription cadastrale IOSPE I2, 403 148 Le Bosphore cimmérien 151 Le Bosphore asiatique 151 Le Bosphore européen 155 Districts territoriaux, domaines royaux et contrôle royal de la production 159 Olbia 163 Conclusion sur les parcellaires du Pont Nord : de l’ethnicité à la spatialité 166 VI - Les productions : besoins locaux et surplus potentiels 169 Le cas du blé 169 Types de céréales cultivés 169 Rendement des terres cultivées 172 Évaluations démographiques 175 Superficie des territoires cultivés et surplus potentiels 180 Risques et gestion des crises ponctuelles 182 La viticulture 184 Olbia 184 Le Bosphore 185 Chersonèse 187 VII - Les États et leurs hinterlands : les systèmes de redistribution régionaux 191 Comment penser les contacts avec les populations locales ou de l’identité ethnique au statut de dépendant 191 Grecs et indigènes : réflexions sur l’interprétation ethnique des artefacts 191 Ethnonymes, de l’identité ethnique aux catégories statutaires 195 Le bâtiment U6 de Panskoe et les sovkhozes antiques 197 La construction des systèmes emporiques 201 Olbia et son hinterland 202 Le système emporique du Bosphore cimmérien 204 L’ e mporion d’Elizavetovskoe 206 Importations et exportations depuis l’hinterland 212 Échanges monétarisés ou troc ? 216 VIII - Réseaux et échanges internationaux 219 L’aire thraco-pontique 219 Les grands itinéraires de la navigation 219 Proxénies, monnaies locales et réseaux d’échanges 221 Argent et monétarisation des échanges 226 La route du blé : Athènes et le Bosphore du dernier tiers du ve s. au début du iiie s. a.C. 233 Athènes et le Pont Nord dans le dernier tiers du ve s. a.C. 234 Privilèges économiques réciproques 236 Mytilène : l’exception ? 242 Les réseaux athéno-pontiques 243 Et en échange du grain ? Les exportations méditerranéennes vers le Pont Nord aux époques classique et hellénistique 247 La céramique attique 247 Les routes du vin 249 Thasos, l’Égée septentrionale et le Pont Nord du ve s. aux années 250 a.C. 252 Deux profils différents d’importations amphoriques : Elizavetovskoe et Panskoe I (U6) 254 Les liens du Pont Nord avec l’Égypte aux iiie et iie s. a.C. 257 Le rôle des Rhodiens dans le Pont Nord aux iiie et iie s. a.C. 261 Conclusion 265 Notes 271 Dossier épigraphique : liste des textes 357 Chronologie simplifiée du royaume du Bosphore 358 Textes 359 Royaume du Bosphore 359 Chersonèse 370 Olbia 386 Principales abréviations 401 Bibliographie 402 Index 429 Avant-propos Quelques mots simplement, avant de me lancer dans le vif du sujet, et d’abord sur les questions techniques. En ce qui concerne la bibliographie et les références données en bas de page, j’ai adopté, en toute connaissance de cause, le système dit de Harvard. Celui-ci présente deux avantages majeurs, qui l’emportent, m’a-t-il semblé, sur les inconvénients : il est très économe de pages, car il produit des notes de taille raisonnable, et n’oblige pas le lecteur à parcourir des dizaines de références avant de pouvoir identifier celle qu’il ne comprend pas, lorsqu’elle aura finalement été abrégée par le rédacteur à force de répétitions. Par ailleurs, j’ai choisi un système très bref d’appellation des auteurs* par leur seul nom de famille, sans l’initiale du prénom, là encore par souci d’économie, car les Russes et les Ukrainiens ont en plus de celui-ci un patronyme : “S. Ju. Monakhov” est donc restreint à son nom “Monakhov”, selon un principe lapidaire, j’en conviens, mais efficace. Seuls les possibles homonymes ont été distingués comme les deux Marchenko et, surtout, les deux Vinogradov, qui portent le même nom et le même prénom et ne se différencient que par leur patronyme : apparaissent donc dans le texte, lorsque la confusion est possible, un “Ju. A. Vinogradov” (archéologue) ou un “Ju. G. Vinogradov” (épigraphiste). Les noms et termes russes et ukrainiens ont été translittérés du cyrillique, selon le système de transcription internationale donné dans l’ouvrage Une koinè pontique, édité en 2007 par Bresson, Ivanchik et Ferrary (p. 351). J’ai également harmonisé la transcription des noms propres, car les articles en langues occidentales ne suivent pas systématiquement les mêmes principes : le deuxième auteur de la Koinè est donc toujours, pour moi, “Ivanchik” et non “Ivantchik”, mais j’ai veillé à ce que cela ne pose jamais de problème pour l’identification des références bibliographiques. Toutes les erreurs restent miennes, cela va de soi. Il n’est que temps d’évoquer ici celles et ceux qui, par la discussion et le partage des idées, ont contribué à enrichir ce volume, issu d’un mémoire d’habilitation de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études. Pour la partie française, mes remerciements s’adressent d’emblée à mon Directeur, Jean-Louis Ferrary, admirable relecteur : il sait combien j’admire sa patience et la rectitude de son jugement.
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