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Riposo Come Manutenzione. Turismo in Unione Sovietica

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Riposo Come Manutenzione. Turismo in Unione Sovietica Riposo come manutenzione. Turismo in Unione Sovietica Il turismo in Unione Sovietica assume forme molto specifiche di cura e ricreazione psico- fisica del lavoratore e del corpo sociale. In quest’ottica il tempo libero non sfugge all’organizzazione centralizzata delle destinazioni, degli spazi, delle modalità stesse di fruizione. Il turismo (parola impropria in quanto in ambito russo indica specificamente attività di escursionismo nella natura) è quindi strutturato con particolare attenzione alla dimensione medico-sanitaria e a quella di attività sociale e prende forme e dimensioni attentamente messe a punto per controllare condotta ed efficienza dei lavoratori. Da una parte si sviluppa il sistema dei kurort o sanatori, strutture più vicine a case di cura che ad alberghi; dall’altra non si perde di vista la dimensione collettiva: quindi gli impianti sono sempre di grandi dimensioni, diventando spesso distretti o intere città specializzate, come ad esempio Sochi. Gli scritti che seguono investigano le peculiarità del turismo organizzato sovietico sotto molteplici punti di vista: figure architettoniche del turismo come cura e accoglienza di massa, città e distretti della ricreazione, pianificazione e infrastrutturazione del turismo, il patrimonio delle attrezzature turistiche storiche nello scenario contemporaneo. Filippo Lambertucci, Pisana Posocco 1981 The Kurort System along the North-East Coast of the Black Sea1 Antonio Bertini CNR, Istituto di Studi sulle Società del Mediterraneo – Napoli – Italia Candida Cuturi Università di Napoli Federico II – Napoli – Italia Keywords: Tourism Development, Spatial Planning, Kurort, USSR, Black Sea. 1. Introduction In the Soviet period the Black Sea was the holiday destination par excellence, for Russian, Ukraine, Georgian, Rumen and Bulgarian people. The Crimean peninsula, in particular, had been visited by the Russian aristocracy since the tsarist period. Following Lenin’s decree on seaside resorts in Crimea (1920) ‒ according to which villas, palaces and holiday mansions, owned by nobles, upper middle class and tsars, had to be used for providing health recovery to workers ‒ radical changes took place, concerning landscape, urban environment, facilities, infrastructures, etc. In the Soviet Union republics, several health resorts were implemented, equipped with medical services and natural health remedies, as well as leisure facilities. Within kurorts, places of vacation and treatment, Soviet workers in need of healing or relaxation had the opportunity of restoring their strength in a planned way, on the background of natural settings. Kurorts turn out to be complex systems, playing a huge socio-economic role, since their features and issues are related to health and leisure, town planning and services. 2. Soviet tourism In the late XIX century the early tourist organizations were born within Caucasus2, the first travel agency and then the first pre-revolutionary tourist company (ROT) in Saint Petersburg, and Russians discovered the Crimean mountain region. During the first decade of XX century both internal and outbound tourism increased, until the October Revolution and the birth of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Soviet tourism can be analysed according to three main periods characterizing Soviet history: from the October Revolution to 1929; from 1930 to Stalin’s death (1953), with the short interval signed by the Great Patriotic War (II World War); from Chruscev until the fall of the Soviet Union. Following Lenin’s decree on Crimean seaside resorts3, issued in 1920, kurorts were carried out as integrated systems allowing therapeutic treatments, rest and vacation. Several buildings of the tsarist period were requisitioned and the programming/planning of Soviets vacations started. A specific board was established for the promotion and organisation of excursions addressed to the working class. The increase of tourism demand required new infrastructures, and the need for a better tourism management led to Komsomol, an organization related to the 1 The Introduction (section 1) was written by b oth the authors, Bertini and Cuturi. Bertini authored section 2 (Soviet tourism) and subsection 4.2. Cuturi authored section 3 (The evolution of the Kurort system along the Black Sea Coast) and subsection 4.1. Both Cuturi and Bertini authored the Conclusion (section 5). 2 M. Macrì, Analisi Linguistico-Semantica del Turismo Digitale nella Russia Post-Moderna, Degree Thesis (Gloria Politi as tutor), 2010-11, pp. 7-34. 3 The decree anticipated the following NEP (Novaja Ėkonomičeskaja Politika), a system of economic reforms, partially addressed to the free market, set up by Vladimir Ilic Lenin in 1921 and in force until 1929. Cf. M. De Michelis, E. Pasini, La città sovietica 1925-1937, Marsilio, 1976; M. Tafuri, Verso la città socialista: ricerche e realizzazioni nell’Unione Sovietica tra la NEP e il Primo Piano Quinquennale, Lotus n. 9, 1975. 1983 Communist Party and constituted by young educators. Trade unions provided social services such as health assistance, managed cultural and sport activities, issued vouchers for thermal/sport/holiday centres. Thermal and vacation centres were born, in Crimea and Caucasus, addressed to high society, the government élite, the Intelligencija and foreign tourists4. In 1927 the Komsomol promoted the constitution of a new organization aimed at fostering mass tourism in order to improve the cultural and political level of new generations; in 1929 a Proletarian Society for Tourism and Excursions was set up, for travelling both into the European and the Asiatic areas. The untimely death of Lenin led to the advent of Iosif Vissarionovic Dzugasvili, named Stalin, who left the New Economic Policy. Since 1929, Five-Year Plans5 were implemented as economic planning tools, managed by public institutions and addressed to Economic Regions. The first plan promoted industrial development, but also domestic tourism as a means to spread the cultural and natural values of the country. The totalitarian regime did not support travelling abroad; only the intellectuals banished or choosing exile went abroad. The “Cultural Revolution” promoted the institutional development of tourist flows and the increase of visits and excursions on the national territory. Some tourism structures were designed for being addressed particularly to the workers; small and medium enterprises, involved in tourism activities, were born. In 1936 an organization for the Management of Tourism and Excursions (TEU) was founded. There was a tourism break during the War and several structures were sacked or destroyed. Tourist flows started again in 1945, towards Moscow, Leningrad, Crimea and Krasnodar kraj (comprising also Sochi, Novorossijsk and Anapa). After Stalin’s death (1953), Chruscev began to foster Soviet tourist flows abroad. There was a great resumption of domestic tourist flow between 1960 and 1970, with excursions during week-ends and holidays. The planning policy for the “new towns” focused also on tourism centres, taking into consideration leisure, and the localization of cultural, sport and commercial activities6. In 1973, USSR Council of Ministry set “norms of hygienic and environmental protection” for kurorts7. Intourist, managing tourist flows towards USSR, became one of the top ten tourism organizations in the world and Sputnik became the greatest organization of young tourism in the world. A systemic study of the tourism phenomenon was started, in quantitative and qualitative terms, aimed also to define places having a tourism development potential. With the arrival of Gorbachev, after about sixty years since Lenin and the NEP, the private property of enterprises, involved into commerce, production and import- export services, was allowed again, and every Russian citizen became free of moving outside national borders. 3. The evolution of the Kurort system along the Black Sea Coast Following the end of the Russian civil war and the 1920 decree on the use of Crimea for the treatment of workers, Crimean properties formerly belonging to big landowners, as well as tsarist palaces, should have been used as health resorts for workers. In the former Soviet Union republics, pre-existent buildings and infrastructures were restored (during the 1920s) 4 With reference to the administrative hierarchy of urban centres, there were “minor urban settlements” (recognised as an urban settlement), a built-up area of urban kind, workers’ housing, a health resort (kurortnij posëlok) or a tourist village (dachnij posëlok). Cfr. G. D’Agostino, Governo del territorio in Unione Sovietica, Gangemi Editore, 1993, pp. 37-66. 5 Successively, Seven-Year Plans. Cf. G. D’Agostino, op.cit. 6 Cf. G.D’Agostino, op.cit. 7 Cf. A. Bertini, La città sovietica. Innovazione Trasformazione, Napoli, CNR Istituto per la Pianificazione e la gestione del Territorio e Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del Territorio, 1991, pp. 187- 208. 1984 and new developments implemented (since the mid-1930s) as resorts with medical services and natural health remedies (mineral springs, therapeutic mud, etc.), as well as leisure facilities8. Soviet citizens in need of healing or relaxation travelled to a health spa (kurort) or a rest home (dom otdykha). Within the kurort the visitor enjoyed a 3-4-week stay for treatment and relaxation, being on specific diet, exercise, mineral water regime. Dom otdykha was a vacation rest house, often located within an attractive natural setting, providing
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