0 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Marstonia castor
COMMON NAME:
Beaverpond marstonia
LEAD REGION:
Region 4 (Southeast Region)
DATE INFORMATION CURRENT AS OF:
09/26/2017
STATUS/ACTION
_L Species assessment - determined either we do not have sufficient information on threats or the information on the threats does not support a proposal to list the species and, 0 therefore, it was not elevated to Candidate status or proposed for listing _ Listed species petitioned for uplisting for which we have made a warranted-but-precluded finding for uplisting (this is part of the annual resubmitted petition finding)
Candidate that received funding for a proposed listing determination; assessment not updated
New candidate
Continuing candidate
_ Listing priority number change Former LPN: New LPN:
_L Candidate removal: Former LPN: _n!a_ _ A - Taxon is more abundant or widespread than previously believed or not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status.
0 __ U - Taxon not subject to the degree ofthreats sufficient to warrant issuance of a 0 proposed listing or continuance of candidate status due, in part or totally, to conservation efforts that remove or reduce the threats to the species. F - Range is no longer a U.S. territory. _ I - Insufficient information exists on biological vulnerability and threats to support listing. _ M - Taxon mistakenly included in past notice of review. _ N - Taxon does not meet the Act's definition of "species." _A_ X - Taxon believed to be extinct.
Date when the species first became a Candidate (as currently defined): n/a
Petition Information: _ Non-petitioned _A__ Petitioned; Date petition received: April 20. 2010
90-day substantial finding FR publication date: September 27. 2011 12-month warranted but precluded finding FR publication date: ~ FOR PETITIONED CANDIDATE SPECIES
a. Is listing warranted (if yes, see summary of threats below)? No
b. To date, has publication of a proposal to list been precluded by other higher priority 0 listing actions? n/a
c. Why is listing precluded? n/a
ANIMAL/PLANT GROUP AND FAMILY:
Snail, family Hydrobiidae
HISTORICAL STATESffERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE:
• States/US Territories: Georgia
• US Counties: Crisp, Worth, and Daughtery, Counties, Georgia
• Countries; United States
CURRENT STATES/COUNTIESffERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE:
Georgia 2
0 0 LAND OWNERSHIP
Private property and adjacent local roadways (public).
LEAD REGION CONTACT
Timothy Merritt, Chief, Division of Conservation and Classification, [email protected],
404-679-7082
LEAD FIELD OFFICE CONTACT
Donald Imm, State Supervisor, Georgia Ecological Services Field Office,
[email protected], 706-613-9493
BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Species Description
0 To date, little is known about the beaverpond marstonia. Beaverpond marstonia was first
described by Fred Thompson (1977, p. 130). The tan-colored shell ofbeaverpond marstonia is
ovate-conic, and it typically has less than 3-5 whorls and is less than 4 mm in length. The
operculum (gill cover) is oval-shaped, very thin, well-formed, a light amber color, with a light
indentation along the outer edge (Thompson 1977, p. 130)
Taxonomy
Due to the lack of biological and ecological information for the beaverpond marstonia,
we gathered and used information from similar species of spring snails closely related via genetic
3
0 analysis, especially those related within the family Hydrobiidae. 0
The family Hydrobiidae is found within the subclass Caenogastropoda of class
Gastropoda (superfamily Rissoidea). Characteristics ofhydrobiids include gills located near the front of their body, a spiraJly coiled shell, and a mantle cavity near the head that contains sensory and excretory organs(Kabat and Hershler 1993, p. 5). Members of Hydrobiidae are understood to be found in freshwater habitats. Although the family constitutes a large group of approximately 170 known species of aquatic snails with worldwide distribution, especially in
North America and Australia (USFWS 2015, p. 1), many species within the family appear to have restricted distributions, often associated with springs, and even more are known only from their respective type locality (Watson C.N. 2000, p. 233). Information on hydrobiids is lacking in comparison to other mollusks, due to their small size and the need to differentiate between 0 species morphologically, primarily by the male genitalia.
Beaverpond marstonia belongs to the Nymphophilinae subfamily of Hydrobiidae, one of the largest groups of aquatic mollusks in North America. These species align with hydrobiid characteristics, including limited dispersal abilities and adherence to narrow distribution in local drainage systems. Members of this subfamily often live in small springs and other fragile habitats (Hershler et at. 2003, p. 357). Recent studies found the most likely single feature of the clade is the presence of surficial glandular fields on the penis of males (with a few species in the
Pyrgulopsis genus being the exception) (Hershler et at. 2003, p. 362). The genus Marstonia is
4
0 0 composed of 15 small (shell height <5.0 mm) ovate to elongate-shelled species that are
distributed in springs, streams, and lakes in eastern North America (Hershler 2011, p. 2).
Marstonia was first described by F.C. Baker in 1926 as a subgenus to Amnicola, and Berry
elaborated on that finding, basing the distinction on the differing penis structures of the two genii
(Baker 1926, Berry 1943).
Hershler and Thompson expanded and redefined the genus, eventually merging it with
Pyrgulopsis based on the morphological similarity of the male genitalia. (Hershler and
Thompson 1987, p. 29). However, subsequent studies found significant morphological contrast
between the eastern Pyrgulopsis species and the western counterparts. Marstonia is
distinguished in that the oviduct and bursal duct join well in front of the posterior pallial wall.
O Marstonia is further distinguished from Pyrgulopsis by the more coarsely pitted protoconch
sculpture, incomplete inner shell lip across the parietal wall, banded pattern of mantle
pigmentation, narrowly vertical oviduct coil, and bursal duct largely or entirely imbedded in (as
opposed to superficial to) the albumen gland (Hershler 1994, p. 11 ). Hershler and Thompson
withdrew the merger and again recognized Marstonia as a distinct genus (2002, p. 269), with
evidence that it is a well-supported sub-clade within its subfamily based on mtDNA sequences
(Hershler et al. 2003, p. 360).
Beaverpond marstoni a shares morphological characteristics with members of its family,
Hydrobiidae. Hydrobiids are strictly aquatic, relying on an internal gill for respiration (Martinez
5
0 et al. 2006, p. 8) and typically have a strong, mobile foot that is able to retract into its shell. 0
Mucous glands that discharge from a narrow groove across the anterior edge of the foot allow movement by ciliary gliding. The eyes ofhydrobiids are found at the base of its cephalic tentacles, typically in discrete swellings on outer sides. These tentacles are usually symmetrical,
often with patches or tracts of ciliary tufts (motile and non-motile) on dorsal and/or ventral
surfaces. Both the mantle edges and mantle cavities of hydrobiids are smooth, lacking
protuberances. Hydrobiids also usually have a trapezoidal central tooth, surrounded by cusped
lateral and marginal teeth (Hershler 1994, p. 5).
Commonly identified by their internal organs, hydrobiids have stomachs with well·differentiated
anterior and posterior chambers, with a single opening to the digestive gland. The hypobranchial gland, a mucus-producing structure common in mollusks, is typically either absent or modestly 0 developed (Hershler 1994, p. 5). The rectum of the hydrobiid is usually straight, and it often
overlaps with the gonoducts (gamete passageway), and the anus opens near the edge of the
mantle (Hershler 1994, p. 5).
Habitat/Life History
Beaverpond marstonia was primarily found by on clumps of vegetation of the Najas and
Chara genii, in shallow, clear water that only had a slight current (Thompson 1977, p. 130). The
family Hydrobiidae is known for diversity in the habitats its species occupies, including springs,
large rivers, and a variety of diverse aquatic systems, but particularly spring ecosystems that
6
0 0 produce running water (USFWS 2015, p. 5). These spring systems are areas where groundwater
is exposed, with a close source from the water table to the Earth's surface. These springs are
perennial, and are typically rich in dissolved nutrients and gases from the continual supply of
inorganic and organic materials in dissolved and particulate forms {Knight et al. 2008, p. 24).
The enriched water quality undergirds the biodiversity of aquatic flora and fauna found in these
areas (Knight et al. 2008, p. 3).
Stability from a relatively constant groundwater source, physical limitations from
topography and terrestrial features (Knight et al. 2008, p. 22), and geological events that
influence evolution of local species, are all factors that influence a high level of endemism
among freshwater species, especially snails, which have the most restricted dispersal ability of o all major freshwater groups (Strayer 2010, p. 346, P. Johnson, pers. comm. 2017).
The average life span of beaverpond marstonia is unknown, though the average lifespan
ofhydrobiids is 9 to 15 months (USFWS 2015, p. 5). Beaverpond marstonia achieves maturity
between November and March, when they are at their largest size (J. Wisniewski, pers.comm.,
2016). Limited mobility based on the topographical features ofthe spring ecosystem makes
migration unlikely. Therefore, they usually spend their entire lives within a restricted system.
Evidence suggests aquatic snails have sometimes dispersed by attaching to the feathers of
migratory birds (USFWS 2015, p. 5).
7
0 Hydrobiid females are oviparous, and deposit their egg capsules on hard substrates, 0 where it completes its larval stage. Upon hatching, small snails crawl out into their adult habitat
(USFWS 2015, p. 5).
Fine particulate organic matter and periphyton are the primary food sources for hydrobiids. Perphyton is a broad term defining primary producers that attach to stream substrate,
and are directly affected by physical and chemical changes over time (USEPA 2016, p. 12). This
includes algae, which has a rapid reproduction rate and often informs the amount of nutrient
enrichment in a stream. Primary producers play a vital role in the spring ecosystem as they are
directly affected by the steady state of its metabolism, temperature, and major chemical
constituents (Knight et al. 2008, p. 25). This means that any change due to influences, anthropogenic or otherwise, can cause nutrient loading, and disrupt the equilibrium needed for 0 highly endemic snail species to survive (Knight el al. 2008, p. 2).
Historical Range/Distribution
Beaverpond marstonia was historically found only in Georgia, at its type locality, Cedar
Creek (near Coney Road) in Crisp County, and in two additional locations in Swift Creek, Worth
County and Mercer Mill Creek, Dougherty County.
The streams are located east of Lake Blackshear, a man-made 8,500 acre impounded
reservoir on the Flint River. The reservoir is operated by the Crisp County Power Company.
8
0
c c
0 0
0 0
sampled sampled
Creek Creek
rain rain
that that
comm
Current Current
it it
by by
239). 239).
Thompson Thompson
there there
there there
Creek, Creek,
submerged submerged
Lake Lake
that that
Fred Fred
was was
fall) fall)
had had
was was
Blackshear, Blackshear,
. .
are are
and and
Crisp Crisp
20 20
In In
The The
Recent Recent
Range/Distribution Range/Distribution
Thompson Thompson
unsurveyed unsurveyed
due due
but but
been been
similar similar
17). 17).
March March
still still
Big Big
(1977, (1977,
vegetation vegetation
last last
no no
to to
County, County,
a a
Abrams Abrams
(since (since
residential residential
similarity similarity
submerged submerged
beaverpond beaverpond
considerable considerable
2017, 2017,
to to
and and
p. p.
on on
the the
in in
130) 130)
2014) 2014)
Georgia. Georgia.
the the
of of
August August
Creek, Creek,
the the
GDNR GDNR
type type
Chara Chara
of of
exact exact
development development
reported reported
2016 2016
vegetation vegetation
surveys surveys
habitat habitat
marstonia marstonia
locality, locality,
amount amount
two two
5, 5,
and and
coordinates coordinates
spp., spp.,
efforts. efforts.
2000. 2000.
streams streams
habitat habitat
FWS FWS
and and
for for
slowly slowly
have have
of of
as as
collected collected
on on
the the
The The
proximity proximity
submerged submerged
Mercer Mercer
visited visited
described described
at at
yielded yielded
the the
located located
species, species,
are are
first first
flowing flowing
the the
banks banks
estimated estimated
Mill Mill
Mercer Mercer
at at
type type
recorded recorded
to to
no no
any any
directly directly
by by
in in
vegetation vegetation
of of
through through
the the
Creek Creek
locality locality
specimens specimens
historical historical
Thompson Thompson
of of
Cedar Cedar Creek
Mill Mill
type type
the the
to to
search search
north north
exhibited exhibited
be be
Creek, Creek,
historically historically
a a
as as
locality. locality.
in in
cypress cypress
at at
locations locations
a a
(Wisniewski (Wisniewski
of of
the the after after
( (
Bridge Bridge Slade
small small
1977). 1977).
Mercer Mercer
the the
at at
stream stream
steady steady
No No
the the
the the
slough slough
one one
clear clear
known known
In In
and and
beaverpond beaverpond
last last
type type
Mill Mill
historical historical
(Watson (Watson
addition, addition,
flow flow
creek creek
2016, 2016,
areas areas
sighting sighting
and and
Road Road
locality, locality,
Creek, Creek,
locations locations
(due (due
draining draining
with with
surrounding surrounding
p. p.
in in
2000, 2000,
Jones Jones
location location
marstonia marstonia
2; 2;
to to
stated stated
were were
Cedar Cedar
but but
pers. pers.
recent recent
were were
p. p.
into into
that that 9 9
0 0
0 0
0 0
10 10
review review
is is
marstonia marstonia
(Johnson (Johnson
genetic genetic
ckshear ckshear
2016 2016
a
beaverpond beaverpond
and and
Bl
the the
verpond verpond
a
e e
to to
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k
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be
Marstonia Marstonia
i
ar ar
l
La
the the
simi
of of
genus genus
near near
findings findings
. . 2
.
the the
of of
morpholog
3.1
in in
marstonia marstonia
Details Details
morphology morphology
range range storical
Table Table in
species species
i
1. 1.
.
1
.
with with
erpond erpond
any any
and and
under under further
3 3
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v
h the
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.
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tes
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i
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s
belong belong
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i
to to
F
design
Several Several
pers
two two
ided ided
in in
results results
. .
v
not not
map map
pro
other other
a a
2017, 2017,
Creek
is is
survey survey
the the
and and
provided provided
all all
1 1
at at
Mill Mill
.
detennined detennined
Whelan Whelan
of of
are are
; ;
3.1
.
Georgia Georgia
found found
were were
Mercer Mercer
survey survey
Table Table
at at
comm
were were
summary summary
in in
A A
southwest southwest
pers. pers.
found found
, ,
ided ided
7
specimens specimens
e e
v
r
Wisniewski Wisniewski
within within
pro
201 the the
marstonia marstonia we 0 T a bl e 3... 1 1 Surve y resu 1ts fior beave rpond marstoma near L a k e Bl ac k s h ear (1973 to 2017) Year Location Number of Specimens Surveyor Citation Surveyed
1973 351 specimens found Thompson Thompson 1977, Cedar Creek (undesignated locations per p. 130 Figure 3.1.1)
1995 specimens found, unknown Thompson Wisniewski 2016, Swift Creek number (undesignated p.2 locations per Figure 3 .1.1)
Cedar Creek 2000 0 (undesignated locations Watson Watson 2000, p. 7 per Figure 3.1.1)
Mercer Mill 2000 specimens found, unknown Thompson Wisniewski 2016, Creek number (undesignated p.2 locations per Figure 3.1.1)
CedarCreek 2014 0 (undesignated locations Johnson Johnson 2014, 0 per Figure 3.1.1) pers. comm.
CedarCreek 2016 0 (designated locations per Wisniewski Wisniewski 2016, Figure 3.1.1) p. 3-4
Gully Creek 2016 0 (designated locations per Wisniewski Wisniewski 2016, Figure 3.1.1) p. 3-4
Swift Creek 2016 0 (designated locations per Wisniewski Wisniewski 2016, Figure 3.1.1) p. 3-4 Mercer Mill Creek 2017 0 specimens found Wisniewski Wisniewski 20 17
Jones Creek 2017 0 specimens found Wisniewski Wisniewski 2017 Big Abrams Creek 2017 0 specimens found Wisniewski Wisniewski 2017
11
0 0 0 0
N
Table 3.1.2. Sites sampled for .Mqr~t911JG castor with location and site conditions during August and November 2016 (Figure 3 .1.1 ). Site Stream Name Location Site Conditions Site Conditions Number August 20 16 November 2016 1 Gully Creek GA 300 Dry Dry 2 Gully Creek Slade Road Dry Dry 3 Gully Creek CrossroadStoreRoad Dry Dry 4 Gully Creek Coney Road Dry Dry S Gully Creek Pine Road Wet with vegetation Dry 6 Gully Creek Lake Blackshear Reservoir embayment Drawn down 7 Gully Creek Lake Blackshear Reservoirembayment Drawn down 8 Cedar Creek Lake Blackshear Reservoir embayment Drawn down 9 Cedar Creek Slade Bridge Road Not examined Dry 10 CedarCreek ByrdsMillRoad Wet Wet 11 Cedar Creek Pateville Road Dry Dry 12 Cedar Creek, unnamed tributaty ;fateville Road Dry Dry 13 Cedar Creek, unnamed tributaty GA 33 Dry Dry 14 Swift Creek, North Branch GA 33 Dry Dry 1S Swift Creek, North Branch E.atexille Road Dry Dry 16 Swift Creek, North Branch Antioch Road Dry Dry 17 Swift Creek, North Branch 6 [email protected] Good flow Good flow sampled 18 Swift Creek PrimroseBridge Road Good flow Good flow, sampled 19 Swift Creek GA 33 Dry Dry
Source: December 20, 2016, Survey of the Current Status and Distribution ofthe Bea~dMarstonia , Marstoniacastor (Thompson 1977), Jason M. Wisniewski: Nongame Conservation Section, Wildlife Resources Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, December 20, 2016 0
legend
~Sitesnumbers I ' • Type locality
2016 A 'CJ,spC..:nrf)}- Surveyed Sites • 2017 WOIIHIIIIIIf• (phys/CD/:ytxamfntd)
e 2016 Potential Sites (rlsuaJiyuamlntd) Polenllal Historic Range
- Surveyed creek Dates of Historical Surveys
0
Figure J ,\, I. Locationsof sues sunc•cd for the occum:nc~of bra\fl"]lond manlunia (\fanto m a 'mtr~r),from rts initial
d&oltl) to pn:scnt Numbc!Sabo1c srtc loc:llrons n.pn:~ntthe numbt.ra ~rgncddunn!! th~2016 sun~1s(5~'1: Tabid I 2)
for cachcn:ck (1 c . Gull~·Cmli 1·7 Cfdar Cmk K·ll and S11lflC rttk 1~·19)Sue K(bold ~mbol)represents the I) pc
loc:~ht~f or .\1 t'U.IItlr Oth~rsii
Population Estimates/Status
Based on both the results of repeated species surveys by qualified species experts at all
three historical locations and suitable habitat in surrounding areas (Table 3.1.1 ), there are no
13
0 extant populations ofbeaverpond marstonia. 0
THREATS
Based on the best available information, the beaverpond marstonia is extinct, and, therefore, we have not analyzed the five listing factors under the Act (threats) in this assessment
form. Under the Act, analysis of the listing factors are pertinent only in cases where the organism being evaluated for listing is a listable entity. Since the species is extinct, it is no
longer a listable entity.
SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE RANGE
Based on the best available information, the beaverpond marstonia is extinct and
therefore the Significant Portion of the Range policy does not apply.
FINDING 0
Section 4 of the Act, and its implementing regulations at 50 CFR part 424, set forth the
procedures for adding species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. Under section 4(b)(l)(a), the Secretary is to make endangered or threatened
determinations required by subsection 4(a)( 1) solely on the basis of the best scientific and
commercial data available to her after conducting a review of the status of the species and after
taking into account conservation efforts by States or foreign nations. The standards for
determining whether a species is an endangered species or a threatened species are provided in
section 3 of the Act. An endangered species is any species that is "in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of its range." A threatened species is any species that is 14
0
0 0
Q Q
0 0
sufficient sufficient based based
of of
be be
remove remove
protections protections
already already
the the
Act Act
likely likely
of of
purposes; purposes;
the the
(E) (E)
significant significant "likely "likely
species species
these these
its its
an an
species species
other other
following following
does does
habitat habitat
equally equally
on on
to to
We We
A A
to to
extinct, extinct,
meets meets
from from
reasons reasons
become become
the the
not not
natural natural
species species
period period
become become
(C) (C)
portion portion
consider consider
is is
under under
species' species'
or or
directly directly
the the
already already
valid valid
five five
disease disease
the the
range; range;
the the
is is
of of
or or
list list
so so
cannot cannot
the the
definition definition
an an
factors: factors:
extinction. extinction.
of of
basis basis
time time
purpose purpose
manmade manmade
in in
17 17
species species
address address
endangered endangered
one-year one-year
extinct, extinct,
Act. Act.
its its
or or
the the
(B) (B)
years years
must must
predation; predation;
range." range."
be be
to to
foreseeable foreseeable
overutilization overutilization
In In
(A) (A)
decline decline
eligible eligible
of of
of of
that that
to to
the the
by by
addition, addition,
have have
factors factors
Therefore, Therefore,
Act Act the
life life
an an
the the
be be
definition, definition,
are are
situation situation
Per Per
species species
endangered endangered
cycle cycle
a a
present present
(D) (D)
elapsed elapsed
to to
for for
designated designated
sufficient sufficient
section section
affecting affecting
list list
future, future,
is is
our our
the the
listing listing
and and
to to
within within
it. it.
if if
for for
of of
or or
at at regulations
inadequacy inadequacy
since since
prevent prevent
extinction extinction
the the
For For
4(a)(l) 4(a)(l)
the the
considering considering
commercial, commercial,
and
threatened threatened
species species
under under
period period
its its
species species
as as
the the
number number
a a
, ,
its its
continued continued
also, also,
species species threatened
species species
species species
foreseeable foreseeable
last last
of of
Act Act the
of of
or or
is is
of of
the the
would would
there there
time time
observation observation
destruction, destruction,
a a
a a
of of
50 50
a a
existing existing
recreational, recreational,
threatened threatened
valid valid
to to
Act, Act,
species species
intensive intensive
from from
CFR CFR
existence. existence.
if if
be be
would would
for for
not not
it it
we we
delisted delisted
basis basis
future future
is is
the the
becoming becoming
424.11 424.11
be be
regulatory regulatory
for for
detennine detennine
already already
be be
(50 (50
beaverpond beaverpond
in in
modification, modification,
searches searches
or or
species species
to to
listing listing
throughout throughout
no no
scientific, scientific,
danger danger
a a delist
endangered endangered
due due
CFR CFR
(d) (d)
to to benefit
extinct. extinct.
extinct. extinct.
codify codify
to to
mechanisms
that that
because because
424.1l(d)(l))
whether whether
in in
of of
extinction, extinction,
species, species,
known known
marstonia marstonia
extinction extinction
we we
or or
all all
or or
the the
Although Although
If If proposing proposing
one one species;
educational educational
believe believe
or or
curtailment curtailment
of of
we we
any any
reasons reasons
a a
and and
any any
it it
; ;
believe believe
would would
a a
and and
. .
or or
of of
is is
the the
to to 15 15 suitable habitats that have been completed over that time period. Despite all of these efforts, we 0 have been unable to confirm the existence of the species in more than 17 years.
Therefore, the best available information shows that the beaverpond marstonia is extinct, and, as such, it is not eligible for listing as an endangered or a threatened species under the Act.
Therefore, we did not further evaluate whether the beaverpond marstonia is in danger of extinction throughout its range (endangered species}, likely to become in danger of extinction throughout its range in the foreseeable future (a threatened species), or whether the species is an endangered or threatened species in a significant portion of its range.
We request that you submit any new information concerning the status of, or threats to, the beaverpond marstonia to our Georgia Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES 0 section) whenever it becomes available. New information will help us monitor beaverpond
marstonia and encourage their conservation.
For species that are being removedfrom candidate status:
Is the removal based in whole or in part on one or more individual conservation efforts
that you determined met the standards in the Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts When
Making Listing Decisions (PECE)? No
16
0 0 Emergency Listing Review: Is Emergency Listing Warranted?
Emergency listing is not warranted. Based on detailed review of the best available
information, we have determined that this species is extinct and, therefore, is ineligible for listing
under the Act.
DESCRIPTION OF MONITORING
The Service encourages continued surveys for the beaverpond marstonia as time and
funding allows. If the species is subsequently found to be extant, we can reevaluate its legal
status under the Act in the future.
COORDINATION WITH STATES
Indicate which State(s) (within the range of the species) provided information or comments on
0 the species or latest species assessment: Georgia
Indicate which State(s) did not provide any information or comments: none
l7 c LITERATURE CITED 0
Baker, F.C. 1926. Nomenclatural notes on American fresh water Mollusca. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 22:193-205.
Berry, E. G. 1943. The Amnicolidae ofMichigan: distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 57:1-68.
Hershler, R.G. A review ofNorth American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Number 554. 124 pp.
Hershler, R.G. and Liu, H-P. 2011. Redescription ofMarstonia comalensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906), a poorly known and possibly threatened freshwater gastropod from the Edwards Plateau region (Texas). ZooKeys 77: 1-16.
Hershler, R.H. and Thompson, F. G. 1987. North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): redescription and systematic relationships ofTryonia Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886. The Nautilus 101(1): 25-32.
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