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Animal Bones and Archaeology Handbook Animal Bones and Archaeology Recovery to archive Polydora Baker and Fay Worley Historic England Handbooks for Archaeology Animal Bones and Archaeology Recovery to archive Polydora Baker and Fay Worley Animal Bones and Archaeology Recovery to archive Historic England Handbooks for Archaeology Polydora Baker and Fay Worley, with contributions from Lucy Allott, Gemma Ayton, James Barrett, Jennifer Browning, Eva Fairnell, Chris Gleed-Owen, Andy Hammon, Lorrain Higbee, Matilda Holmes, Richard Madgwick, Mark Maltby, James Morris, Rebecca Nicholson, Terry O’Connor, David Orton, Dale Serjeantson, Richard Thomas, Sylvia Warman and Jim Williams Published by Historic England, The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon SN2 2EH www.HistoricEngland.org.uk Historic England is a Government service championing England’s heritage and giving expert, constructive advice. © Historic England 2019 First published 2019 Previously published as Animal Bones and Archaeology: Guidelines for Best Practice, English Heritage October 2014. ISBN 978-1-84802-555-4 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Brought to publication by Sarah Enticknap, Publishing, Historic England. Typeset in Source Serif Pro 9pt Copy-edited by Eva Fairnell Indexed by Nicola King Page layout by Pauline Hull Printed in the UK by Gomer Press Front cover: A1 Ferry Fryston chariot burial (W Yorks) during excavation by Oxford Archaeology. [© Diane Charlton, formerly at the University of Bradford] Contents Preface vi Taxonomic identification 42 Recording fragments and quantifying 1 Introduction to animal bones from abundance 44 archaeological sites 1 Age and sex data 46 Circumstances favouring preservation 1 Metrical recording and analysis 48 Site-formation processes 2 Recording pathology 50 Palaeoenvironments 2 Recording non-metric traits 53 Animal biogeography 2 Recording butchery and bone working 53 Past human behaviour 2 Recording bones of birds, fish and microfauna 55 Compiling an animal bone inventory 55 2 Planning for animal bones in archaeology 6 Starting a project 6 Case studies 60 Planning a project 10 Conducting a project 10 Appendix 1: Scientific names for species mentioned in text 74 Closure 13 Appendix 2: Assessment and analysis 3 Best practice for implementing excavation information checklist 76 and post-excavation procedures 14 Recovering bone assemblages 15 Appendix 3: Anatomical location Assessment 25 of bones commonly cited in zooarchaeological reports 77 Analysis 29 Products of zooarchaeological research 33 Glossary 78 Archive deposition 33 Inclusion of data in Historic Environment Acknowledgements 80 Records 37 References 81 4 Practitioner’s guide to good practice 38 Online supplements 86 Using recording conventions and standardised terminology 38 Where to get Historic England advice 87 Sample size and examining variation 38 Preservation and taphonomic evidence 39 Index 88 Preface This handbook provides advice on best practice for the recov­ be found in very large quantities, and where well preserved ery, publication and archiving of animal bones and teeth from can present exceptional interpretative opportunities but also Holocene archaeological sites (ie from approximately the last logistical challenges. Where present in smaller numbers, their 10,000 years). It has been written for local authority archaeology cumulative or group value should be recognised, in particular advisors, consultants, museum curators, project managers, where data are deficient or research areas are neglected. excavators and zooarchaeologists, with the aim of ensuring that There are varied terms in use for the study of archaeologi­ approaches are suitable and cost-effective. The objectives are to cal animal bones and teeth. Throughout this document we use zooarchaeology without any intended bias. We also use the term ● highlight zooarchaeological considerations in project bone assemblages to refer to archaeological animal bones and planning; teeth. The terms zooarchaeologist and animal bones expert are ● provide recommendations for zooarchaeological recovery, used interchangeably. assessment, analysis, reporting and archiving; This document begins with a general introduction to ani­ ● provide guidance on minimum standards in zooarchaeo­ mal bones from archaeological sites and the information we logical methods and their requirements. can derive from them (Chapter 1). This is followed by a consid­ eration of decision making at the planning stage, including This handbook builds on the information provided in the current government policy and guidance (Chapter 2). Excava­ Historic England guidelines for environmental archaeology tion and post-excavation procedures, from sampling through (Campbell et al 2011) but focuses on bones and teeth, as these to archiving, are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 is a guide are by far the more commonly preserved animal remains in for practitioners that outlines requirements for undertaking Britain. They occur primarily in disarticulated form, as part and documenting various analyses. The relevance to different of the waste of daily life and industrial processes, or less com­ practitioners and key messages are presented at the start of monly as articulated animal burials and carcass parts. Other each part. Case studies provide examples of zooarchaeological animal remains, for example skin, hair, feathers, soft tissues research questions and methods. A glossary describes proce­ and eggshell, are excluded as they require separate specialist dural and specialist terms. Appendices include a table of expertise. Worked bone objects require input from finds spe­ scientific and common names for the animals mentioned in cialists and are also excluded. this handbook (Appendix 1) and a checklist of information Animal bone assemblages are found on sites of all cultural required in order to undertake zooarchaeological assessment traditions, providing information about human subsistence and analysis (Appendix 2). Sources of further advice and a list and behaviour, ranging from what people ate, how they of key zooarchaeology reference resources and posters for farmed and what they traded, to how they positioned them­ site huts, offices and laboratories accompany this handbook selves in society and their belief systems. Animal bones may (Supplements 1–4). vi 1 Introduction to animal bones from archaeological sites This chapter illustrates the interpretative potential of animal bones and teeth from archaeological sites, detailed examples of which are provided in Case Studies 1–9. Interpretative potential is key to the formulation of research questions, project planning (Chapter 2), archaeological processes (Chapter 3) Fig 1.1 and zooarchaeological methods (Chapters 3 and 4). A map of soil pH. Even in acidic soils (low pH; shown This chapter is relevant to local authority archaeology advisors and project managers, here in red) local conditions archive curators and zooarchaeologists. may allow bone survival. [Countryside Survey data owned by NERC – Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Animal bone assemblages have great potential to ficial (drift) geologies are hostile, individual site Countryside Survey © inform archaeological interpretations on scales or context conditions may allow skeletal tissues Database Right/Copyright ranging from an individual context or event, to to survive, for example in deep urban strati- NERC Centre for Ecology & site-wide, local, national and even international graphy, organic-rich deposits or shell middens. Hydrology. All rights reserved] questions, and, of course, to investigate chrono­ logical change. In order to realise their potential, assemblages must be collected and analysed in a considered way, mindful of the impact of recov­ ery and recording strategy on their utility. This introduction summarises some of the informa­ tion potential of zooarchaeological assemblages (pp 2–5; see Tables 3.4 and 3.5) and the circum­ stances in which assemblages are likely to be found (see below). Circumstances favouring preservation Bone assemblages can represent a large proportion of an excavation’s material archive, particularly at occupation sites or sites where animal carcasses were processed. Bones (including antler) and teeth (enamel, dentine and roots) have both inor­ ganic (mineral) and organic components. They can survive well in alkaline to pH neutral environ­ ments, and anaerobic or desiccated conditions (Campbell et al 2011, table 2; Fig 1.1; see pp 39–42). Tooth enamel survives more readily than bone as it has a greater inorganic component. Burning changes the chemical composition of bones, increasing their resistance to decay. In England, the chalk and limestone bedrock geologies of the south-central to east Midlands often provide favourable conditions, while the geochemistry of the south-east, south-west and north-west less commonly preserve skeletal tissues (Fig 1.1). Where local bedrock and super- 1 Animal bones and archaeology Site-formation processes Animal biogeography Animal bones can become incorporated into The variety of animals inhabiting Britain is not archaeological contexts through human behav­ static but incorporates introductions (natural iours and natural processes (eg fluvial processes,
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