Animal Bones and Archaeology Recovery to Archive

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Animal Bones and Archaeology Recovery to archive

Supplement 1: Key reference resources

Historic England Handbooks for Archaeology Summary

This supplement accompanies Baker, P and Worley, F 2019 Animal Bones and Archaeology: Recovery to archive. Swindon: Historic England.

Additional contributors and acknowledgements are provided in the main document.

All hyperlinks in this supplement were valid in November 2019

Published by Historic England, The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon SN2 2EH www.HistoricEngland.org.uk

Historic England is a Government service championing England’s heritage and giving expert, constructive advice.

First published 2019 Previously published as Animal Bones and Archaeology: Guidelines for Best Practice: Supplement 1, English Heritage October 2014.

Design by Historic England.

Front cover: A1 Ferry Fryston chariot burial (W Yorks) during excavation by Oxford Archaeology. [© Diane Charlton, formerly at the University of Bradford]

ii Contents

1 Comparative assemblage resources 1 Palaeopathology 11

Historic England regional reviews of animal General texts 11 bone data and other major period syntheses 1 General recording guides 11 Dental recording guides 12 Online zooarchaeological datasets 2 Joint disease recording guides 12

2 Species biogeography and zoology 3 Taphonomy 12 General introduction 12 Species biogeography 3 Tooth marks and digestion 12 Online taxonomic and zoological species guides 3 Bone weathering 13 Bone diagenesis 13 3 Anatomical nomenclature 4 Accumulation processes 13 4 Zooarchaeological methods Butchery 13 and conventions 5 5 Identification resources 15 General zooarchaeological texts (including quantification) 5 Virtual comparative collections 15 All classes 15 Published bone inventory/recording

databases and spreadsheets 5 Mammals 15 Birds 15 Zone conventions 5 Fish 15

Age at death 6 Identification guides: mammal remains 15 Tooth development 6 Neonatal mammals 15

Tooth eruption and wear 6 Guides to distinguishing morphologically Fusion ages: mammals 7 similar mammal species 16

Fusion recording conventions 8 Sheep and goats 16

Bird bone maturity 8 Pigs and wild boar 16 Sex determination 8 Equids 16 Large mammals 17 Various mammal species 8 Deer 17 Cattle 9 Dogs and wolves 17 Sheep and goats 9 Cats 17 Pigs 9 Rabbits and hares 17 Equids 9 Small mammals 17 Dogs 9 Marine mammals 18 Rodents 9 Birds 10 Identification guides: bird remains 18 Herpetofauna 10 Guides to distinguishing morphologically Standard biometric conventions 10 similar bird species 18 Galliforms 18 Withers heights conversion factors 11 Swans, geese and ducks 18 Various species 11 Columbids 18 Cattle 11 Corvids 18 Sheep 11 Pigs 11 Identification guides: amphibian and reptile remains 18 Horses 11

Dogs 11 Identification guides: fish remains 19

iii 1 Comparative assemblage resources

Historic England regional reviews Holmes, M 2014 Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian of animal bone data and other major England: Backbones of Economy and Society. Leiden: period syntheses Sidestone Press

Albarella, U 2019 A Review of the Animal Bone Evidence Holmes, M 2017 A Review of Animal Bone Evidence from from Central England. Research Report Series 61-2019. the Saxon to Post Medieval Periods in Southern Britain Portsmouth: Historic England. (6145) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service https://research.historicengland.org.uk/ [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1047191

Albarella, U and Pirnie, T 2008 A Review of the Animal Holmes, M 2018 Southern England: A Review of Animal Bone Evidence from Central England [data-set]. York: Remains from Saxon, Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeology Data Service [distributor]. Archaeological Sites. Research Report Series 8-2017. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000317 Portsmouth: Historic England. https://research.historicengland.org.uk/ Allen, M 2017 ‘Animal products’, in Allen, M, Lodwick, L, Brindle, T, Fulford, M and Smith, A (eds) New Visions Manning, K, 2016 ‘The cultural evolution of Neolithic of the Countryside of Roman Britain. Volume 2. The Rural Europe. EUROEVOL dataset 2: Zooarchaeological data’. Economy of Roman Britain. Britannia Monograph Series Journal of Open Archaeology Data 5, e3. 30. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman http://doi.org/10.5334/joad.41 Studies, 216–20 Manning, K, Timpson, A, Colledge, S, Crema, E and Allen, M forthcoming ‘A review of the animal bone Shennan, S 2015 The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. evidence from the Roman period in southern England EUROEVOL Dataset. London: University College London. [2012 data-set]. Portsmouth: Historic England http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469811/

Allen, M, Blick, N, Brindle, T, Evans, T, Fulford, M, Serjeantson, D 2011 Review of Animal Remains from Holbrook, N, Lodwick, L, Richards, J D and Smith, A the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southern Britain 2018 The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain: An Online (4000 BC–1500 BC). Research Department Report Series Resource [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service 29–2011. Portsmouth: English Heritage. [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1030449 https://research.historicengland.org.uk/

Dobney, K nd ‘Review of environmental archaeology: Serjeantson, D 2011 A Review of Animal Remains from Zooarchaeology in the north of England’. Unpublished the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southern Britain report for English Heritage [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000396 Hambleton, E 2008 Review of Middle Bronze Age: Late Iron Age Faunal Assemblages from Southern Britain. Research Stallibrass, S 1995 ‘Review of the vertebrate remains’, in Department Report Series 71–2008. Portsmouth: English Huntley, J P and Stallibrass, S (eds) Plant and Vertebrate Heritage. https://research.historicengland.org.uk/ Remains from Archaeological Sites in Northern England: Data Reviews and Future Directions. Research Report 4. Hambleton, E 2009 A Review of Animal Bone Evidence Durham: Architectural and Archaeological Society of from Southern England [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Durham and Northumberland, 84–198 Service [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000102

< < contents 1 Online zooarchaeological datasets Grimm, J 2008 WAMAP: Wessex Archaeology Metric Archive Project [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Albarella, U and Payne, S 2004 Pig Measurements from Service [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000043 Durrington Walls (Wiltshire, England) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor]. University of Southampton 2003 Animal Bone Metrical https://doi.org/10.5284/1000235 Archive Project (ABMAP) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor]. Chicken Coop nd The Chicken Project [data-set]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000350 http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~aczzoo/chicken_search/ index.php University of York 2008 Environmental Archaeology Bibliography (EAB) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Dama International: Fallow Deer Project nd Service [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000225 Zooarchaeology @ Nottingham Deer Bone Database [data-set]. Wright, E, Viner-Daniels, S, Albarella, U, Street, M, http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/zooarchaeology/deer_ Makowiecki, D, Steppan, K and Brugal J-P 2016 Biometrical bone/search.php Database of European Aurochs and Domestic Cattle [data-set]. San Francisco: Open Context [distributor]. Fairnell, E and Orton, D C 2017 National Zooarchaeological https://doi.org/10.6078/M7TX3C9V Reference Resource (NZRR) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1043267

< < contents 2 2 Species biogeography and zoology

Species biogeography Froese, R and Pauly, D (eds) 2019 FishBase, Version (02/2019). http://www.fishbase.org Lever, C, 2009 The Naturalized Animals of Britain and Ireland. London, Cape Town, Sydney, Auckland: New Frost, D R 1998–2019 Amphibian Species of the World 6.0: Holland An Online Reference. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History. O’Connor, T and Sykes, N (eds) 2010 Extinctions and http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php Invasions: A Social History of British Fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press GBIF 2019 Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF. https://www.gbif.org/en/ Williamson, T 2013 An Environmental History of Wildlife in England 1650–1950. London: Bloomsbury Gill, F and Donsker, D (eds) 2019 IOC World Bird List, Version 9.2. International Ornithologists’ Union (IOC). Yalden, D W 1999 The History of British Mammals. https://doi.org/10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2 London: Poyser Natural History ITIS 2019 Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Yalden, D W and Albarella, U 2009 The History of British 2019.1 http://www.itis.gov Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press IUCN 2019 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online taxonomic and zoological species Version 2019.2. Cambridge: International Union for guides Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). https://www.iucnredlist.org Catalogue of Life 2019 Catalogue of Life. Leiden: the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/ Myers, P, Espinosa, R, Parr, C S, Jones, T, Hammond, G S and Dewey, T A 2019 The Animal Diversity Web. Eschmeyer, W N 1980–2019 Catalog of Fishes: Genera, http://animaldiversity.org Species, References. San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences. Species 2000 2019 Species 2000. Leiden: the Netherlands. https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/ https://www.sp2000.org/home eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes Uetz, P, Freed, P and Hošek, J (eds) 2019 The Reptile Database. http://www.reptile-database.org

< < contents 3 3 Anatomical nomenclature

Baumel, J J, King, A S, Breazile, J E, Evans, H E and International Committee on Veterinary Gross Vanden Berge, J C 1993 Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Anatomical Nomenclature (ICVGAN) 2017 Nomina Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd edn. International Anatomica Veterinaria, 6th edn. World Association of Committee on Avian Anatomical Nomenclature, a Veterinary Anatomists (WAVA). Committee of the World Association of Veterinary http://www.wava-amav.org/wava-documents.html Anatomists. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 23. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club University of Nottingham nd Archaeological Fish Resource. http://fishbone.nottingham.ac.uk/

< < contents 4 4 Zooarchaeological methods and conventions

General zooarchaeological texts Sykes, N 2014 Beastly Questions. Animal Answers to (including quantification) Archaeological Issues. London: Bloomsbury

Albarella, U, Rizzetto, M, Russ, H Vickers, K and Viner- Wheeler, A and Jones, A K G 1989 Fishes. Cambridge: Daniels, S (eds) 2017 The Handbook of Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press Oxford: Oxford University Press Published bone inventory/recording Baker, K, Carden, R and Madgwick, R (eds) 2015 Deer databases and spreadsheets and People. Oxford: Windgather Press Harland, J F, Barrett, J H, Carrott, J, Dobney, K and Davis, S J M 1987 The Archaeology of Animals. London: Jacques, D 2003 ‘The York System: An integrated BT Batsford zooarchaeological database for research and teaching’. Internet Archaeology 13.http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.13.5 Gifford-Gonzalez, D P 2018 An Introduction to Zooarchaeology. Berlin: Springer North Atlantic Biocultural Organization (NABO) 2010 NABONE Manual, 9th edn. Giovas, C M and LeFebvre, M J (eds) 2018 Zooarchaeology http://www.nabohome.org/products/manuals/fishbone/ in Practice. Case Studies in Methodology and Interpretation nabo.htm in Archaeofaunal Analysis. Berlin: Springer Zone conventions Lyman, R L 2008 Quantitative Palaeozoology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cohen, A and Serjeantson, D 1996 A Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites, Lyman, R L 2018 ‘Observations on the history of revised edn. London: Archetype Publications zooarchaeological quantitative units: Why NISP, then MNI, then NISP again?’ Journal of Archaeological Science: Davis, S J M 1992 A Rapid Method for Recording Reports 18, 43–50. Information about Mammal Bones from Archaeological https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.051 Sites. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 19/92. London: English Heritage. O’Connor, T 2000 The Archaeology of Animal Bones. https://research.historicengland.org.uk/ Stroud: Sutton Dobney, K and Reilly, K 1988 ‘A method for recording O’Connor, T 2003 The Analysis of Urban Animal Bone archaeological animal bones: The use of diagnostic Assemblages: A Handbook for Archaeologists. York: Council zones’. Circaea 5, 79–96. for British Archaeology/York Archaeological Trust Serjeantson, D 1996 ‘The animal bones’, in Needham, Reitz, E J and Wing, E S 1999 Zooarchaeology. S and Spence, T (eds) Runnymede Bridge Research Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Excavations. Volume 2. Refuse and Disposal at Area 16 East, Runnymede. London: British Museum, 194–223 Russell, N 2012 Social Zooarchaeology. Human and Animals in Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge Smith, I and Halstead, P 1989 ‘The animal bone from University Press medieval and post-medieval Doncaster’, in Buckland, P C and Magilton, J R (eds) The Archaeology of Doncaster Serjeantson, D 2009 Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge 2. British Archaeological Reports British Series 202. University Press Oxford: BAR, 432–46

< < contents 5 Watson, J P N 1972 ‘Fragmentation analysis of animal Magnell, O and Carter, R J 2007 ‘The chronology of bone samples from archaeological sites’. Archaeometry tooth development in wild boar (Sus scrofa): A guide 14, 221–7. to age determination of linear enamel hypoplasia in https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1972.tb00064.x prehistoric and medieval pigs’. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika (Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics) 40, 43–8. Age at death https://vetzoo.lsmuni.lt/data/vols/2007/40/pdf/magnell.pdf

Tooth development Tooth eruption and wear

Brown, W A B and Chapman, N G 1991 ‘Age assessment Brown, G T 1913 Dentition as Indicative of the Age of of fallow deer (Dama dama): From a scoring scheme Animals of the Farm, 6th edn. London: John Murray based on radiographs of developing permanent molariform teeth’. Journal of Zoology 224, 367–79. Brown, W A B and Chapman, N G 1990 ‘The dentition of https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb06031.x fallow deer (Dama dama): A scoring scheme to assess age from wear of the permanent molariform teeth’. Brown, W A B and Chapman, N G 1991 ‘Age assessment Journal of Zoology 221, 659–82. of red deer (Cervus elaphus): From a scoring scheme https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04023.x based on radiographs of developing permanent molariform teeth’. Journal of Zoology 225, 85–97. Brown, W A B and Chapman, N G 1991 ‘The dentition https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03803.x of red deer (Cervus elaphus): A scoring scheme to assess age from wear of the permanent molariform teeth’. Carter, R J 1997 ‘Age estimation of the roe deer (Capreolus Journal of Zoology 224, 519–36. capreolus) mandibles from the Mesolithic site of Star https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03783.x Carr, Yorkshire, based on radiographs of mandibular tooth development’. Journal of Zoology 241, 495–502. Ewbank, J K M, Phillipson, D W and Whitehouse, R https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb04841.x D 1964 ‘Sheep in the Iron Age: A method of study’. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30, 423–6. Carter, R J 1998 ‘Reassessment of seasonality at the https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X0001519X early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, Yorkshire based on radiographs of mandibular tooth development in red Gaastra, J S, 2016 ‘The quadratic crown height method deer (Cervus elaphus)’. Journal of Archaeological Science and bovidae: Ageing sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra 25, 851–6. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1997.0230 hircus) and cattle (Bos taurus)’. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10, 172–90 Carter, R J 2001 ‘New evidence for seasonal human https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.09.022 presence at the early Mesolithic site of Thatcham, Berkshire, England’. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, Goody, P C 1983 Horse Anatomy: A Pictorial Approach to 1055–60. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0643 Equine Structure. London: Allen

Carter, R J 2005 ‘A method to estimate the ages at death Grant, A 1982 ‘The use of tooth wear as a guide to the of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus age of domestic ungulates’, in Wilson, B, Grigson, C capreolus) from developing mandibular dentition and and Payne, S (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from its application to Mesolithic NW Europe’, in Ruscillo, D Archaeological Sites. British Archaeological Reports (ed) Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones. British Series 109. Oxford: BAR, 91–108 Oxford: Oxbow, 40–61 Greenfield, H and Arnold, E 2008 ‘Absolute age and Carter, R J and Magnell, O 2007 ‘Age estimation of tooth eruption and wear sequences in sheep and goat: wild boar based on molariform mandibular tooth Determining age-at-death in zooarchaeology using development and its application to seasonality at the a modern control sample’. Journal of Archaeological Mesolithic site of Ringkloster, Denmark’, in Albarella, Science 35, 836–49. U, Dobney, K, Ervynck, A and Rowley-Conwy, P (eds) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.06.003 Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 197–217

< < contents 6 He, T, Friede, H and Kiliaridis, S 2002 ‘Dental eruption Payne, S 1984 ‘The use of early 19th century data in ageing and exfoliation chronology in the ferret (Mustela cattle from archaeological sites and the relationship putorius furo)’. Archives of Oral Biology 47, 619–23. between the eruption of M3 and P4’. Circaea 2, 77–82 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(02)00043-2 Payne, S 1987 ‘Reference codes for wear states in the Jones, G G 2006 ‘Tooth eruption and wear observed in mandibular cheek teeth of sheep and goats’. Journal of live sheep from Butser Hill, the Cotswold Farm Park Archaeological Science 14, 609–14. and five farms in the Pentland Hills, UK’, in Ruscillo, D https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(87)90079-3 (ed) Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 155–78 Payne, S 1988 ‘Animal bones from Tell Rubeidheh’, in Killick, R G (ed) Excavations at Tell Rubeidheh. Iraq Jones, G G and Sadler, P 2012 ‘A review of published Archaeological Reports 2. London: British School of sources for age at death in cattle’. Environmental Archaeology in Iraq, 98–135 Archaeology 17, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461410312Z.0000000001 Worley, F, Baker, P, Popkin, P, Hammon, A and Payne, S 2016 ‘The Sheep Project (2): The effects of plane of Jones, G G and Sadler, P 2012 ‘Age at death in cattle: nutrition, castration and the timing of first breeding Methods, older cattle and known age reference in ewes on dental eruption and wear in unimproved material’. Environmental Archaeology 17, 11–28. Shetland sheep’. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports https://doi.org/10.1179/1461410312Z.0000000002 6, 862–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.029

Legge, A J 2013 ‘“Practice with science”: Molar tooth Wright, E, Viner Daniels, S, Parker-Pearson, M and eruption ages in domestic, feral and wild pigs (Sus Albarella, U 2014 ‘Age and season of pig slaughter at scrofa)’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Wiley Late Neolithic Durrington Walls (Wiltshire, UK) as Online Library. detected through a new system for recording tooth https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/pb-assets/ wear’. Journal of Archaeological Science 52, 497–514. assets/10991212/Anthony_Legge_Final_Paper.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.09.009

Lemoine, X, Zeder, M A, Bishop, K J and Rufolo, S J Fusion ages: mammals 2014 ‘A new system for computing dentition-based age profiles in Sus scrofa’. Journal of Archaeological Science Calderon, T, De Miguel, D, Arnold, W, Stalder, G and 47, 179–93 Köhler, M 2019 ‘Calibration of life history traits with epiphyseal closure, dental eruption and bone histology Levine, M A 1982 ‘The use of crown height in captive and wild red deer’. Journal of Anatomy 235, measurements and eruption-wear sequences to age 205–16 https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13016 horse teeth’, in Wilson, B, Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Carden, R F and Hayden, T J 2006 ‘Epiphyseal fusion in Sites. British Archaeological Reports British Series 109. the postcranial skeleton as an indicator of age at death Oxford: BAR, 223–50 of European fallow deer (Dama dama, Linnaeus, 1758)’, in Ruscillo, D (ed) Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Müller, W, 2013 ‘Criteria for age estimation in horse Animal Bones. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 227–36 teeth’, in Müller, W, Le Site Magdalénien de Monruz: Tome 3, Acquisition, Traitement et Consommation des Habermehl, K-H 1975 Die Altersbestimmung bei Haus Ressources Animales. Archéologie neuchâteloise 49. und Labortieren, 2nd edn. Berlin: Parey Hauterive: Office du patrimoine et de l’archéologie de Neuchâtel, section archéologie, 193–286 Hatting, T 1983 ‘Osteological investigations on Ovis aries L’. Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 144, 115–35 O’Connor, T 1988 Bones from the General Accident Site, Tanner Row. London: Council for British Archaeology/ Hufthammer, A K 1995 ‘Age determination of reindeer York Archaeological Trust (Rangifer tarandus L.)’. Archaeozoologia VII, 33–42

Payne, S 1973 ‘Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: The mandibles from Asvan Kale’. Anatolian Studies 23, 281–303

< < contents 7 Noddle, B 1974 ‘Ages of epiphyseal closure in feral and Bird bone maturity domestic goats and ages of dental eruption’. Journal of Archaeological Science 1, 195–204. Brothwell, D 1997 ‘Interpreting the immature chicken https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(74)90042-9 bones from the Romano-British ritual complex on West Hill, Uley’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, Popkin, P, Baker, P, Worley, F, Payne, S and Hammon, 330–2. A 2012 ‘The Sheep Project (1): Determining skeletal https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1212(199707/08)7:4< growth, timing of epiphyseal fusion and morphometric 330::AID-OA330>3.0.CO;2-Q variation in unimproved Shetland sheep of known age, sex, castration status and nutrition’. Journal of Serjeantson, D 2002 ‘Goose husbandry in medieval Archaeological Science 39, 1775–92. England, and the problem of ageing goose bones’. Acta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.018 Zoological Cracoviensia 45 (special issue), 39–54

Silver, I A 1969 ‘The ageing of domestic animals’, in Serjeantson, D 2009 Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge Brothwell, D and Higgs, E (eds) Science in Archaeology. University Press, 36–47 London: Thames and Hudson, 283–302 Thomas, R, Sadler, P, Cooper, J, 2014 ‘Developmental Storå, J 2000 ‘Skeletal development in the grey seal osteology of cross-bred red junglefowl (Gallus gallus Halichoerus grypus, the ringed seal Phoca hispida L. 1758) and the implications for ageing chickens botnica, the harbour seal Phoca vitulina vitulina and the from archaeological sites’. International Journal of harp seal Phoca groenlandica. Epiphyseal fusion and life Osteoarchaeology 26, 176–88. history’. Archaeozoologia XI, 199–222 https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2417

Takken-Beijersbergen, L and Hufthammer, A 2012 ‘Age Tumarkin-Deratzian, AR, Vann, D R and Dodson, P determination of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) based on 2006 ‘Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator postcranial elements’, in Raemaekers, D C M, Esser, in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis E, Lauwerier, R C G M and Zeiler, J T (eds) A Bouquet (Anseriformes: Anatidae)’. Zoological Journal of the of Archaeozoological Studies. Essays in Honour of Wietske Linnean Society 148, 133–68. Prummel. Groningen Archaeological Studies 21. Eelde, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00232.x the Netherlands: Barkhuis Publishing, 11–20 Watanabe, J and Matsuoka, H 2013 ‘Ontogenetic change Zeder, M 2006 ‘Reconciling rates of long bone fusion of morphology and surface texture of long bones in and tooth eruption and wear in sheep (Ovis) and goat the gray heron (Ardea cinerea, Ardeidae)’, in Göhlich, (Capra)’, in Ruscillo, D (ed) Recent Advances in Ageing U B and Kroh, A (eds) Paleornithological Research 2013, and Sexing Animal Bones. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 87–118 Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Wien: Verlag Zeder, M A, Lemoine, X and Payne, S 2014 ‘A new Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 279–306 system for computing long-bone fusion age profiles in Sus scrofa’. Journal of Archaeological Science 55, 135–50. Sex determination https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.017 Various mammal species Fusion recording conventions Greenfield, H 2002 ‘Sexing fragmentary ungulate Clutton-Brock, J, Dennis-Bryan, K and Armitage, P L acetabulae’, in Ruscillo, D (ed) Recent Advances in 1990 ‘Osteology of the Soay sheep’. Bulletin of the British Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones. Oxford: Oxbow, 68–79 Museum (Natural History): Zoology 56, 1–56 West, B 1990 ‘A tale of two innominates’. Circaea 6, Davis, S J M 2000 ‘The effect of castration and age on 207–14 the development of the Shetland sheep skeleton and a metric comparison between bones of males, females and castrates’. Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 373–90. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0452

< < contents 8 Cattle Prummel, W and Frisch, H-J 1986 ‘A guide for the distinction of species, sex and body size in bones of Armitage, P 1982 ‘A system for ageing and sexing the sheep and goat’. Journal of Archaeological Science 13, horn cores of cattle from British post-medieval sites 567–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90041-5 (17th to early 18th century) with special reference to unimproved British longhorn cattle’, in Wilson, R, Stampfli, H R 1983 ‘The fauna of Jarmo with notes on Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal animal bones from Mattarah, the cAmuq and Karim Bones from Archaeological Sites. British Archaeological Shahir’, in Braidwood, L S, Braidwood, R J, Howe B, Reports British Series 109. Oxford: BAR, 37–54 Reed C A and Watson, P J (eds) Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks. Oriental Institute Publications Grigson, C 1982 ‘Sex and age determination of some 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University bones and teeth of domestic cattle: A review of the of Chicago. literature’, in Wilson, R, Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oip/ Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological prehistoric-archeology-along-zagros-flanks Sites. British Archaeological Reports British Series 109. Oxford: BAR, 7–23 Pigs

Grigson, C 1982 ‘Sexing Neolithic domestic cattle skulls Habermehl, K-H 1975 Die Altersbestimmung bei Haus and horncores’, in Wilson, R, Grigson, C and Payne, S und Labortieren, 2nd edn. Berlin: Parey, 135–6 (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. British Archaeological Reports British Series 109. Schmid, E 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones For Prehistorians, Oxford: BAR, 25–35 Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists. Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier, 80–1 Sykes, N and Symmons, R, 2007 ‘Sexing cattle horncores: Problems and progress’. International Journal of Equids Osteoarchaeology 17, 514–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.891 Getty, R 1975 Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Sheep and goats Domestic Animals, Volume 1, 5th edn. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: WB Saunders Co., 302–4 Boessneck, J 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linné) and goat (Capra hircus Linné)’, Hillson, S 2005 Teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge in Brothwell, D R and Higgs, E S (eds) Science in University Press, 126–8 Archaeology: A Comprehensive Survey of Progress and Research. London: Thames and Hudson, 331–58 St Clair, L E 1975 ‘Teeth’, in Getty, R (ed) Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Hatting, T 1975 ‘The influence of castration on sheep Volume 1, 5th edn. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: horns’, in Clason, A T (ed) Archaeozoological Studies. WB Saunders Co., 460–70 North Holland, America: Elsevier, 345–51 Dogs Hatting, T 1995 ‘Sex-related changes in the pelvic bone of domestic sheep (Ovis aries L)’. Archaeofauna 4, 71–6 Ruscillo, D, 2006 ‘The table test: A simple technique for sexing canid humeri’, in Ruscillo, D (ed) Recent Popkin, P, Baker, P, Worley, F, Payne, S and Hammon, Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones. Oxford: A 2012 ‘The Sheep Project (1): Determining skeletal Oxbow, 62–7 growth, timing of epiphyseal fusion and morphometric variation in unimproved Shetland sheep of known Rodents age, sex, castration status and nutrition’. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 1775–92. Lawrence, M J and Brown, R W 1974 Mammals of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.018 Britain: their Tracks, Trails and Signs, 2nd edn. London: Blandford Press, 196–8

< < contents 9 Birds Beasley, M J, Brown, W A B and Legge, A J, 1993 ‘Metrical discrimination between mandibular first and Driver, J C 1982 ‘Medullary bone as an indicator of sex second molars in domestic cattle’. International Journal in bird remains from archaeological sites’, in Wilson, R, of Osteoarchaeology 3, 303–14. Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390030409 Bones from Archaeological Sites. British Archaeological Reports British Series 109. Oxford: BAR, 251–4 Davis, S J M 1987 ‘The dentition of an Iron Age pony’, in Ashbee, P and Hook, P ‘Warsash, Hampshire Lentacker, A and van Neer, W 1996 ‘Bird remains from excavations, 1954’. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field two sites on the Red Sea coast and some observations of Club and Archaeological Society 43, 21–62, 52–5 medullary bone’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6, 488–96. Davis, S J M 1996 ‘Measurements of a group of adult https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1212(199612)6:5<488:: female Shetland sheep skeletons from a single flock: A AID-OA301>3.0.CO;2-W baseline for zooarchaeologists’. Journal of Archaeological Science 23, 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0056 Rick, A 1979 ‘Some problems and solutions in zooarchaeological interpretation of bird bones’. Paper Davis, S J M, Albarella, U, Detry, C, Ginja, C, presented at the 44th Annual Meeting, Society for Götherström, A, Pires, A E, Sendim, A and Svensson, American Archaeology, Vancouver, April 23–25, 1979 E M, 2018 ‘An osteometrical method for sexing cattle bones: The metacarpals from 17th century Carnide, van Neer, W, Noyen, K, de Cupere, B and Beuls, I 2002 Lisbon, Portugal’. Von Keltenponys, Bergschecken und ‘On the use of endosteal layers and medullary bone zahmen Hirschen: Festschrift für Erich Pucher. Annalen from domestic fowl in archaeozoological studies’. des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie 120, 367–87 Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 123–34. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0696 Ericson, G P and Storå, J 1999 A Manual to the Skeletal Measurements of the Seal Genera Halichoerus and Phoca West, B, 1982 ‘Spur development: Recognizing caponised (Mammalia: Pinnipedia). Stockholm: Swedish Museum fowl in archaeological material’, in Wilson, R, Grigson, of Natural History C and Payne, S (eds) Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. British Archaeological Reports Jones, G G 2007 ‘Variations of mandibular tooth accessory British Series 109. Oxford: BAR, 255–61 pillars, and metrical and morphological differences between M1 and M2, in the cattle associated with the Herpetofauna chariot burial, appendix 11’, in Brown, F C, Howard-Davis, C, Brennand, M, Boyle, A, Evans, T, O’Connor, S, Spence, Bailon, S 1999 Différenciation Ostéologique des Anoures A, Heawood, R and Lupton, A (eds) The Archaeology of (Amphibia, Anura) de France. Fiches d’Ostéologie the A1 (M) Darrington to Dishforth DBFO Road Scheme. Animale pour l’Archéologie Série C: Varia 1. Antibes: Lancaster: Oxford Archaeology North, 618–25 Association pour la Promotion et la Diffusion des Connaissances Archéologiques, 13, 34 Legge, A J and Rowley-Conwy, P A 1988 Star Carr Revisited. London: Centre for Extra-Mural Studies, Burkbeck Glastra, R 1980 Handleiding bij de herpetologische College, University of London vergelijkingscollectie van het IPP. Amsterdam: Albert Egges van Giffen Instituut voor Prae-en Protohistorie (IPP), 7 Morales, A and Rosenlund, K 1979 Fish Bone Measurements. Copenhagen: Steenstrupia Standard biometric conventions Payne, S and Bull, G 1988 ‘Components of variation in Albarella, U and Payne, S 2005 ‘Neolithic pigs from measurements of pig bones and teeth and the use of Durrington Walls, Wiltshire, England: A biometrical measurements to distinguish wild from domestic pig database’. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 589–99. remains’. Archaeozoologia II, 27–66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.008 Sykes, N and Symmons, R, 2007 ‘Sexing cattle horncores: Problems and progress’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17, 514–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.891

< < contents 10 von den Driesch, A 1976 A Guide to the Measurement Dogs of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Peabody Clarke, K M 1995 ‘The later prehistoric and Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology protohistoric dog: The emergence of canine diversity’. Archaeozoologia II, 9–32 Withers heights conversion factors Harcourt, R A 1974 ‘The dog in prehistoric and early Various species historic Britain’. Journal of Archaeological Science 1, 151–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(74)90040-5 von den Driesch, A and Boessneck, J 1974 ‘Kritische Anmerkungen zur Widerristhöhenberechnung Palaeopathology aus Längenmassen vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Tierknochen’. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 22, 325–48 General texts

Cattle Baker, J and Brothwell, D 1981 Animal Diseases in Archaeology. London: Academic Press Foch, J 1966 ‘Metrische Untersuchungen an Metapodien einiger europäischer Rinderrassen’. Unpublished Bartosiewicz, L and Gál, E 2013 Shuffling Nags, Lame dissertation, University of Munich Ducks: The Archaeology of Animal Disease. Oxford: Oxbow

Matolsci, J 1970 ‘Historische Erforschung der Miles, A E W and Grigson, C 1990 Colyer’s Variations and Körpergröße der Rindes auf Grund von ungarischem Diseases of the Teeth of Animals, revised edn. Cambridge: Knochenmaterial’. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Cambridge University Press Züchtungsbiologie 87, 89–137 Thompson, K 2007 ‘Bones and joints’, in Maxie, M G Sheep (ed) Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals. Volume 1, 5th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Teichert, M 1975 ‘Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Saunders, 1–184 Berechnung der Widerristhohe bei Schafen’, in Clason, A T (ed) Archaeological Studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 51–69 General recording guides

Pigs Brothwell, D 2008 ‘Paleoradiology in the service of zoopaleopathology’, in Chhem, R K and Brothwell, May, E, Teichert, M and Hannemann, K 1996 D (eds) Paleoradiology: Imaging Mummies and Fossils. ‘Allometric aspects to the determination of the withers Berlin: Springer, 119–45 height in pigs on the basis of the data of M. Teichert’. Anthropozoologica 8, 125–39 O’Connor, T P and O’Connor, S 2005 ‘Digitising and image-processing radiographs to enhance Teichert, M 1969 ‘Osteometrische Untersuchungen interpretations in avian palaeopathology’, in Grupe, G zur Berechnung der Widerristhöhe bei vor- und and Peters, J (eds) Feathers, Grit and Symbolism: Birds and frügeschichtlichen Schweinen’. Kühn-Archiv 83, 237–92 Humans in the Ancient Old and New Worlds. Documenta Archaeobiologae 3. Rahden: Marie Leidorf Verlag, 69–82 Horses Vann, S and Thomas, R 2006 ‘Humans, other animals May, E 1985 ‘Widerristhöhe und Langknochenmasse and disease: A comparative approach towards the bei Pferden – ein immer noch aktuelles Problem’. development of a standardised recording protocol for Zeitschrift für Saugertierkunde 50, 368–82 animal palaeopathology’. Internet Archaeology 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.20.5 Onar, V, Kahvecioğlu, K O, Olğun Erdikmen, D, Alpak, H and Parkan Yaramiş, Ç 2018 ‘The estimation of withers height of ancient horse: New estimation formulations by using the metacarpal measurements of living horse’. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 169, 7–9, 157–65

< < contents 11 Dental recording guides Taphonomy

Brothwell, D 1991 ‘Malocclusion and methodology: General introduction The problem and relevance of dental malalignment in animals’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1, Brain, C K 1981 The Hunters or the Hunted? An 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390010105 Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. London: University of Chicago Press Dobney, K, Ervynck, A and La Ferla, B 2002 ‘Assessment and further development of the recording Denys, C 2002 ‘Taphonomy and experimentation’. and interpretation of linear enamel hypoplasia in Archaeometry 44, 469–84. archaeological pig populations’. Environmental Archaeology https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.00079 7, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1179/env.2002.7.1.35 Lyman, R L 1994 Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Levitan, B 1985 ‘A methodology for recording Cambridge University Press the pathology and other anomalies of ungulate mandibles from archaeological sites’, in Fieller, N R J, Madgwick, R and Mulville, J 2015 ‘Reconstructing Gilbertson, D D and Ralph, N G A (eds) Palaeobiological depositional histories through bone taphonomy: Investigations: Research Design, Methods and Data Extending the potential of faunal data’. Journal of Analysis. British Archaeological Reports International Archaeological Science 53, 255–63. Series 266. Oxford: BAR, 41–54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.015

Upex, B, Balasse, M, Tresset, A, Arbuckle, B and Tooth marks and digestion Dobney, K 2014 ‘Protocol for recording enamel hypoplasia in modern and archaeological caprine Dominguez-Rodrigo, M and Piqueras, A 2003 ‘The use populations’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth-marked 24, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2227 archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours’. Journal of Joint disease recording guides Archaeological Science 30, 1385–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00027-X Bartosiewicz, L, Van Neer, W and Lentacker, A 1994 ‘Metapodial asymmetry in draft cattle’. International Greenfield, H J 1988 ‘Bone consumption by pigs in a Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, 69–75. contemporary Serbian village: Implications for the https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390030203 interpretation of prehistoric faunal assemblages’. Journal of Field Archaeology 15, 473–9. Bartosiewicz, L, Van Neer, W and Lentacker, A 1997 https://doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1988.15.4.473 Draught Cattle: Their Osteological Identification and History. Annales Sciences Zoologiques 281. Tervuren: Payne, S and Munson, P J 1985 ‘Ruby and how many Musée Royal de L’Afrique Centrale squirrels? The destruction of bones by dogs’, in Fieller, N R J, Gilbertson, D D and Ralph, N G R (eds) Bendrey, R 2007 ‘Ossification of the interosseous Palaeobiological Investigations: Research Design, Methods ligaments between the metapodials in horses: A and Data Analysis. British Archaeological Reports new recording methodology and preliminary study’. International Series 266. Oxford: BAR, 31–48 International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17, 207–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.875 Pobiner, B 2008 ‘Paleoecological information in predator tooth marks’. Journal of Taphonomy 6, 373–97 Thomas, R and Johannsen, N 2011 ‘Articular depressions in domestic cattle phalanges and their archaeological relevance’. International Journal of Paleopathology 1, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.02.007

< < contents 12 Bone weathering Domınguez-Rodrigo, M 2008 ‘Conceptual premises in experimental design and their bearing on the use of Behrensmeyer, A K 1978 ‘Taphonomic and ecologic analogy: An example from experiments on cut marks’. information from bone weathering’. Paleobiology 4, World Archaeology 40, 67–82. 150–62 https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240701843629

Conard, N J, Walker, S J and Kandel, A W Domınguez-Rodrigo, M and Yravedra, J 2009 ‘Why are 2008 ‘How heating and cooling and wetting and cut mark frequencies in archaeofaunal assemblages drying can destroy dense faunal elements and so variable? A multivariate analysis’. Journal of lead to differential preservation’. Palaeogeography, Archaeological Science 36, 884–94. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266, 236–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.036 Fairnell, E 2008 ‘101 ways to skin a fur-bearing animal: Madgwick, R 2014 ‘What makes bones shiny? The implications for zooarchaeological interpretation’, Investigating trampling as a cause of bone abrasion’. in Cunningham, P, Heeb, J and Paardekooper, R (eds) Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 6, 163–73. Experiencing Archaeology by Experiment. Oxford: Oxbow, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-013-0165-0 47–60.

Madgwick, R and Mulville, J 2012 ‘Investigating Grant, A 1987 ‘Some observations of butchery in variation in the prevalence of weathering in faunal England from the Iron Age to Medieval period’. assemblages in the UK: A multivariate statistical Anthropozoologica NS, 53–8. approach’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22, 509–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1274 Lauwerier, R C G M 1988 Animals in Roman Times in the Dutch Eastern River Area. Nederlanse Oudheden 12/ Bone diagenesis Project Oostelijk Rivierengebied 1. Amersfoort: ROB

Hedges, R 2002 ‘Bone diagenesis: An overview of Maltby, M 2007 ‘Chop and change: Specialist cattle processes’. Archaeometry 44, 319–28. carcass processing in Roman Britain’, in Croxford, B, https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.00064 Ray, N and Roth, R (eds) TRAC 2006: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Huisman, D J 2009 Degradation of Archaeological Cambridge 2006. Oxford: Oxbow, 59–76 Remains. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers bv Maltby, M, 2010 ‘Butchery of cattle bones’, in Maltby, Accumulation processes M (ed) Feeding a Roman Town: Environmental Evidence from Excavations in Winchester, 1972-1985. Winchester: Bocheński, Z M 2005 ‘Owls, diurnal raptors and Winchester Museums Service, 126–42 humans: Signatures on avian bones’, in O’Connor, T (ed) Biosphere to Lithosphere. Oxford: Oxbow, 31–45 Otárola-Castillo, E 2010 ‘Differences between NISP and MNE in cutmark analysis of highly fragmented faunal Butchery assemblages’. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.005 Binford, L R 1981 Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press Seetah, K 2006 ‘Butchery as an analytical tool: A comparative study of the Romano-British and Boschin, F and Crezzini, J 2011 ‘Morphometrical medieval periods’. Unpublished PhD thesis, University analysis on cut marks using a 3D digital microscope’. of Cambridge International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22, 549–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1272 Seetah, K 2006 ‘Multidisciplinary approach to Romano- British cattle butchery’, in Maltby, M (ed) Integrating Zooarchaeology. Oxford: Oxbow, 111–18

< < contents 13 Seetah, K 2008 ‘Modern analogy, cultural theory and Swatland, H J 2004 Meat Cuts and Muscle Foods, 2nd experimental replication: A merging point at the edn. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press cutting edge of archaeology’. World Archaeology 40, 111–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240701843652 Willis, L, Eren, M I and Rick, T C 2008 ‘Does butchering fish leave cut marks?’ Journal of Archaeological Science Seetah, K 2018 Humans, Animals, and the Craft of 35, 1438–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.010 Slaughter in Archaeo-Historic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

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Virtual comparative collections Tercerie, S, Bearez, P, Pruvost, P, Bailly, N and Vignes- Lebbe, R 2019 Osteobase, Version January 2019. All classes http://osteobase.mnhn.fr/

Virtual Zooarchaeology of the Arctic Project (VZAP) University of Nottingham nd Archaeological Fish 2019 Version 2.2.1.4, 6 March 2019 Resource. http://fishbone.nottingham.ac.uk/ https://vzap.iri.isu.edu/ViewPage.aspx?id=230 Identification guides: mammal remains Mammals Hillson, S 1999 Mammal Bones and Teeth, revised edn. Fischer, A 2015 Equus caballus. ArchéoZoothèque. London: University College London https://www.archeozoo.org/archeozootheque/index/ category/155-cheval_langen_horse_lang_langes_caballo_ Hillson, S 2005 Teeth, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge lang_ University Press

Yvinec, J-H 2019 Equus caballus – Fetus (22 Weeks). Pales, L and Garcia, C 1981 Atlas Ostéologique pour Servir ArchéoZoothèque. à l’Identification des Mammifères du Quaternaire. II. https://www.archeozoo.org/archeozootheque/index/ Tête, Rachis, Ceintures Scapulaire et Pelvienne, Membres: category/35-cheval_foetus_langen_horse_fetus_lang_ Carnivores, Homme. Paris: Editions du Centre National langes_caballo_feto_lang_ de la Recherche Scientifique

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Böhme, M and Ilg, A 2004 Osteo. Pales, L and Lambert, C 1971 Atlas Ostéologique pour http://www.wahre-staerke.com/osteo/ Servir à l’Identification des Mammifères du Quaternaire. I. Les Membres: Herbivores. Paris: Editions du Centre Lombarte, A, Chic, Ò, Parisi-Baradad, V, Olivella, R, Piera, National de la Recherche Scientifique J and García-Ladona, E 2006 ‘A web-based environment from shape analysis of fish otoliths. The AFORO database’. Schmid, E 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones For Prehistorians, Scientia Marina 70, 147–52. Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists. Amsterdam, http://isis.cmima.csic.es/aforo/ London, New York: Elsevier

Perdikaris, S, Krivogorskaya, Y, McGovern, T and Neonatal mammals Lahtiperä, P 2004 FISHBONE 1.1 Identification Manual for Gadid Fish in the N Atlantic. Martin, P and Garcia-Gonzalez, R 2015 ‘Identifying https://www.nabohome.org/products/manuals/fishbone/ sheep (Ovis aries) fetal remains in archaeological index.html contexts’. Journal of Archaeological Science 64, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.10.003

< < contents 15 Prummel, W 1987 ‘Atlas for identification of foetal Payne, S 1985 ‘Morphological distinctions between skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig. Part the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis, and goats, 1’. Archaeozoologia I, 23–30 Capra’. Journal of Archaeological Science 12, 139–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90058-5 Prummel, W 1987 ‘Atlas for identification of foetal skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig. Part Prummel, W and Frisch, H-J 1986 ‘A guide for the 2’. Archaeozoologia I, 11–42 distinction of species, sex and body size in bones of sheep and goat’. Journal of Archaeological Science 13, Prummel, W 1988 ‘Atlas for identification of foetal 567–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90041-5 skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig. Part 3’. Archaeozoologia II, 13–26 Salvagno, L and Albarella, U 2017 ‘A morphometric system to distinguish sheep and goat postcranial Yvinec, J-H 2019 Equus caballus – Fetus (22 Weeks). bones’. PLoS ONE 12, e0178543. ArchéoZoothèque. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178543 https://www.archeozoo.org/archeozootheque/index/ category/35-cheval_foetus_langen_horse_fetus_lang_ Zedda, M, Palombo, M R, Brits, D, Carcupino, M, langes_caballo_feto_lang_ Sathé, V, Cacchioli, A and Farina V 2017 ‘Differences in femoral morphology between sheep (Ovis aries) Guides to distinguishing morphologically and goat (Capra hircus): Macroscopic and microscopic similar mammal species observations’. Zoomorphology 136, 145–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-016-0329-4 Sheep and goats Pigs and wild boar Boessneck, J 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linné) and goat (Capra hircus Linné)’, Albarella, U and Dobney, K, 2012 ‘Distinguishing wild boar in Brothwell, D R and Higgs, E S (eds) Science in from domestic pigs in prehistory: A review of approaches Archaeology: A Comprehensive Survey of Progress and and recent results’. Journal of World Prehistory 25, 1–44 Research. London: Thames and Hudson, 331–58 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-012-9055-0

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