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World Atlas of Biodiversity WORLD ATLAS OF BIODIVERSITY EARTH'S LIVING RESOURCES IN THE 21st CENTURY ^ > (\ X >r BRIAN GROOMBRIDGE and MARTIN D. JENKINS UNEP WCMC World Atlas of Biodiversity addresses the remark- ible growth in concern at all levels for living things and the environment and the increased appreciation ' the links between the state of ecosystems and the state of humankind. Building on a wealth of re- search and analysis by the conservation community worldwide, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible view of key global issues in biodiver- sity. It outlines some of the broad ecological relationships between humans and the rest of the iterial world and summarizes information on the health of the planet. Opening with an outline of some fundamental aspects of material cycles and energy flow in the biosphere, the book goes on to discuss the expansion of this diversity through geo- logical time and the pattern of its distribution over the surface of the Earth, and analyzes trends in the condition of the main ecosystem types and the species integral to them. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/worldatlasofbiod02groo World Atlas of Biodiversity Published in association witli Ihe contents of this volume do not UNEP-WCMC by the University of necessarily reflect the views or policies of California Press UNEP-WCfvIC, contributory organizations, University of California Press editors or publishers. The designations Berl<eley and Los Angeles, California employed and the presentations do not imply University of California Press, Ltd. the expression of any opinion whatsoever on London, England the part of UNEP-WCIvIC or contributory organizations, editors or publishers © 2002 UNEP World Conservation concerning the legal status of any country, Monitoring Centre territory, city or area or its authority, or UNEP-WCMC concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or 219 Huntingdon Road boundaries or the designation of its name or Cambridge CB3 DDL, UK allegiances. Tel; *Uk 101 1223 277 3U Fax:+a(01 1223 277 136 E-mail: info0unep-wcmc.org Website: www.unep-wcmc.org Cloth edition ISBN World Atlas of Biodiversity: 0-520-23668-8 Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century IS a revised and updated edition of Cataloging-in-publication data is on file with Global Biodiversity: the Library of Congress Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century Citation Groombndge B. and Jenkins M.D. No part of this book may be reproduced by 120021 World Atlas of Biodiversity. Prepared any means or transmitted into a machine by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring language without the written permission of Centre. University of California Press, the publisher Berkeley, USA. UNEP WCMC World Atlas of Biodiversity Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century Brian Groombridge & Martin D. Jenkins UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London World Atlas of Biodiversity Prepared by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK UNEP WCMC Tel: +M 101 1223 277 3U Fax: +44 (01 1223 277 136 E-mail: info0unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Website: www.unep-wcmc.org Centre is the biodiversity information and assessment arm of the United Nations Director Environment Programme, the worlds Marl< Collins foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. UNEP-WCMC aims to help Authors decision-makers recognize the value of Brian Groombndge biodiversity to people everywhere, and to Martin D Jenkins apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre's challenge is to transform complex Additional contributors data into policy-relevant information, to build Adrian C. Newton (Project manager) tools and systems for analysis and Rachel Cool< integration, and to support the needs of Neil Cox nations and the international community as Victoria Gaillard they engage in joint programs of action. Edmund Green Janina Jakubowska Thomas Kaissl Valerie Kapos Charlotte Lusty Anna Morton Mark Spalding Christoph Zockier Production of maps A Benson production Simon Blyth 27 Devonshire Road with the assistance of Cambridge CBl 2BH, UK Igor Lysenko Corinna Ravilious Jonathan Rhind Color separations Swaingrove Layout Yves Messer Printed in the UK Acknowledgments First and foremost we would [ike to express our deepest ttianks to the Aventis Foundation, without whose generous funding the research and production work for this book could not have been undertaken. Preparation of the book was also generously supported by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs IDEFRAI of the UK Government. The Owen Family Trust is also acknowledged for financial support to the first edition of this text. We also acknowledge with thanks the generous assistance extended by the following, listed approximately in the same sequence as the chapters in which their material appears: Christopher Field and George tvlerchant. Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington for use of data from a global model of net primary production. Robert Lesslie of the Department of Geography, Australian National University, Canberra, for allowing us to use data resulting from his global wilderness analysis. BirdLife International, of Cambridge, UK, for allowing use of spatial data on endemic bird areas and on threatened bird species. Gene Carl Feldman, Oceanographer at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, for approving use of material from the SeaWiFS Project of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE. The University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility, for facilitating use of land cover data. Professor Wilhelm Barthlott of the Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Rheinischen Fnedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat, Bonn, for kindly allowing use of a map showing contours of global plant species diversity Jonathan Loh, responsible for the WWF Living Planet Report, for kindly approving use of global trend indices from the Living Planet Report 2000. John E.N. Veron, Chief Scientist at the Australian institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, Queensland for allowing use of coral generic diversity data. Several biologists associated with IUCN/S5C specialist groups on fishes, mollusks and inland water Crustacea, for providing data and expertise on important areas for freshwater biodiversity collated in an earlier publication: Gerald R. Alien (Western Australian Museum); the late Denton Belk [TexasI; Philippe Bouchet ILaboratoire de Biologie des invertebres marins et matacologie. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris); Keith Crandall (Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University); Neil Cumberlidge (Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University); Olivier Gargominy iLaboratoire de Biologie des invertebres marins et nnalacologie, Museum National d'Histoire Nalurelle, Pans); Maurice Kottelat (Cornol, Switzerland); Sven 0. Kullander IDepartment of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum ot Natural History, Stockholm); Christian Leveque (ORSTOM. Pans); R. von Sternberg (Center for Intelligent Systems, State University of New York at Binghamton); Guy Teugels ILaboratoire Ichthyologie, Musee Royal de I'Afnque Centrale. Tervuren). Ben ten Brink, Jan Bakkes and Jaap van Woerden for facilitating use of material illustrating work on scenarios earned out at the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu IRIVM), BiUhoven, the Netherlands. Christian Nellemann (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Hugo Ahlenius (UNEP GRID- Arendal) and the Secretariat of GLOBIO (Global methodology for mapping human impacts on the biosphere), for material applying this approach to scenario development. Photographs Pages: 6, L. Olesen/UNEP/Still Pictures; 7, L.L. Hock/UNEP/Topham; U, B. Groombndge; 15. M. Wakabayashi/UNEP/Topham; 37. Giotto Castelli; 38, M. Fnedlander/UNEP/Topham; 39. UNEP/Topham; 72. G. Bluhm/UNEP/Topham; 73. K. Kaznaki/UNEP/Topham; 86. M. Schneider/UNEP/Topham; 93, M.R. Andrianavalona/UNEP/Still Pictures; 96, H. Mundell/UNEP/Topham; 98, R. Fana/UNEP/Topham; 99. UNEP/Topham; 103 J. Nuab/UNEP/Topham; 110 top. R. delRosanon/UNEP/Topham;110 bottom. Mazinsky/UNEP/Topham; 118. E. Green; U3 top, E. Green; bottom. M. Spalding; U4, M. Garcia Blanco/UNEP/Topham; 151. E. Green; 152. D. Nayak/UNEP/StiU Pictures; 15i. E. Green; 155. D. Seifert/UNEP/StiU Pictures; 165, UNEP/Topham; 169. S.W. Mmg/UNEP/Stilt Pictures; 174, F. Colombini/UNEP/Topham; 178. C.K. Au/UNEP/Still Pictures; 185. K. Lohua/UNEP/Still Pictures; 194. C. Petersen/UNEP/Topham; 212. P Garside/UNEP/Topham; 216, C. Senanunsakul/UNEP/Still Pictures Contents Foreword xi 3.5 Freguency of percent extinction Preface xii per million year period 29 Introduction 1 3.6 Number of family extinctions per geological interval through Chapter 1: The biosphere 3 the Phanerozoic 29 Maps Table 1.1 Physical geography of the Earth 4 3.1 The principal mass extinctions 1.2 Primary production in the in the Phanerozoic fossil biosphere 8 record 30 Figure 1.1 Hypsographic curve 5 Chapter 4: Humans, food and Tables biodiversity 33 1.1 Global annual net primary Maps production 10 4,1 Early human dispersal 34 1.2 Estimated global carbon 4.2 Livestock breeds: numbers budget and biomass totals 11 and status 42 4.3 FAO world diet classes 48 Chapter 2: The diversity of organisms 13 4.4 Human population density 52 Figure 4,5 Terrestrial wilderness 54 2.1 The phylogenetic tree 19 4.6 Vertebrate extinctions since Tables AD1500 56 2.1 Estimated numbers of 4.7 Threatened mammal species 58 described species, and 4.8 Critically endangered
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