Paving Brochure

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Paving Brochure CI/SfB (90.41) Ff2 Formpave Limited seventh edition 1 Introduction Formpave manufacture a wide range of standard and specialist 1 Introduction 2-5 Chartres modular paving concrete block pavers, permeable pavers, kerbs and ancillaries. 6-9 Clifton range • cobbles • setts • paving Situated at Coleford, Gloucestershire, the Formpave works is one 10-13 Cornish range • cobbles • setts • paving of the most sophisticated of its type in Europe. 14-15 Home-plus • Home-setts domestic use 16-18 Standard paving range Formpave are flexible and are always pleased to work with specifiers 19 Small element paving to produce bespoke colours and surface textures for special projects. 20-23 Kerbs • standard • bull nose • forest edging The technology used in the works and the Company’s quality 24-25 Transition kerbs assurance scheme provides complete works traceability of each 26 High skid resistance paving product. The Coleford Works has BS EN ISO 9002: 1994 Quality 26 Finishes and Colours Assurance accreditation and Formpave is a BSI registered company. 26 Technical Specification The Storm water source control system is covered by BBA certificate 27 Weights and pack sizes number 99/3373. 27 Storm water source control 28 Q24 Standard Contract Documentation Advisory service Inside back cover Concrete block paving is widely recognised as a cost effective, durable and attractive surfacing material. Formpave Limited It is extremely versatile and is suitable for use on projects as diverse as: Tufthorn Avenue Coleford car parks, industrial estates, retail centres, pedestrian areas, domestic Gloucestershire GL16 8PR drives, motorway services, airport service areas and aprons, garages, telephone 01594 836999 fax 01594 810577 lorry parks and other heavy duty applications. e-mail [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] web-site www.formpave.co.uk FM 12515 BS6717 Chartres modular paving Use Thickness and modules Aggregate Finishes and colours Roads and footpaths on 60mm and 80mm thick in The blocks are available in Olden finish in two commercial, industrial and module sizes: normal aggregate or high colours; Traditional and domestic sites. 150 x 100mm skid resistant gritstone to Vendage 150 x 150mm special order. Special colours and a 250 x 150mm Drawings Bush hammered finish are Spacing nibs Detailed drawings of available to order. The 1.5mm spacer nibs are the complete range of For joint filling sand, incorporated within the Chartres products see page 27. block dimensions. together with traditional Chartres edging laying patterns are Chartres edging is specifically illustrated on page 5. designed to provide a compatible edge restraint. 3 2 The concept of Chartres paving was Chartres Chartres inspired by the beautiful medieval city of Chartres in northern France. Chartres is manufactured with an olden finish and has been specifically designed for use in conservation areas or on projects where architectural heritage is a major consideration. Chartres Traditional paving faithfully reproduces the mixture of colours and maturity found in the city. It is a blend of 3 colours; golden brown, mid brown and charcoal. Olden finish Olden finish In addition to the Traditional colour, Chartres is also available in Vendage; a blend of charcoal, burnt red and autumn yellow. Chartres comprises of 3 module sizes. Each module size of block comes in a separate pack, enabling the specifier to create a variety of laying patterns from strict coursing in one or more sizes to a totally random pattern. One of the features of the product is the very attractive joint lines which can be achieved. Spacer nibs are incorporated on each block to ensure regular width joints. Chartres edging is specifically designed to provide a compatible edge restraint. Chartres colours Traditional Vendage Chartres modular paving Chartres Large Landscaping Chartres edging Chartres paving 5 4 Chartres Chartres 80 150 250 Concrete 100mm min 50mm sharp sand 60 haunching sub base bedding course 150 250 Chartres Medium 80 Olden finish Olden finish 150 150 60 150 150 Chartres Small 80 100 150 60 100 150 Chartres edging 200 250 100 The sides and base are not distressed, thus maintaining the structural integrity of the paved surface. all dimensions are in mm Clifton range Use Thickness Clifton starter circles Finishes and colours Roads and footpaths on Clifton cobbles 60mm are available to special Olden or Bush hammered cobbles • setts • paving commercial, industrial and Clifton setts 60 and 80mm order. finish in two colours; domestic sites. Clifton paving 70mm Aggregate Purbeck or Cotswold. (80 and 100mm are The blocks are available Other colours are available available to special order). in normal aggregate or high to special order. Spacing nibs skid resistant gritstone to For joint filling sand, 1.5mm nibs are incorporated special order. see page 27. within the block dimensions, Drawings to standardise joint widths. Detailed drawings of Clifton edging the Clifton range are is specifically designed to illustrated on page 9. provide a compatible edge restraint. photograph right Clifton paving and setts 6 The Clifton Range consists of Cobbles, 7 Clifton range Setts and Paving. The colours and olden Clifton range finish make the range particularly suitable for use in conservation areas or on projects where architectural heritage is important. The Clifton Range is totally flexible and enables the specifier to produce designs tailored to individual needs from the traditional formal coursing to a more random formation with no regular jointing. Clifton Cobbles are 60mm thick and Olden finish Bush hammered finish Olden finishare manufactured Bush hammered finish in a 100x100mm module. They can be traditionally coursed or laid in more unsual patterns such as circles or flanders fans. Clifton Setts have the distinctive appearance of natural stone setts traditionally used throughout the country. 48 separate paving blocks are used to provide 0.75m2 of paving and are delivered in a standard laying pattern which can be varied to suit alternative designs. Clifton setts are manufactured in 60 and 80mm thicknesses. Clifton Paving offers an alternative to the often repetitive use of slabs and small element paving. 12 separate paving blocks of varying sizes are used to provide 0.775m2 of paving and are delivered in a standard laying pattern which can be varied to suit alternative designs. Clifton paving is manufactured Clifton circle, cobble and setts in 70mm thickness as standard. 80 and 100mm thicknesses are available to special order. The Clifton Range is available with an olden or bush hammered finish in purbeck or cotswold. Clifton cobble Clifton setts Clifton paving Clifton paving Clifton colours Clifton setts Purbeck Cotswold 8 8 Clifton range Clifton Olden finish Olden finish hammered Bush Clifton range Clifton cobble 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Landscaping 1000 x 800mm (0.8 square metres) 100 100 Clifton edging 100 100 Clifton paving 100 100 Concrete haunching 100 60 100mm min Clifton and Home-setts sub base Thicknesses : Clifton setts 60 or 80mm 50mm sharp sand Home-setts 50mm bedding course 150 100 100 150 100 150 150 100 150 100 0.750 square metre 150 9 Clifton range Clifton 100 150 Clifton paving 100 50, 60 or 80 150 250 200 400 275 Olden finish Olden finish hammered Bush Clifton setts starter circle 0.775 square metre 225 Clifton paving 70mm standard thickness, 275 80 and 100mm available to special order 80 70 The sides and base 300 400 150 150 are not distressed, thus maintaining the structural integrity of the paved surface 150 150 150 150 Spacer nibs are 600 incorporated on each block. Clifton edging photograph left Clifton setts 250 200 100 all dimensions are in mm Cornish range Use Thickness Cornish edging Finishes and colours Roads and footpaths on Cornish cobbles 60 and 80mm is specifically designed to Bush hammered finish in cobbles • setts • paving commercial, industrial Cornish setts 60 and 80mm provide a compatible edge one standard colour. and domestic sites. restraint. reconstituted granite Cornish paving 70mm Other colours are available (80 and 100mm are Cornish starter circles to special order. available to special order) are available to special For joint filling sand, Spacing nibs order. see page 27. 1.5mm nibs are incorporated Drawings within the block dimensions, Detailed drawings of to standardise joint widths. the Cornish range are Aggregate illustrated on page 13. The Cornish granite aggregate gives excellent slip skid resistance. 11 10 The Cornish Range consists of Cobbles, Setts and Paving. The product is Cornish range Cornish range manufactured from crushed Cornish granite and has the distinctive appearance of natural granite. A textured surface finish exposes the sparkling white cornish granite with a black fleck, and gives excellent slip skid resistance. The Cornish Range is totally flexible and enables the specifier to produce designs tailored to individual needs from the traditional formal coursing to a more random formation with no regular jointing. Cornish Bush hammered Cornish Bush hammered Cornish Bush hammered Cornish Bush hammered The advantages of the Cornish Range over natural granite are price, ease of laying, consistent joint widths and the regular surface is pedestrian friendly. Cornish Cobbles are produced in 60 or 80mm thicknesses in a 100x100mm module. They can be traditionally coursed or laid in more unsual patterns such as circles or flanders fans. Cornish Setts have the distinctive appearance of natural granite setts traditionally used throughout the country. 48 separate paving blocks are used to provide 0.75m2 of paving and are delivered in a standard laying pattern. Cornish setts are manufactured with 60 and 80mm thicknesses. Cornish Paving offers an alternative to the often repetitive use of slabs and small element paving. 12 separate paving blocks of varying sizes are used to provide 0.775m2 of paving and are delivered in a standard laying pattern which can be varied to suit alternative designs.
Recommended publications
  • Feral Wild Boar: Species Review.' Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 110 (3): 195-203
    Malins, M. (2016) 'Feral wild boar: species review.' Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 110 (3): 195-203. Official website URL: http://www.rfs.org.uk/about/publications/quarterly-journal-of-forestry/ ResearchSPAce http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/ This version is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite using the reference above. Your access and use of this document is based on your acceptance of the ResearchSPAce Metadata and Data Policies, as well as applicable law:- https://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/policies.html Unless you accept the terms of these Policies in full, you do not have permission to download this document. This cover sheet may not be removed from the document. Please scroll down to view the document. 160701 Jul 2016 QJF_Layout 1 27/06/2016 11:34 Page 195 Features Feral Wild Boar Species review Mark Malins looks at the impact and implications of the increasing population of wild boar at loose in the countryside. ild boar (Sus scrofa) are regarded as an Forests in Surrey, but meeting with local opposition, were indigenous species in the United Kingdom with soon destroyed. Wtheir place in the native guild defined as having Key factors in the demise of wild boar were considered to been present at the end of the last Ice Age. Pigs as a species be physical removal through hunting and direct competition group have a long history of association with man, both as from domestic stock, such as in the Dean where right of wild hunted quarry but also much as domesticated animals with links traced back to migrating Mesolithic hunter-gatherer tribes in Germany 6,000-8,000 B.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamish Graham
    14 French History and Civilization “Seeking Information on Who was Responsible”: Policing the Woodlands of Old Regime France Hamish Graham In a sense Pierre Robert was simply unlucky. Robert was a forest guard from Saint-Macaire, a small town on the right bank of the Garonne about twelve leagues (or nearly fifty kilometers) upstream from the regional capital of Bordeaux. In 1780 he was convicted of corruption and dismissed from the royal forest service, the Eaux et Forêts. According to lengthy testimonies compiled by his superiors, Robert had identified breaches by local landowners of the regulations about woodland exploitation set down in the 1669 Ordonnance des Eaux et Forêts. He then demanded payment directly from the offenders. The forestry officials took a dim view of these charges, and the full force of the law was brought to bear: Robert’s case went as far as the “sovereign court” of the Parlement in Bordeaux.1 Michel Marchier was also an eighteenth-century forest guard in south-western France whose actions could be considered corrupt: like Robert, Marchier was accused of soliciting a bribe from a known forest offender. Unlike Robert, however, Marchier was not subjected to judicial proceedings, and he was certainly not dismissed. His case was not even reported to the regional headquarters of the Eaux et Forêts in Bordeaux. Instead Marchier’s punishment was extra-judicial: he was publicly denounced in a local market-place, and then beaten up by his target’s son.2 There are several possible ways we could explain the different ways in which these two matters were handled, perhaps by focusing on issues of individual personality or the seriousness of the men’s offenses.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Devon in the Domesday Book
    NORTHERN DEVON IN THE DOMESDAY BOOK INTRODUCTION The existence of the Domesday Book has been a source of national pride since the first antiquarians started to write about it perhaps four hundred years ago. However, it was not really studied until the late nineteenth century when the legal historian, F W Maitland, showed how one could begin to understand English society at around the time of the Norman Conquest through a close reading and analysis of the Domesday Book (Maitland 1897, 1987). The Victoria County Histories from the early part of the twentieth century took on the task of county-wide analysis, although the series as a whole ran out of momentum long before many counties, Devon included, had been covered. Systematic analysis of the data within the Domesday Book was undertaken by H C Darby of University College London and Cambridge University, assisted by a research team during the 1950s and 1960s. Darby(1953), in a classic paper on the methodology of historical geography, suggested that two great fixed dates for English rural history were 1086, with Domesday Book, and circa 1840, when there was one of the first more comprehensive censuses and the detailed listings of land-use and land ownership in the Tithe Survey of 1836-1846. The anniversary of Domesday Book in 1986 saw a further flurry of research into what Domesday Book really was, what it meant at the time and how it was produced. It might be a slight over-statement but in the early-1980s there was a clear consensus about Domesday Book and its purpose but since then questions have been raised and although signs of a new shared understanding can be again be seen, it seems unlikely that Domesday Book will ever again be taken as self-evident.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 2016 Butchered Bones, Carved Stones: Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England Shawn Hale Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in History at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Hale, Shawn, "Butchered Bones, Carved Stones: Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England" (2016). Masters Theses. 2418. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2418 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Graduate School� EASTERNILLINOIS UNIVERSITY " Thesis Maintenance and Reproduction Certificate FOR: Graduate Candidates Completing Theses in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Graduate Faculty Advisors Directing the Theses RE: Preservation, Reproduction, and Distribution of Thesis Research Preserving, reproducing, and distributing thesis research is an important part of Booth Library's responsibility to provide access to scholarship. In order to further this goal, Booth Library makes all graduate theses completed as part of a degree program at Eastern Illinois University available for personal study, research, and other not-for-profit educational purposes. Under 17 U.S.C. § 108, the library may reproduce and distribute a copy without infringing on copyright; however, professional courtesy dictates that permission be requested from the author before doing so. Your signatures affirm the following: • The graduate candidate is the author of this thesis. • The graduate candidate retains the copyright and intellectual property rights associated with the original research, creative activity, and intellectual or artistic content of the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Chisholm-Batten, E, the Forest Trees of Somerset, Part II, Volume 36
    Stic Jfoi'tst Swcs ojf Somerset BY E. CHISHOLM-BATTEN. rpHE forest trees of Somerset have found no historian i they gladden the eye of the visitor, and are dear to the hearts of the home-folk, both gentle and simple, but have as yet no record. The guide-book dwells, and fitly dwells, upon the goodly mansion houses of the county, while their stately avenues and surrounding groves hardly obtain a notice. Surely this ought not so to be ; surely the Proceedings of this Society, at once an Archaeological and Natural History Society, ought to dwell on a subject where both interests are happily blended. Their pages should tell us the story of the woods of old, point out the lingering survivors of earlier times and teach us how to preserve with reverence and affection those which remain, and how best to fill the gaps which time, or tempest or the axe of cupidity may have made in our sylvan scenery. The history of a county is linked with the history of its sylva. The trees and woods of Somerset in past times repre- sent The history of its population ; their record discloses to us what the chroniclers do not tell of the common life of the mass of our ancestors—those who dwelt in our country towns, villages, and hamlets. Then every land owner had some of his land “set out to plant a wood;” then the boundary trees w'ere reverenced as the line of the village perambulation, and the village councils met under the Moot Oak or the Court , 176 Papers, fyc.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Hampshire Forests and the Geological Conditions of Their Growth
    40 ANCIENT HAMPSHIRE FORESTS AND THE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THEIR GROWTH. ,; BY T. W, SHORE, F.G.S., F.C.S. If we examine the map oi Hampshire with the view of considering what its condition, probably was' at that time which represents the dawn of history, viz., just before the Roman invasion, and consider what is known of the early West Saxon settlements in the county, and of the earthworks of their Celtic predecessors, we can .scarcely fail to come to the conclusion that in pre-historic Celtic time it must have been almost one continuous forest broken only by large open areas of chalk down land, or by the sandy heaths of the Bagshot or Lower Greensand formations. On those parts of the chalk down country which have only a thin soil resting on the white chalk, no considerable wood could grow, and such natural heath and furze land as the upper Bagshot areas of the New Forest, of Aldershot, and Hartford Bridge Flats, or the sandy areas of the Lower Bagshot age, such as exists between Wellow and Bramshaw, or the equally barren heaths of the Lower Greensand age, in the neighbourhood of Bramshot and Headley, must always have been incapable of producing forest growths. The earliest traces of human settlements in this county are found in and near the river valleys, and it as certain as any matter which rests on circumstantial evidence, can be that the earliest clearances in the primaeval woods of Hampshire were on the gently sloping hill sides which help to form these valleys, and in those dry upper vales whicli are now above the permanent sources of the rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • ROYAL FOREST of EXMOOR: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series No 7 the ROYAL FOREST of EXMOOR: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
    Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series No 7 THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series No 7 THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series Author: Faye Balmond Design: Pete Rae March 2012 This report series includes interim reports, policy documents and other information relating to the historic environment of Exmoor National Park. Further hard copies of this report can be obtained from the Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record: Exmoor House, Dulverton, Somerset. TA22 9HL email [email protected], 01398 322273 FRONT COVER: Simonsbath Tower ©Exmoor National Park Authority CONTENTS Page SUMMARY . 1 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES . 1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK . 3 THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR (ORIGINS – 1818) . 6 THE RECLAMATION OF EXMOOR FOREST (1818 – 1897) . 8 20TH CENTURY . 11 SOCIAL HISTORY AND OTHER THEMES . 11 DISSEMINATION . 12 REVIEW AND EVALUATION . 13 BILBLIOGRAPHY . 13 THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK SUMMARY This document sets out the research priorities for the historic environment in the former Royal Forest of Exmoor. The priorities it lists were identified by those with an active interest in this area of Exmoor at a seminar at Ashwick in March 2012. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A research framework for the former Royal Forest of Exmoor was proposed in an attempt to direct research and address the inability to answer with any degree of certainty some of the most basic questions related to the historical use and operation of this area of Exmoor National Park. The Exmoor Moorland Landscape Partnership Scheme (EMLPS) provided an opportunity to promote further research into the former Royal Forest of Exmoor, with funding available through the ‘Treeless Forest’ project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Isle of Wight in the English Landscape
    THE ISLE OF WIGHT IN THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE: MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL RURAL SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE ON THE ISLE OF WIGHT HELEN VICTORIA BASFORD A study in two volumes Volume 1: Text and References Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2013 2 Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 3 4 Helen Victoria Basford The Isle of Wight in the English Landscape: Medieval and Post-Medieval Rural Settlement and Land Use Abstract The thesis is a local-scale study which aims to place the Isle of Wight in the English landscape. It examines the much discussed but problematic concept of ‘islandness’, identifying distinctive insular characteristics and determining their significance but also investigating internal landscape diversity. This is the first detailed academic study of Isle of Wight land use and settlement from the early medieval period to the nineteenth century and is fully referenced to national frameworks. The thesis utilises documentary, cartographic and archaeological evidence. It employs the techniques of historic landscape characterisation (HLC), using synoptic maps created by the author and others as tools of graphic analysis. An analysis of the Isle of Wight’s physical character and cultural roots is followed by an investigation of problems and questions associated with models of settlement and land use at various scales.
    [Show full text]
  • POWER RELATIONS in the ROYAL FORESTS of ENGLAND Patronage, Privilege and Legitimacy in the Reigns of Henry III and Edward I
    POWER RELATIONS IN THE ROYAL FORESTS OF ENGLAND Patronage, privilege and legitimacy in the reigns of Henry III and Edward I University of Oulu Department of History Master’s Thesis November 2013 Andrew Pattison TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 1 Roles – The royal forests and the structures of power in England 13 2 Abuse – Peter de Neville, forester of Rutland Forest 23 3 Contestation – Walter de Kent, forester of New Forest 44 Conclusion – The diffuse nature of power in 13th-century England 64 Sources and bibliography of works consulted 72 1 INTRODUCTION In this study I shall examine the subject of power relations in the royal forests of England. The vast forests of late-medieval England contained a variety of valuable resources; some were mundane, like timber and land, and some were of a more symbolic nature like deer and the right to hunt. Control and usage of these resources was to a great extent dictated by the unique legal codes of the forests which aimed to maintain the forests to the king’s benefit. But at the same time, forests, by their innate nature, were difficult to guard and thus invited misappropriation. This thorny conundrum caused a great deal of friction amongst the inhabitants of the forest (the primary users) and the royal foresters charged with overseeing resource usage in the forest. This general discord over access to resources will serve as the point of departure for the present study. In my analysis of resource use in the forest I shall attempt to analyze the interplay of power between the various actors in the forest, namely, the local inhabitants and the foresters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forest and Social Change in Early Modern English Literature, 1590–1700
    The Forest and Social Change in Early Modern English Literature, 1590–1700 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Elizabeth Marie Weixel IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. John Watkins, Adviser April 2009 © Elizabeth Marie Weixel, 2009 i Acknowledgements In such a wood of words … …there be more ways to the wood than one. —John Milton, A Brief History of Moscovia (1674) —English proverb Many people have made this project possible and fruitful. My greatest thanks go to my adviser, John Watkins, whose expansive expertise, professional generosity, and evident faith that I would figure things out have made my graduate studies rewarding. I count myself fortunate to have studied under his tutelage. I also wish to thank the members of my committee: Rebecca Krug for straightforward and honest critique that made my thinking and writing stronger, Shirley Nelson Garner for her keen attention to detail, and Lianna Farber for her kind encouragement through a long process. I would also like to thank the University of Minnesota English Department for travel and research grants that directly contributed to this project and the Graduate School for the generous support of a 2007-08 Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. Fellow graduate students and members of the Medieval and Early Modern Research Group provided valuable support, advice, and collegiality. I would especially like to thank Elizabeth Ketner for her generous help and friendship, Ariane Balizet for sharing what she learned as she blazed the way through the dissertation and job search, Marcela Kostihová for encouraging my early modern interests, and Lindsay Craig for his humor and interest in my work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hays of Medieval England: a Reappraisal*
    The hays of medieval England: a reappraisal* the hays of medieval england by Sarah J. Wager Abstract A reappraisal of the evidence for hays in medieval England questions current explanations of their nature and function and concludes that they were not always associated with hunting. At the time of the Domesday survey some were used to hold or capture deer, but in earlier centuries others were associated with livestock. Traditional rights of common pasture in some manorial hays in the twelfth and subsequent centuries suggest that these hays originated in the early medieval period as enclosures for livestock and were not necessarily wooded. It is likely that changes in the nature and purpose of hays took place in the context of agricultural, demographic, economic, social and political developments. The many smaller hays that appear in late medieval records, notably in the north west and south west of England, were also associated with livestock, and some were arguably created during the expansion of settlement and agriculture during that period. This article revisits the standard explanations of the nature and functions of hays in the medieval English countryside and offers new thoughts about their uses over time. Hays have been of interest to a number of scholars over the decades, often, but not always, because of their appearance in Domesday Book, whose records of haiæ occur mainly in the counties of Cheshire and Shropshire on the Welsh Border. Domesday Book states in a few cases that the haiæ were for taking or capturing roe deer and in another instance that the haia was for capturing wild beasts.1 As a consequence of these records and of some early medieval records of the Old English haga, most of the discussion about the nature and function of hays has concentrated on the hunting of deer.
    [Show full text]
  • Lancashire and the Legend of Robin Hood
    Lancashire and the Legend of Robin Hood. W. T. W. Potts The common belief that Robin Hood robbed the rich to help the poor arose from an incident in the Lyttell Geste of Robyn Hode, the earliest version of the cycle of Robin Hood stories. In the Lyttell Geste Robin lends a Sir Richard at the Lee £400 in order that he may redeem his estate from the Abbot of St. Mary’s Abbey, York. Sir Richard had mortgaged his estate in order to help his son who “slewe a knyght of Lancaster and a squyer bolde.” (Verse 53) Several of the incidents in the Lyttell Geste reflect historic events in northern England during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, in modern terms, some of the tales are ‘faction’. Previous attempts to identify any historical persons or events behind Sir Richard have been unsuccessful but it will be suggested here that persons and events with the parish of Lea, a few miles west of Preston, Lancs, about this time, provide interesting parallels to the story and suggest that the Sir Richard stories are also faction. Although Robin Hood is popularly associated with Nottingham, many of the stories in the Lyttell Geste take place in Yorkshire and Lancashire, particularly in the Honours of Pontefract and Clitheroe, estates which belonged to the Lacy family in the early fourteenth century and it is likely that the stories were first composed by minstrels for the entertainment of that family.1 The Lyttell Geste was one of the first popular tales printed for the common people.
    [Show full text]