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Salters (Deer Leaps) in Historical Deer Parks: Leagram Park in 1608

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Salters (Deer Leaps) in Historical Deer Parks: Leagram Park in 1608 Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 SaltersSalters (deer (Deer--leaps)Leaps) in in historicalHistorical deerDeer park-Park boundariesBoundaries: A case studyA C aseemploying Study Using a 1 a608 1608 dispute Dispute map Map ofof Leagram Park in Bowland Leagram park in Bowland, Lancashire Image goes here Crop to 19cm wide by 9.36cm deep Click format picture then under layout click advanced and place 1cm to the right of page and 5.65cm below page. DELETE THIS BOX Dr Graham Cooper September 2014 Dr Graham Cooper Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 Salters (Deer-Leaps) in Historical Deer-Park Boundaries: A Case Study Using a 1608 Dispute Map of Leagram Park in Bowland Ver. 1 Dr Graham Cooper [email protected] Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 Contents Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Report structure .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Part 1: Deer-parks, forests and Kenyon’s map .................................................................................................. 10 Deer-parks ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Forests .................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Hunting ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Ownership and unlawful hunting of deer................................................................................................... 15 Leagram deer-park and the Shireburnes ........................................................................................................ 16 Kenyon’s map of Leagram and synopsis of the dispute .......................................................................... 18 Part 2: Salter and pale design ................................................................................................................................. 21 Terminology .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Salter ................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Loop/lope .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Authority for salters ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Pale system ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Fence design ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 Pale maintenance ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Salter design........................................................................................................................................................... 34 Salter construction accounts ........................................................................................................................ 40 Salter dimensions and numbers ................................................................................................................... 43 Representations of salters on maps ............................................................................................................ 45 Offsets in a park boundary ............................................................................................................................ 48 Part 3: The commissioning of Kenyon’s map, and its analysis ....................................................................... 51 Interrogatories, depositions and commissioning of the map ..................................................................... 51 Description of the map ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 Aligning the Kenyon map to modern OS mapping ...................................................................................... 56 Comparison of park dimensions – Kenyon’s and modern mapping .................................................... 57 Salters marked on Kenyon’s map ..................................................................................................................... 58 Disparity of Kenyon’s pale and the true pale ............................................................................................ 61 Location of the Shireburne’s new wall and rails ...................................................................................... 61 Part 4: Field survey ................................................................................................................................................... 63 Method ................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Survey results ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 Description of ‘probable’ salter sites .......................................................................................................... 67 Salter lengths and type ................................................................................................................................... 73 Part 5: Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 Problems of salter identification in the field .................................................................................................. 74 Wall offsets and stiles ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Salter numbers in Leagram ................................................................................................................................ 75 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................................................ 76 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................... 77 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Primary sources .................................................................................................................................................... 78 Printed primary sources ..................................................................................................................................... 78 Secondary sources ............................................................................................................................................... 80 Annex 1 – Place and house names on Kenyon’s 1608 map ........................................................................... 88 Annex 2 – Predicted British National Grid references of Leagram salters ................................................ 90 Annex 3 – Edmund Moore’s map of Leagram - Gates .................................................................................... 92 Annex 4 – Summary of field survey data ............................................................................................................ 94 Salters (deer-leaps) in Leagram deer-park, 1608 Summary Salters (deer-leaps) were modifications to the pale fence system of a deer-park boundary, to encourage and enable deer to enter the park through or over the pale, but to impede their egress. In the Middle Ages, salters duly licenced by the Crown or a grant of live deer from royal forests or parks were the legitimate means of populating a park with deer. Private parks within or close to royal forests were subject to particular scrutiny regarding the security of the pale and the inclusion of salters, to ensure that the monarch’s deer could not enter the park unless authorised. Leagram deer-park was in the royal
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