DOCSLIB.ORG

A Proposal for Treating Research and Development As Capital Expenditures in the Canadian SNA by Meir Salem and Yusuf Siddiqi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Proposal for Treating Research and Development As Capital Expenditures in the Canadian SNA by Meir Salem and Yusuf Siddiqi Catalogue no. 11F0027MIE — No. 040 ISSN: 1703-0404 ISBN: 0-662-43680-6 Research Paper Economic Analysis (EA) Research Paper Series A Proposal for Treating Research and Development as Capital Expenditures in the Canadian SNA by Meir Salem and Yusuf Siddiqi Industry Accounts Division 23rd floor, R.H. Coats Building, Ottawa, K1A 0T6 Telephone: 1 800 263-1136 A Proposal for Treating Research and Development as Capital Expenditures in the Canadian SNA by Meir Salem* and Yusuf Siddiqi** 11F0027MIE No. 040 ISSN: 1703-0404 ISBN: 0-662-43680-6 Statistics Canada Industry Accounts Division 23rd, R.-H.-Coats Building, 100 Tunney’s Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, K1A 0T6 * (613) 951-3702 E-mail: [email protected] ** (613) 951-8909 E-mail: [email protected] June 2006 Authors' names are listed alphabetically. Paper presented at the 15th International Conference on Input-Output Techniques, June 27 – July 1, 2005, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. The authors are grateful for comments and suggestions from Karen Wilson, Director General, Canadian System of National Accounts, John R. Baldwin, Antoine Rose, and Peter Koumanakos. The authors would like to thank Richard Landry and Mychèle Gagnon for their work on the development of capital stock used in research and development production. Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Minister of Industry, 2006 All rights reserved. The content of this electronic publication may be reproduced, in whole or in part, and by any means, without further permission from Statistics Canada, subject to the following conditions: that it be done solely for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary, and/or for non-commercial purposes; and that Statistics Canada be fully acknowledged as follows: Source (or “Adapted from”, if appropriate): Statistics Canada, year of publication, name of product, catalogue number, volume and issue numbers, reference period and page(s). Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means—electronic, mechanical or photocopy—or for any purposes without prior written permission of Licensing Services, Client Services Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6. La version française de cette publication est disponible (no 11F0027MIF au catalogue, no 040). Note of appreciation Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be produced without their continued cooperation and goodwill Economic Analysis Research Paper Series The Economic Analysis Research Paper Series provides for the circulation of research conducted by the staff of National Accounts and Analytical Studies, visiting Fellows and academic associates. The research paper series is meant to stimulate discussion on a range of topics including the impact of the New Economy, productivity issues, firm profitability, technology usage, the effect of financing on firm growth, depreciation functions, the use of satellite accounts, savings rates, leasing, firm dynamics, hedonic estimations, diversification patterns, investment patterns, the differences in the performance of small and large, or domestic and multinational firms, and purchasing power parity estimates. Readers of the series are encouraged to contact the authors with comments, criticisms and suggestions. The primary distribution medium for the papers is the Internet. These papers can be downloaded from the Internet at www.statcan.ca for free. All papers in the Economic Analysis Series go through institutional and peer review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate as a government statistical agency and adhere to generally accepted standards of good professional practice. The papers in the series often include results derived from multivariate analysis or other statistical techniques. It should be recognized that the results of these analyses are subject to uncertainty in the reported estimates. The level of uncertainty will depend on several factors: the nature of the functional form used in the multivariate analysis; the type of econometric technique employed; the appropriateness of the statistical assumptions embedded in the model or technique; the comprehensiveness of the variables included in the analysis; and the accuracy of the data that are utilized. The peer group review process is meant to ensure that the papers in the series have followed accepted standards to minimize problems in each of these areas. Publications Review Committee Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada 18th Floor, R.H. Coats Building Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0T6 Table of contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 6 2. Existing Statistics Canada research and development data ................................................. 6 3. The scope of research and development capital..................................................................... 8 4. Depreciation of research and development capital.............................................................. 12 5. Deflation of research and development................................................................................. 14 6. Capitalization of research and development in the Canadian SNA................................... 15 7. The output of research and development ............................................................................. 15 8. Overlapping expenditures...................................................................................................... 17 9. Capital consumption............................................................................................................... 17 10. Net operating surplus ........................................................................................................... 18 11. Taxes and subsidies............................................................................................................... 18 12. Own-account output ............................................................................................................. 18 13. Sales within Canada.............................................................................................................. 19 14. Trade in research and development.................................................................................... 19 15. Research and development investment by industry .......................................................... 20 16. Impact of capitalization on gross domestic product .......................................................... 20 17. A satellite account for research and development/innovation.......................................... 21 18. Concluding remarks and recommendations ...................................................................... 23 Appendix...................................................................................................................................... 25 References.................................................................................................................................... 28 Economic Analysis Research Paper Series - 4 - Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 11F0027MIE no. 040 Executive Summary This paper explores three key issues related to the capitalization of research and development expenditures in the National Accounts. First, it considers issues of scope of research activities and the range of investment activities that “should” be included as capital expenditures and reflected as part of productive capital stock and national wealth. It reviews the criteria and recommendations outlined in the Frascati Manual and the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) to deal with issues such as whether to include “basic” research activities, and whether to include certain investments involved in industrial implementation of research and development (R&D). After considering the views of other contributors to the Canberra II Group, it recommends to include in capitalized R&D all patentable research conducted in the public sector and all research conducted in the business sector. In addition, it recommends that a wider range of investment activities be included in R&D capital than those suggested by the Frascati Manual. The recommended changes cannot be implemented with the existing data. Next, the paper outlines steps that are required to transform Statistics Canada R&D data based on the Frascati Manual to accord with the 1993 SNA concepts and definitions in order to estimate R&D output by industry and R&D capital expenditures by industry and sector. The paper shows that capitalization of R&D based on existing Statistics Canada data would increase the level of capital formation by $15.8 billion or 7.7%, and raise total gross domestic product (GDP) by $12.8 billion or 1.2% for the year 2000. In order to develop capital consumption and capital stock measures, the paper reviews issues and choices related to depreciation and deflation of the newly developed R&D investment series. It uses a perpetual inventory model and a geometric depreciation pattern with two alternative assumptions about asset life
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MANUALE FRASCATI COMPLETO Impaginato Compressed
    SOMMARIO Introduzione Capitolo 1. Introduzione alla statistica della R&S e al Manuale di Frascati Introduzione 1.1. Panoramica generale del manuale 1.2. Attuazione delle raccomandazioni contenute nel presente manuale 1.3. Osservazioni finali Riferimenti bibliografici PRIMA PARTE Definire e misurare la R&S: Guida generale Capitolo 2. Concetti e definizioni per l’identificazione delle attività di R&S 2.1. Introduzione 2.2. Definizione di ricerca e sviluppo sperimentale (R&S) 2.3. Attività e progetti di ricerca e sviluppo 2.4. I cinque criteri di identificazione delle attività di R&S 2.5. Distribuzione sulla base del tipo di R&S 2.6. Classificazione e distribuzione dei campi di R&S (FORD) 2.7. Esempi di attività di R&S, confini ed esclusione nelle diverse aree 2.8. Attività che devono essere escluse dalle attività di R&S Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 3. Settori istituzionali e classificazioni per le statistiche di R&S 3.1. Introduzione 3.2. Unità istituzionali 3.3. Settori istituzionali 1 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST 3.4. Classificazioni generali applicabili a tutte le unità istituzionali 3.5. Presentazione sintetica dei principali settori di Frascati, delle loro unità e dei casi limite Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 4. Misurazione delle spese di R&S: esecuzione e fonti di finanziamento 4.1. Introduzione 4.2. Spese intramurali di R&S (Svolgimento di R&S) 4.3. Finanziamento di R&S 4.4. Conciliare le differenze tra gli approcci basati sugli esecutori e quelli basati sui finanziatori 4.5. Compilazione dei totali nazionali di R&S Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 5.
    [Show full text]
  • WP 1 - Deliverable 1: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK PAPER October 2012
    € Design | Measuring Design Value WP 1 - Deliverable 1: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK PAPER October 2012 Contributors: Eusebi Nomen (BCD) James Moultrie (University of Cambridge) Isabel Roig (BCD) Edited by: BCD Barcelona Design Centre CBS Copenhague Business School DA designaustria UCAM University of Cambridge HIPO-HDC Hungarian Intellectual Property Office SVID Swedish Industrial Design Foundation "This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein". € Design | Measuring Design Value 1 Mapping design concept within the conceptual framework of Frascati family of manuals 1 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develoment (OECD) and the statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat) developed the Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development and the Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. The Frascati family of manuals provide a common framework so most research, development and innovation surveys follow standard guidelines allowing comparability of data collected. 2 The Frascati family of manuals is based on a conceptual framework which has evolved iteratively with successive editions of the manual. 3 The conceptual framework presented by the combined Frascati and Oslo manuals does not leave any room for a ‘fourth step’ in the chain of concepts. Thus, any new articulation of design
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to R&D Statistics and the Frascati Manual
    Frascati Manual 2015 Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development © OECD 2015 Chapter 1 Introduction to R&D statistics and the Frascati Manual The Frascati Manual has been an international standard for more than fifty years and it is now a world standard. The use of research and experimental development (R&D) statistics, based on the guidance in the manual, has gained influence and the statistics are being used in a wide range of policy areas, and in many countries outside of the OECD. The manual provides the basis for a common language for talking about R&D and its outcomes. In keeping with the extensive use of the manual, and the presence of its definitions in other international manuals and in country regulations, the definition of R&D and its components have been kept close to those in previous editions. More attention has been spent on identifying boundaries between what is and what is not R&D and on meeting new demands on R&D statistics. An example is the decision to treat expenditure on R&D as a capital investment in the System of National Accounts (SNA) and this has required greater attention to the flows of funds for R&D. Tax incentives for R&D performance are widespread and a chapter has been added to cover this. A new chapter has been added to address globalisation and its implications for R&D statistics. To remain current, extensive use is made of online annexes. This chapter introduces the manual. 19 1. INTRODUCTION TO R&D statistics AND THE Frascati ManuaL 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • European Commission Abs Sectoral Guidance: Key Issues for Business
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION ABS SECTORAL GUIDANCE: KEY ISSUES FOR BUSINESS SUBMISSION Prepared by the ICC Task Force on Access and Benefit Sharing Summary and highlights . Meaning of utilisation . Need for consistency of guidance on interpretation of R&D . Screening should not constitute utilisation . Consistent use of the definition of utilisation 450/1110 DYE/abs 09.03.2017 European Commission ABS Sectoral Guidance: key issues for business 450/1110 Introduction At this important stage of the development of the European Commission ABS sectoral guidance documents, ICC wishes to put forward some key points for business across different sectors. These relate to the interpretation of the fundamental concept of research and development, the classification of screening activities which flows from this, and the definition of the object of utilisation. Other very important issues for business – such as derivatives - remain outstanding and we understand will be dealt with later in the process as unresolved issues. These issues are by definition very complex, and we would urge the Commission to ensure an on-going dialogue with the sectors involved during the process of finding a solution to these matters. The lack of clarity and ambiguity around many of the concepts and definitions in the Nagoya Protocol have required countries implementing its provisions to make policy choices as to their interpretation in line with their own national situations and priorities. The Commission will no doubt also have to make policy choices of its own in trying to resolve some of these issues, in the light of the EU’s own priorities and situation. When considering such policy choices, we would urge the Commission to keep in mind the larger context and to consider the impact of different options on the Commission's broader priorities such as its General Objective 1 “A New Boost for Jobs, Growth and Investment” - cited as the primary objective to which DG Environment’s Strategic priorities 2016-2020 will contribute - as well as on DG Environment’s stated priority objective of greening the economy1.
    [Show full text]
  • Frascati Manual 2015
    The Measurement of Scientific, Technological The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities and Innovation Activities Frascati Manual 2015 GUIDELINES FOR COLLEctING AND REPORTING Data ON RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENtaL DEVELOpmENT Frascati Manual 2015 GUIDELINES FOR COLLEctING AND REPORTING Contents Data ON RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENtaL Chapter 1. Introduction to R&D statistics and the Frascati Manual Frascati Manual 2015 DEVELOpmENT Part I. Defining and measuring R&D: General guidance Chapter 2. Concepts and definitions for identifying R&D Chapter 3. Institutional sectors and classifications for R&D statistics Chapter 4. Measurement of R&D expenditures: Performance and sources of funds Chapter 5. Measurement of R&D personnel: Persons employed and external contributors Chapter 6. Measuring R&D: Methodologies and procedures GUIDELINES GUIDELINES Part II. Measuring R&D: Sector-specific guidance Chapter 7. Business enterprise R&D Chapter 8. Government R&D F Chapter 9. Higher education R&D COLLE OR Chapter 10. Private non-profit R&D Chapter 11. Measurement of R&D globalisation ct IN Part III. Measuring government support for R&D G A Chapter 12. Government budget allocations for R&D ND R Chapter 13. Measurement of government tax relief for R&D E P OR T IN G Data ON ON Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en. R & This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and D statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-23880-0 92 2015 00 1 P The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities Frascati Manual 2015 GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING AND REPORTING DATA ON RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Enterprise R&D (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines For
    Business enterprise R&D (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development) Published on Innovation Policy Platform (https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org) Business enterprise R&D (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development) This chapter provides guidance on the measurement of research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the Business enterprise sector, the sources of funding, breakdowns of the statistics by main economic activity, employment size of the business enterprise and geography. The indicators of R&D activity for the sector include R&D expenditure, R&D personnel, sources of R&D funds, the distribution of the R&D by basic research, applied research and experimental development. There is a discussion of breaking down the statistics by the industry orientation (the product field or the industry served) and why this should be considered. Distributions by fields of R&D (FORD), by socioeconomic objectives, geographic location and by specific technology areas are discussed. The chapter ends with a review of survey design, data collection and estimation in the sector. The resulting statistics support policy discussion related to dominant and emerging industries, concentration of R&D in regions, industries and enterprises, and the industry served by R&D performed by enterprises in the sector.
 LinkToContentAt: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-9-en Knowledge Type: Thematic report [1] Other
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council Distr.: General
    United Nations E/CN.3/2018/29 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 21 December 2017 Original: English Statistical Commission Forty-ninth session 6 – 9 March 2018 Item 4(i) of the provisional agenda* Items for information: statistics on science, technology and innovation Report of the Institute for Statistics of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development on statistics on science, technology and innovation Note by the Secretary-General In accordance with Economic and Social Council decision 2017/228 and past practices, the Secretary-General has the honour to transmit the report of the Institute for Statistics of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) describing their work on science, technology and innovation statistics. The report presents recent developments in the measurement of science, technology and innovation, with particular emphasis on the recent revision and ongoing implementation of the OECD Frascati Manual, which was published in 2015 and is the worldwide recognised standard for measuring research and development. Another key feature is the progress of work to revise the Oslo Manual, which provides guidelines for collecting data about business innovation and provides a pathway for extending the measurement of innovation to other sectors. In addition, it provides an overview of the revision process which is being carried out on the concept of scientific and technological activities, defined in UNESCO’s 1978 “Recommendation Concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on Science and Technology”.
    [Show full text]
  • Expenditure on Research and Development Performed in Higher Education
    BIS PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Expenditure on research and development performed in higher education MARCH 2015 BIS performance indicators Expenditure on research and development performed in higher education Why is this indicator important? The research and development work conducted in higher education tends to be more ‘basic’ than the work undertaken in the private sector. This means that it is less likely to make an immediate contribution to the development of a product or process that can be brought to market, but it is nonetheless critical for the economic performance. This basic research creates new knowledge, over the longer term, improves innovation and productivity in the wider economy. Due to the long time scales and the ‘spill-over’ benefits, public funding for the research is needed to ensure that the UK maintains its competitive position in the future. How are we performing? In 2013, £7.6 billion pounds of R&D were performed within the UK Higher Education Sector. This is an increase of 6% in current prices. The chart below shows that R&D carried out within the UK Higher Education Sector has been steadily increasing in real terms until 2009, with a slight fall in 2010, remaining broadly unchanged between 2011 and 2012 and showing an increase in 2013. Expenditure on R&D performed in the UK by Higher Education 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 The underlying data is available from the ONS release on Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and 1 Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of the Company's Innovation Development
    Journal of Risk and Financial Management Article Management of the Company’s Innovation Development: The Case for Polish Enterprises Marek Dziura * and Tomasz Rojek * Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Cracow University of Economics, 27 Rakowicka St., 31-510 Cracow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (T.R.) Abstract: Management of innovation processes in a company is a field that is still not sufficiently researched and applied in practice. Managers in companies often do not know about modern techniques and design tools for creating innovation processes and about the possibility of their effective usage for management and in decision-making conditions. Therefore the main aim of the paper is to present contemporary theoretical and practical achievements in the field of innovation management, which focus on the area of innovation processes and emphasize the possibilities of managing innovation processes in business. The practical purpose of this study was to analyze the state and development of innovativeness of a selected group of Polish enterprises. The following methods were used in the work: a critical analysis of the literature, deductive methods, CAWI method (Computer Assisted Web Interview), and synthesis of measurement results of analytical indicators in selected functional areas of the studied enterprises. The conclusion was that for several years, it is clearly visible that a small group of innovative companies has formed in Poland that constantly increases its expenditure on innovative activities including research and development. In addition, the expenditures incurred are at a very decent level when compared to the European Union (EU) Citation: Dziura, Marek, and average, which suggests that these companies are competitive not only at the country level, but also Tomasz Rojek.
    [Show full text]
  • What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa?
    What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa? What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa? Edited by Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in ITC Stone Serif Std by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mavhunga, Clapperton Chakanetsa, 1972- editor, author. Title: What do science, technology, and innovation mean from Africa? / edited by Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga. Description: Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016036606 | ISBN 9780262533904 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Technology--Social aspects--Africa. | Science--Social aspects--Africa. | Technological innovations--Social aspects--Africa. | Creative ability in technology--Africa. | Industrial policy--Africa. | Africa--Social life and customs. Classification: LCC HC800.Z9 .T486 2017 | DDC 338.064096--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036606 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Mamadou Diouf, my professor and mentor, a selfless man gifted with boundless generosity and inspiration. Contents Preface ix Introduction: What Do Science,
    [Show full text]
  • Frascati Manual 2015
    Frascati Manual 2015 Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development Novelties on the measurement and reporting data on R&D Fred Gault, UNU-MERIT, TUT-IERI Presentation of the Catalan version of the Frascati Manual School of Public Administration of Catalonia, June 23, 2017 Barcelona Contents Part 1. Background to the Frascati Manual • The manual’s origins • The 6th revision Part 2. 2015 edition • Main features of the 2015 edition • Key elements chapter by chapter. Part 3. Implementation of the 2015 Frascati Manual 2 BACKGROUND TO THE FRASCATI MANUAL AND ITS 2015 EDITION 3 What is the “Frascati Manual”? • An OECD standard • Statistical purpose, developed by NESTI • Non binding rules • De facto global standard • Used by policy makers and others • 1st ed. in 1963 – context has changed, but monitoring resources for R&D has always mattered • Name comes from Italian town where guidelines were first approved in 1962 • Revised 5 times in the past • Last time in 2002 • First step in the international measurement of STI and its impacts • Focus on R&D inputs, integrated into broader measurement and analysis system 4 Why revised in 2015? • Address user and producer needs • Clarify concepts, address new topics and changes in how R&D is performed and funded • Improve international comparability of R&D data. • Relevant and applicable in developing countries • Facilitate use of FM for R&D data used in National Accounts • Align to new and revised statistical classifications, systems, Frascati family of manuals •
    [Show full text]
  • Manual on Sources and Methods for the Compilation of COFOG Statistics
    Manual on sources and methods for the compilation of COFOG statistics CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT (COFOG) 2019 edition Manual on sources and methods for the compilation of COFOG statistics COFOG of compilation the for methods and sources on Manual edition 019 2 MANUALS AND GUIDELINES Manual on sources and methods for the compilation of COFOG statistics CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT (COFOG) 2019 edition Manuscript completed in September 2019 Printed by the Publications Office in Luxembourg The Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 © European Union, 2019 Reuse is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Copyright for the photographs: Cover © LovArt/Shutterstock For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the copyright of the European Union, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. For more information, please consult: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright Collection: Manuals and guidelines Theme: Economy and finance Print: ISBN: 978-92-76-09696-2 ISSN 2363-197X doi: 10.2785/498446 KS-GQ-19-010-EN-C PDF: ISBN 978-92-76-09695-5 ISSN 2315-0815 doi: 10.2785/110841 KS-GQ-19-010-EN-N Preface The compilation of government finance statistics (GFS) in the European Union has seen a rapid development in terms of methodological rules and practices within a relatively short period of time.
    [Show full text]