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MANUALE FRASCATI COMPLETO Impaginato Compressed SOMMARIO Introduzione Capitolo 1. Introduzione alla statistica della R&S e al Manuale di Frascati Introduzione 1.1. Panoramica generale del manuale 1.2. Attuazione delle raccomandazioni contenute nel presente manuale 1.3. Osservazioni finali Riferimenti bibliografici PRIMA PARTE Definire e misurare la R&S: Guida generale Capitolo 2. Concetti e definizioni per l’identificazione delle attività di R&S 2.1. Introduzione 2.2. Definizione di ricerca e sviluppo sperimentale (R&S) 2.3. Attività e progetti di ricerca e sviluppo 2.4. I cinque criteri di identificazione delle attività di R&S 2.5. Distribuzione sulla base del tipo di R&S 2.6. Classificazione e distribuzione dei campi di R&S (FORD) 2.7. Esempi di attività di R&S, confini ed esclusione nelle diverse aree 2.8. Attività che devono essere escluse dalle attività di R&S Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 3. Settori istituzionali e classificazioni per le statistiche di R&S 3.1. Introduzione 3.2. Unità istituzionali 3.3. Settori istituzionali 1 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST 3.4. Classificazioni generali applicabili a tutte le unità istituzionali 3.5. Presentazione sintetica dei principali settori di Frascati, delle loro unità e dei casi limite Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 4. Misurazione delle spese di R&S: esecuzione e fonti di finanziamento 4.1. Introduzione 4.2. Spese intramurali di R&S (Svolgimento di R&S) 4.3. Finanziamento di R&S 4.4. Conciliare le differenze tra gli approcci basati sugli esecutori e quelli basati sui finanziatori 4.5. Compilazione dei totali nazionali di R&S Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 5. Misurazione del personale di R&S: persone impiegate e collaboratori esterni 4.1. Introduzione 4.2. Copertura e definizione del personale di R&S 4.3. Unità di misura raccomandate 4.4. Distribuzione raccomandata dei totali aggregati del personale di R&S Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 6. Misurare la R&S: metodologie e procedure 6.1 Introduzione 6.2 Unità 6.3 Settori istituzionali 6.4 Progettazione del sondaggio 6.5 Raccolta 6.6 Integrazione dei dati 6.7 Elaborazione dei dati raccolti e imputazione 6.8 Stima 6.9 Convalida del risultato 2 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST 6.10 Segnalazione all’OCSE e ad altre organizzazioni internazionali 6.11 Osservazioni conclusive sulla qualità dei dati Riferimenti bibliografici SECONDA PARTE Misurare la R&S: Guida specifica per settore Capitolo 7. La ricerca e sviluppo delle imprese commerciali 6.1 Introduzione 6.2 Copertura del settore delle imprese commerciali 6.3 Unità statistiche e unità di reporting 6.4 Classificazioni istituzionali per le unità statistiche 6.5 Indicatori dell’attività di R&S nelle imprese 6.6 Distribuzioni funzionali per la R&S intramurale delle imprese commerciali 6.7 Distribuzioni funzionali per la R&S extramurale nel settore delle imprese commerciali Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 8. Ricerca e sviluppo di governo 7.1 Introduzione 7.2 Il campo d’azione del settore governativo per scopi di misurazione della R&S 7.3 Identificazione della R&S nel settore pubblico 7.4 Misurazione delle spese di R&S e del personale nel settore governativo 7.5 Metodi di compilazione delle spese di R&S e del personale nel settore pubblico 7.6 Misurazione dei finanziamenti governativi per la ricerca e lo sviluppo Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 9. Ricerca e sviluppo per l’istruzione superiore 8.1 Introduzione 8.2 Copertura del settore dell’istruzione superiore 3 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST 8.3 Identificazione della R&S nel settore dell’istruzione superiore 8.4 Misurazione delle spese e del personale nel settore dell’istruzione superiore 8.5 Metodi di compilazione delle spese di R&S e del personale nel settore dell’istruzione superiore 8.6 Collegamenti con le statistiche sull’istruzione Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 10. Ricerca e sviluppo nel privato senza scopo di lucro 9.1 Introduzione 9.2 Campo di applicazione del settore privato senza scopo di lucro (PNP) 9.3 Classificazioni istituzionali PNP raccomandate 9.4 Identificazione della R&S nel settore PNP 9.5 Misurazione delle spese di R&S e del personale nel settore PNP 9.6 Progettazione di indagini e raccolta di dati nel settore PNP Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 11. Misurazione della globalizzazione della R&S 10.1 Introduzione 10.2 Misurare la globalizzazione della R&S delle imprese 10.3 Finanziamenti internazionali per la R&S che coinvolgono le imprese multinazionali 10.4 Sviluppo, compilazione e pubblicazione di statistiche aggregate di R&S per le multinazionali 10.5 Scambi di servizi di R&S 10.6 Misurare la globalizzazione della R&S al di fuori del settore commerciale Riferimenti bibliografici TERZA PARTE Misurare il sostegno governativo per la ricerca e sviluppo Capitolo 12. Stanziamenti di bilancio del governo per la R&S 12.1 Introduzione 4 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST 12.2 Il campo di applicazione del GBARD 12.3 Fonti dei dati di bilancio per il GBARD e le stime 12.4 Distribuzione per obiettivi socioeconomici 12.5 Altre distribuzioni del GBARD 12.6 L’uso dei dati GBARD Riferimenti bibliografici Capitolo 13. Misurazione degli sgravi fiscali del governo per la R&S 13.1 Introduzione 13.2 Sgravi fiscali per le spese di R&S 13.3 Portata delle statistiche GTARD 13.4 Fonti dei dati e delle misurazioni 13.5 Disaggregazioni prioritarie per le statistiche GTARD Riferimenti bibliografici 5 BRESCIA MILANO BRUXELLES BUCAREST INTRODUZIONE Comprendere come la creazione e la diffusione della conoscenza contribuisca alla crescita economica e al benessere della società richiede una solida base di conoscenze. Nel corso della storia, i risultati della ricerca e sviluppo (R&S) hanno trasformato la vita delle persone e delle società in molteplici modi, così come l'ambiente naturale di cui facciamo parte. Questa realizzazione ha creato una domanda diffusa tra gli analisti e i decisori politici per documentare il livello e la natura delle risorse umane e finanziarie che i diversi paesi, regioni, imprese e istituzioni dedicano a tali sforzi, come primo passo per imparare a indirizzarli verso gli obiettivi desiderati. Sostenere questa esigenza di evidenza attraverso statistiche comparabili a livello internazionale e un linguaggio comune è l'obiettivo principale di questo manuale. Nel giugno 1963 l'OCSE ha incontrato gli esperti nazionali di statistica della ricerca e sviluppo sperimentale (R&S) presso la Villa Falcioneri di Frascati, in Italia. Il risultato fu la prima versione ufficiale della Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development, che è diventata più conosciuta come il Manuale di Frascati. Questa pubblicazione è la settima edizione di un manuale che è stato scritto per la prima volta in un contesto economico e geopolitico piuttosto diverso da quello attuale. A distanza di oltre cinque decenni, la sua continua rilevanza è giustificata da un interesse ancora più forte nel confrontare gli sforzi di ricerca e sviluppo compiuti dai diversi Paesi e nell'identificare quali sono le caratteristiche chiave che li sostengono. La R&S è sempre più vista come un input all'innovazione nel contesto degli sforzi complessivi compiuti in un'economia globale basata sulla conoscenza, ma continua a svolgere un ruolo cruciale ed è un punto focale delle politiche governative per le sue caratteristiche uniche. Mentre la domanda di benchmarking aggregato è al centro di questo manuale, questa edizione riconosce l'importanza di arricchire il nostro quadro macro delle prestazioni di R&S con una migliore comprensione delle dinamiche e dei collegamenti a livello micro. Ciò sottolinea la rilevanza dei microdati di R&S per scopi diversi dalla produzione di indicatori aggregati, come l'analisi dei loro impatti su più attori. Sebbene il manuale sia fondamentalmente un documento tecnico, è una pietra angolare degli sforzi dell'OCSE per aumentare la nostra comprensione del ruolo svolto dalla scienza, dalla tecnologia e dall'innovazione nell'analisi dei sistemi nazionali di ricerca e innovazione. Inoltre, fornendo definizioni accettate a livello internazionale di R&S e classificazioni delle attività che lo compongono, il manuale contribuisce alle discussioni intergovernative sulle buone pratiche per le politiche scientifiche e tecnologiche. È tuttavia al di là dell'ambito di questo manuale consigliare l'adeguatezza degli obiettivi politici basati su indicatori e dati descritti nel presente documento. Questa edizione riflette probabilmente una delle revisioni più sostanziali del manuale originale che sono state effettuate fino ad oggi. Essa entra nel dettaglio per fornire principi di base e suggerimenti pratici su come affrontare il sempre più complesso panorama della ricerca e dell'innovazione che caratterizza le economie odierne e le caratteristiche distintive dei diversi settori. Tra le numerose novità, questo manuale pone particolare attenzione all'inarrestabile processo di globalizzazione della R&S e alla crescente varietà di modalità con cui la R&S viene finanziata e svolta all'interno e al di là dei confini settoriali. Il Manuale di Frascati non è solo uno standard per la raccolta dei dati di R&S nei paesi membri dell'OCSE. Grazie alle iniziative dell'OCSE, dell'UNESCO, dell'Unione Europea e di varie organizzazioni regionali, è diventato uno standard per la misurazione della R&S in tutto il mondo. È uno standard riconosciuto anche in altri settori statistici, come ad esempio nelle statistiche sull'istruzione e sul commercio. In particolare, con la revisione del 2008 del Sistema dei conti nazionali, sono state adottate le definizioni e i dati del Manuale di Frascati come base su cui trattare per la prima volta le spese per la R&S come attività di formazione del capitale, cioè di investimento. Il Manuale di Frascati è fortemente basato sull'esperienza acquisita con la raccolta di statistiche di R&S sia nei paesi OCSE che nei paesi terzi. È il risultato del lavoro collettivo degli esperti nazionali del NESTI, il gruppo di lavoro dell'OCSE composto da esperti nazionali sugli indicatori scientifici e tecnologici.
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