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Cotswold Archaeology

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Cotswold Archaeology MEDIEVAL TILE lIND ARCHITECTURAL STONEWORK 141 A SAMPLE OF THE ROOF TILES The illustrated examples (fig. 98) consist of the end of the tile by one straight-topped crest. This fragments of four crested ridge-tiles with traces of is likely to be the setting for a ceramic finial, the glaze. The crests are knife-cut, and two of the lower part of which would be shaped to fit the fragments (fig. 98, nos. 1 and 2) also show thumb­ aperture. Such finials were srudied by Dunning impressions. Jope suggested (lope 1951, 86) that (1971). knife-cutting, at least in Oxfordshire, started to An elaborately decorated ridge-tile found at the appear in the late 13th cenrury. Nos. 1 and 4 Laverstock pottery has a larger aperrure with cut preserve the end-crests of the tiles, and no. 1 has, in marks around the edges (Musty, Algar and Ewence addition, a deliberately cut circular aperrure, 1969,140). No.1 has a single incised line across the approximately 22 mm. in diameter, separated from surface but it is uncertain if this is decoration. .... 2 II I ~- 4 ,I -.- I =~r . _ ~ \.,:; ~ .> :~:;~' ~ ~~ ... , ~'3 o 10cm , I , ! 98.Roof furniture 142 C I H E;-'; C EST E HEX c. \ v .\ TI () :-J S I \ ' THE MEDIEVAL FLOO R TILES A. G. Vince INTRODUCfION The designs are assigned numbers prefixed cro (Cirencester Tile De sign); ftgs. 102-110. A large nwnber of fragments of medieval floor tile were recovered from the 1964-66 excavations Floo r riles in situ representing at least 65 1 separate tiles. They were Three main tile floo rs survived in silll, with the tiles divided into design groups by D avid Wilkinson and embedded in mortar: the dimen sions, thickness range, average degree o f 1. In the l-lth cenrury extensions to the presbytery bevel, number of keying scoops and minimum noah aisle:two tile areas and several patches (figs. 47, 99) nwnber of tiles in each group were recorded 2. In the nor th transept (ftg. 100; Wacher 1965, (Wilkinson 1983b). A sample of each design group, Plate x..XXIVa) amounting to the total nwnber present for all but the 3. In a room on the north side of the north largest groups, was examin ed by the author and claustral range (figs, 64, 101) assigned to fabric groups. In no case did tiles with the Floor 1 was of Nash I Iill tiles, and was in several same de sign occur in more than one fabric and it is parts. One fragme nt of it (Floor 1a) layover the therefore probable that the unexamined tiles can also original l Zth-century east wall, \'{'407, and so post­ be assigned to a fabric group on the basis of design . dates the presbytery eastern extension. The original The tiles range in da te from the mid 13th century floor was composed of CTD 38, although later some or later through to the later 15th or early 16th centill)' of the bo rder tiles were replaced with othe r de signs. but do not appear [Q rep resent a continuous use of Another area, 6ft x 4ft 6ins (1.8 x 104 m) (Floo r 1b), deco rated tiles during this period. Rather, it seems contained a large number o f re-used tiles, suggested that the tiles may rep resent as few as four or five by the high number of designs used (CID 3, 6, 9, consignments o f tiles. 'The gro ups arc de scribed 13-14, 22-4,37-8,44-5,47, 52, 92, 94). below in apparent chronological order, followed by a Floor.?o f Nash Hill tiles was in the noah transept. discussion o f the supply o f tiles and a comparison Most of the floor was composed o f CTD 19. A border with tile usc on o ther west country mo nastic sites. was formed o f plain tiles bounding a row o f C ID 11 99. Medieval floor riles: floor I, in east extension 10 abbey church M E DI E V .\ L TI LE AND A RC H ITECTU RAl. STO NE WO RK 143 and CfD 18; both these were originally designed to be Clarendon Palace, where tile-making is documented used in four-tile layouts and were here either used in 1250-52. Undecorated border tiles, scored and singly or halved. This border was parallel to the step in snapped into small triangles, were also present in this the north transept, west of the transept chapel, fabric as were plain green-glazed tiles ofthe standard FIMr 3, in a room in the north claustral range was SIZC. entirely composed of re-used tiles including CfD I, The tile designs can be divided into fWO groups: 3-7, and plain tiles. It measured3ft x 4 ft (0.9m x 1.2m). those intended to be used in group s of four and those intended to be used singly. The fact that the Southern Wiltshire four-tile designs (CfDs 6 and 7) are both Tiles from a southern Wiltshire source were approximately four times as common as the recognisable through their light colour and the remaining tiles does suggest that they were used in presence of abundant fragments of reddish clay/iron such groups. Most of these tiles were found relaid in ore and cream day pellets, both often several mm a room on the north side of the north claustral range across. The light-coloured clay was in some cases (floor 3). Two of the designs used at Cirencester laminated and is probably relict clay from the original could be matched precisely with those found on sites d ay source rather than fragments of the white clay in south Wiltshire. These were CfD 6, found at used as inlay. Large red/brown and black rounded Clarendon in the Queen's chamber pavement dated flint fragments in the order of 10 to 20mm across 1250·52 and at Ivychurch Priory (Eames 1991, were present. These indicate that deaning of the clay Design No. 107) and CfD 7, found at Amesbury was not very effective. The tiles contained abundant (Eames 1991, Design No. 147).None of the designs quartz sand, not present in the relict clay and are known from either of the known Clarendon kilns therefore probably deliberately added to the tile but a south \Vl1tshire origin seems assured. fabric. Furthermore, in Eames' discussion of these Wessex The tiles usually had four scooped keys on the base School tiles a date in the 1250s-1260s is postulated. which in comparison to those found on Nash Hill This group of tiles is therefore certain to have been tiles were deep and regular. The base of the tiles had the first to have been used at Cirencester. originally been sanded (as a result of the tiles being laid on a sanded surface to dry) but this sand was Nash HiD usually trimmed off. Seven designs were present in Amongst the most distinctive features of tiles from the southern Wiltshire fabric group, all used on tiles the Nash Hill tilery, situated near Lacock in west of similar size, c. 145mm square. They all belong to Wiltshire, are large angular red sandstone fragments the ,\Vessex School' and are paralleled at a number of up to 6mm across. Rounded red clay pellets up to southern \Vl1tshire sites, including the kiln site at 3mm across, turning dark purple when over-fired, 100. Medieval tile floor, floor 2, in north transept 144 C I R E :-.IC E S T E R EX C.I\ ',IT IONS I I' are also found together with an abundant rounded the incorrect versions are more common than the quartz sand. The quantity of sand "ari es somewhat correct ones at Cirencester. The other two large from tile to tile and inextreme cases the tiles arc quite heraldic tiles vary somewhat in their design. c ro 12 friable as a result. Many of the Nash Hill tiles were appears to have been used with o thers of the same ove r-fired and of a verv dark colour bu t they could type in a carpet panern whereas C Il) 13 has its be fired to an even red co lour, providing .. stro ng shield set upright on the tile. O ne indistinct example co ntrast with the white slip. A distinct vanant on this of a four-tile quatrefoil design was found on a similar fabric co ntains mod erate fragme nts of bivalve shell, size tile (C'l'D 14), Three bo rder tiles made fo r use up to 3mm long, in addition to the red sandstone and with this large quarry size were found. Two were clay pellet s noted above. produced by scoring and snapping a large square tile The tiles almo st all had some son o f knife-cut into two equal-sized rectangles (C Il) IS and 16) keying scooped into their bases, varying from two whilst the third (Cl'D 17) may have been produced perfunctory scoops on some o f the rectangular by scoring and snapping a large tile into thre e, to bo rde r tiles to the standa rd four scoops found on the judge by more complete examples fro m Huish majority of tiles. C Il) 34 was the only square design. Church (Thompso n 1967, 60-1), All the tiles wi th the to have three scoops rather than four and these were shell" variant of the Nas h IJill fabric were of a similar present on at least (\\."0 separate tiles, indicating that large' quart)' size, although on average up to 20mm the se two tiles were made as part of a single batch narrower.
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