Lista Vermelha Da Flora Do Vale E Bacia Do Paraíba Do Sul Fluminense: Um Levantamento Baseado Na Obra De Martius, “Flora Brasiliensis”

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Lista Vermelha Da Flora Do Vale E Bacia Do Paraíba Do Sul Fluminense: Um Levantamento Baseado Na Obra De Martius, “Flora Brasiliensis” Diversidade e Gestão 3(1): 13-22. 2019 e-ISSN: 2527-0044 http://itr.ufrrj.br/diversidadeegestao/ LISTA VERMELHA DA FLORA DO VALE E BACIA DO PARAÍBA DO SUL FLUMINENSE: UM LEVANTAMENTO BASEADO NA OBRA DE MARTIUS, “FLORA BRASILIENSIS” Thayná Ribeiro Bromana1, 3 & Michaele Alvim Milward-de-Azevedo2 Resumo: O Brasil é reconhecido por sua considerável riqueza florística, que despertou interesse em vários naturalistas europeus, levando-os a iniciarem expedições afim de estudar e representar a flora da região. Um desses naturalistas foi Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, idealizador da Flora Brasiliensis, obra que descreveu toda a abundância de espécies presentes no país, inclusive a extensão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul, uma das áreas mais impactadas do domínio atlântico presente no Rio de Janeiro. Na extensão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul, foram verificadas 135 espécies pertencentes a 113 gêneros e 55 famílias publicadas na Flora Brasiliensis, destas cerca de 36% são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e quatro endêmicas do Rio de Janeiro. Doze espécies foram encontradas sob algum tipo de ameaça e cinco oficialmente ameaçadas de extinção, sendo elas: Syagrus macrocarpa Barb. Rodr., Hypericum mutilum L., Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze, Cattleya labiata Lindl. e Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson. Atualmente, destas doze espécies publicadas na Flora Brasiliensis, duas não possuem registro nos herbários virtuais para a área da Bacia Hidrográfica do Paraíba do Sul, e apenas quatro ainda são encontradas no Vale do Paraíba. Apesar da redução de habitats e biodiversidade, a Mata Atlântica apresenta ainda uma alta riqueza florística, com elevadas taxas de endemismo. Logo, é necessário ações voltadas a conservação das espécies ainda presentes. Palavras-chaves: Espécies ameaçadas; biodiversidade; levantamento histórico. Abstract: Brazil is recognized for its considerable floristic wealth, which has aroused interest in several European naturalists, leading them to begin expeditions, in order to study and represent the flora of the region. One of these naturalists was Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, creator of Flora Brasiliensis, a work that described all the abundance of species present in the country, including the extension of the Paraíba do Sul River Basin, one of the most impacted areas of the present Atlantic domain in Rio de Janeiro. The extent of the Hydrographic Basin of the Paraíba do Sul River, were found 135 species belonging to 113 genera and 55 families published in Flora brasiliensis, of these about 36% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest endemic and four of Rio de Janeiro. Twelve species were found under some kind of threat and five officially endangered species, Syagrus macrocarpa Barb. Rodr., Hypericum mutilum L., Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze, Cattleya labiata Lindl. and Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson. Currently, of these twelve species published in Flora Brasiliensis, two are not registered in the virtual herbarium for the area of the Paraíba do Sul basin, and only four are still found in the Paraíba Valley. Despite the reduction of habitats and biodiversity, the Atlantic Forest still has a high floristic richness, with high rates of endemism. Therefore, actions aimed at conserving the species still present are necessary. Key-words: Threatened species; biodiversity; historical survey. Introdução A revolução industrial no século XVIII, trouxe consigo inúmeras modificações no ambiente, dentre elas a instalação crescente de indústrias, o desflorestamento e a expansão urbana desordenada em nível mundial. O aumento populacional e o consumo desenfreado de produtos manufaturados fizeram com que as indústrias tivessem uma elevada taxa de desenvolvimento. No entanto, a gestão e a responsabilidade ambiental não acompanharam o andamento e crescimento das instalações das fábricas, levando a impactos ambientais de grandes dimensões, dentre eles a diminuição da cobertura florestal, perda de habitats e o elevado decréscimo da biodiversidade (Leal et al. 2008, Milward-de-Azevedo 2017). Umas das crises mais recorrentes atualmente no âmbito ambiental é a perda da biodiversidade, e a dificuldade encontrada para sua conservação (Peres et al. 2011). A Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Três Rios, Avenida Prefeito Alberto da Silva Lavinas 1847, Centro, CEP: 25802-100, Três Rios, RJ, Brasil. 1ORCID: 0000-0002-9038-8939 2ORCID: 0000-0001-8076-5561 3Autor de correspondência: [email protected] Recebido em 16 de junho de 2019. Aceito em 21 de agosto de 2019. Publicado em 11 de setembro de 2019. 13 Diversidade e Gestão 3(1): 13-22. 2019 e-ISSN: 2527-0044 http://itr.ufrrj.br/diversidadeegestao/ diversidade biológica é essencial para a permanência humana na Terra visto que para o funcionamento de todo ciclo e para as necessidades básicas humanas é fundamental a presença dos serviços ecossistêmicos (Santos 2014, Peres et al. 2011). Com o passar do tempo, o conhecimento de toda sua abrangência e importância para o Brasil fizeram com que a biodiversidade fosse reconhecida mundialmente, conduzindo a população e as esferas governamentais a repensarem seu uso e propor medidas de recuperação e conservação das espécies (Peres et al. 2011). Nesse intuito, o país tem participado de várias convenções internacionais dentre elas, a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) e a Estratégia Global para a Conservação de Plantas (GSPC) e criado diversas ferramentas para ampliar o conhecimento e identificação dos táxons, como os programas de Flora do Brasil e as listas vermelhas. Estes chamam atenção das autoridades governamentais e da sociedade civil sobre a necessidade de ações rápidas visando a conservação das espécies nativas, endêmicas e ameaçadas de extinção (Peixoto & Thomas 2005). As espécies da flora com algum grau de ameaça de extinção precisam ser constantemente estudadas devido as crescentes variações das temperaturas globais. A sensibilidade das mesmas as alterações climáticas levam a um estresse reprodutivo, causando oscilações no período de floração e frutificação das plantas, o que consequentemente afeta a biota dependente destes recursos (Milward-de-Azevedo 2017). O Brasil é classificado como um dos países mais biodiversos do mundo, sendo reconhecido por sua considerável riqueza florística (Giulietti & Forero 1990). De acordo com Mori (1989), a Floresta Atlântica apresenta quatro regiões de elevado endemismo, sendo uma delas localizada aos arredores do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Apesar de apresentar uma grande biodiversidade, o domínio atlântico juntamente com o Cerrado é apontado como um dos biomas mais devastados e comprometidos do território brasileiro (Cardoso et al. 2016, Zipparro et al. 2005), e atualmente é encontrado apenas 7% de remanescentes vegetacionais conservados (MMA 2007). Sendo assim, a Floresta Atlântica é considerada um dos domínios fitogeográficos de maior prioridade na conservação da biodiversidade do planeta (Loyola et al. 2014) e para que essa proteção ocorra, o primeiro passo é na criação de listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção (Peres et al. 2011). O Vale do Paraíba Fluminense possivelmente é uma das áreas mais afetadas da Floresta Atlântica, por se tratar de uma região com sucessivos e diferentes ciclos econômicos, agrícola e industrial. Atualmente, estas florestas são pouco representativas em relação a sua formação original, onde os grandes impactos ocorridos, provocaram transformações locais, nos meios de vida e ambientais, levando ao quadro encontrado atualmente na localidade (Devide 2013). Além disso, o vale fluminense é abastecido em toda sua extensão pela bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul, que compreende cerca de 57 municípios do estado carioca (CEIVAP 2019). Os efeitos antrópicos, causados sobretudo pelo desenvolvimento econômico e verificados nesse território, colocaram em risco também esse curso d’água, provocando a erosão e o assoreamento do mesmo em consequência da retirada vegetacional do seu entorno (Silva 2002), que posteriormente culminou no desaparecimento de espécies endêmicas do seu domínio fitogeográfico. A Flora Brasiliensis, considerado o estudo da flora mais completo do Brasil, foi dirigida especialmente por Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius entre os anos de 1840 e 1906. No entanto, o projeto contou com mais de 65 especialistas convidados, e ao longo de 66 anos de coletas, estudos e edições, foram publicados 15 volumes, subdivididos em 40 segmentos, englobando 22.767 espécies de embriófitas, pertencentes a 2.253 gêneros, onde cerca de 5.690 espécies e 160 gêneros foram classificados como novos para a ciência (Peixoto & Thomas 2005, Chiquieri et al. 2004). Todo o estudo foi realizado abrangendo espécies de 14 Diversidade e Gestão 3(1): 13-22. 2019 e-ISSN: 2527-0044 http://itr.ufrrj.br/diversidadeegestao/ todas regiões brasileiras, inclusive o Vale do Paraíba fluminense e a extensão do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o estado de conservação das espécies de ocorrência no Vale do Paraíba Fluminense e na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul, verificadas na Flora Brasiliensis e realizar a listagem e distribuição geográfica das espécies em estado de ameaça. Contribuindo com informações que poderão ser utilizadas em medidas públicas para a conservação e recuperação da área degradada. Material e Métodos Localizado ao sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Bacia Hidrográfica do Paraíba do Sul está situada entre a Serra da Mantiqueira, ao Norte, e a Serra do Mar, ao sul, além de estar inserida no interior
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