Extension of Hope Town Wharf in Port Blair Harbour

Government of India Ministry of Shipping Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works

Port Blair, Tehsil Port Blair, District South Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Environmental Clearance under EIA 2006 & ICRZ 2011 Notifications Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report (after TORs & Public Hearing) (Awarded TOR vide MoEF&CC Letter F.No. 11-34/2015-IA.III dated 15.12.2015 Public Hearing held on 21.05.2016)

September 2016

EIA Consultant

Environmental System Consultants & Ambiente Lab Solutions Private Limited (Accreditated by QCI-NABET for Sectors 1, 9, 31, 33 & 38 - Category ‘A’ Sl. No. 51 of QCI List dated 05.09.2016) Old 7, New 14, Shanmuga Naicker Street, K K Nagar, Chennai-600 078. Phone : 044-2364 3663; Fax-044-2364 2663 e-mail : [email protected] Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Content

Sl. No. Description Page No.

I Project Proponent Declaration i II EIA Consultant Undertaking ii III Awarded TOR by MoEF&CC iii IV Awarded TOR & their incorporation in EIA Report vi V Summary EIA ix VI Public Hearing Proceedings xxiv VII Public Hearing Issues, Responses & Action Plan xxiv VIII ICRZ Map xxv IX ANCZMA Recommendation xxvi

1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 A&N Islands 1 1.2 Harbour Facilities 3 1.3 Port Blair Harbour 3 1.4 Hope Town Wharf 6 1.5 Need for the Proposal 6 1.6 The Proposal 9 1.7 Environmental Setting 9 1.8 CRZ Map 13 1.9 EIA Study 13

2.0 Project Profile 15 2.1 Climate & Oceanographic Data 15 2.2 Proposed Activities 16 2.3 Required Materials & Source 23 2.4 Water Demand & Source 23 2.5 Wastewater Generation, Treatment & Disposal 23 2.6 Solid Waste Generation, Treatment & Disposal 23 2.7 Power Demand 23

3.0 Description of the Environment (Baseline Status) 24 3.1 Study Area 24 3.2 Environmental Components 24 3.3 Methodology Adopted 28 3.4 Micrometeorology 32 3.5 Ambient Air Quality 36 3.6 Noise Levels 51 3.7 Water Environment 52 3.8 Land Environment 55 3.9 Biological Environment 67 3.10 Socioeconomic Aspects 77 3.11 Summary 93

4.0 Anticipated Environment Impact and Mitigation Measures 94 4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase 94 4.2 Impacts during Operation Phase 96

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. No. Description Page No. 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives (Technology & Site) 99 5.1 Site 99 5.2 Technology - Construction 99

6.0 Environmental Monitoring Programme 99

7.0 Additional Studies 100 7.1 Risk Assessment and Emergency Preparedness Plan 100 7.2 Disaster Management Plan 100 7.3 Do’s and Dont’s 105 7.4 Public Hearing & Public Consultation 106

8.0 Project Benefits 116

9.0 Cost Benefit Analysis 116

10.0 Environmental Management Plan 117 10.1 EMP for Construction Phase 117 10.2 EMP for Operation Phase 118 10.3 Budget for EMP 118

11.0 Summary & Conclusion 119

12.0 Disclosure of Consultants 121

Annexures Port Blair Tide Chart IMD Wind Roses Standards ***

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

List of Plates

Sl. No. Description Page No.

Plate I Port Blair Harbour & Hope Town Wharf in HRS Imagery 4 Plate II Hope Town Wharf & its Environs 7 Plate III Need for Extension of Hope Town Wharf 8 Plate IV Hope Town Wharf Extension Proposal in HRS Imagery 10 Plate V Site for Proposed Activities 11 Plate VI Site in Naval Hydrographic Chart 17

List of Figures

Sl. No. Description Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Index Map 2 Fig. 1.2 Environmental Setting 12 Fig. 2.1 Sounding Chart 18 Fig. 2.2 Proposed Extension of Hope Town Wharf - Layout 20 Fig. 2.3 Pile Layout 21 Fig. 2.4 Cross Sections 22 Fig. 3.1 Environmental Quality Monitoring Stations 25 Fig. 3.2 Physiography 26 Fig. 3.3 Drainage Pattern 27 Fig. 3.4 Wind Rose 35 Fig. 3.5 Geology 53 Fig. 3.6 Satellite Imagery 63 Fig. 3.7 Land Use Pattern 64 ***

Note : Some of the Figures are not included due to restricted File Size

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

List of Tables

Sl. No. Description Page No.

Table : 1.1 Passenger Traffic between Mainland & Port Blair 5 Table : 1.2 Cargo handled at Port blair for Mainland 5 Table : 1.3 Passenger Traffic by Foreshore/Inter-Island Harbour Ferry Services 5 Table : 1.4 Cargo Traffic by Foreshore/Inter-Island and Harbour Services 5 Table : 2.1 Project Cost with Breakup 19 Table 3.1 Micrometeorological Data 33 Tables 3.2-3.11 Ambient Air Quality Data 37-46 Table 3.12 Abstract of Ambient Air Quality Data 47-49 Table 3.13 Ambient Air Quality Status 50 Table 3.14 Noise Level Status 51 Table 3.15 Surface Water Quality Data 56 Table 3.16 Ground Water Quality Data 57 Table 3.17 Marine Water Quality Data 58-59 Table 3.18 Water Quality Status 60 Table 3.19 Soil Status 62 Table 3.20 Land Use in the Study Area 65 Table 3.21 Flora in the Study Area 68 Table 3.22 List of Fauna 72 Table 3.23 Demographic Profile-2011 Census 79 Table 3.24 Occupation of Population ad Work Forces 81 Table 3.25 Educational Facilities in the Study Area 83 Table 3.26 Medical Facilities in the Study Area 85 Table 3.27 Water & Drainage Facilities in the Study Area 87 Table 3.28 Communication & Transport Facilities in the Study Area 89 Table 3.29 Other Facilities in the Study Area 91 Table 4.1 Existing Traffic Volume at Wharf Junction 96 Table 7.1 MCA Damage Distance 100 Table 7.1 Risk Matrix 102 Table 7.2 Likelihood of Occurrence 103 Table 7.3 Potential Severity 103 Table 7.4 Risk Scenario 103 Table 10.1 Proposed EMP Measures 118 ***

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Awarded TORs & their incorporation in EIA Report

Sl. Awarded TORs Incorporation in EIA Report Page No. No. 1. Reasons for selecting the site with details of Page 99 alternate sites examined/rejected/selected on Not Applicable. merit with comparative statement and reason/basis for selection. The examination Proposal is the Extension of existing Wharf in Port should justify site suitability in terms of Blair Harbour for operational advantage. environmental angle, resources sustainability associated with selected site as compared to rejected sites. The analysis should include parameters considered along with weightage criteria for short-listing selected site. 2. Details of the land use break-up for the Pages 61, 63-66 proposed project. Details of land use around 10 km radius of the project site. Examine and Pages 9, 12 & 13 submit detail of land use around 10 km radius of the project site and map of the project area The 10-km study area of project site falls in part of and 10 km area from boundary of the Mount Harriet National Park (@ 800 m in north) in proposed/existing project area, delineating South Andaman Reserved Forests. There are no eco project areas notified under the wild life sensitive areas like Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere (Protection) Act, 1972/critically polluted areas Reserves, Elephant Corridor, etc. within 10 km from as identified by the CPCB from time to the site. time/notified eco-sensitive areas/interstate boundaries and international boundaries. Analysis should be made based on latest satellite imagery for land use with raw images. 3. Submit the present land use and permission Not Applicable. required for any conversion such as forest, Proposal is the Extension of existing Wharf in Port agriculture etc. land acquisition status, Blair Harbour. rehabilitation of communities/ villages and present status of such activities. 4. Examine and submit the water bodies Pages 24 & 27 including the seasonal ones within the corridor Several springs are encountered in the area due to its of impacts along with their status, volumetric rugged topography. There is a perennial stream capacity, quality likely impacts on them due to Mithagari Nalla in the Study Area. the project. 5. Submit a copy of the contour plan with slopes, Pages 26 & 27 drainage pattern of the site and surrounding Figs. 3.2 & 3.3 area 6. Submit the details of terrain, level with respect Not Applicable. to MSL, filling required, source of filling The proposal do not involve any land requirement. No materials and transportation details etc. land reclamation (neither through dredged material nor any other means) is proposed. 7. Examine road/rail connectivity to the project Pages 13 & 96 site and impact on the existing traffic network due to the proposed project/activities. A detailed traffic and transportation study should be made for existing and projected passenger and cargo traffic. 8. Submit details regarding R&R involved in the Page 32 project No R&R is involved. 9. Submit a copy of layout superimposed on the Submitted. HTL/LTL map demarcated by an authorized Pages xxv & xxvi agency on 1:4000 scale along with the recommendation of the SCZMA. 10. Submit the status of shore line change at the Page 96 project site Since the proposed Wharf is aligned parallel to the water current direction and also completely on smaller diameter (800 mm) piles, the net impact on hydrodynamics will be negligible. The bottom is devoid of silt, hence littoral drift is not seen. Accordingly, it is

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. Awarded TORs Incorporation in EIA Report Page No. No. predicted that Wharf Extension will not create any erosion or accretion phenomena. 11. Details of the layout plan including details of Pages 9, 10 & 20 channel, breakwaters, dredging, disposal and reclamation 12. Details of handling of each cargo, storage, Page 6 transport along with spillage control, dust Hope Town Wharf is dedicated Wharf for LPG Bulk preventive measures. unloading. The LPG tankers are being berthed here for unloading bulk LPG from Vessel and direct to the LPG Bottling Plant for bottling and distributing to local needs. 13. Submit the details of fishing activity and likely Page 98 impacts on the fishing activity due to the project. 14. Details of oil spill contingency plan. Page 97 15. Details of bathymetry study. Pages 16-18 Adjacent to the Wharf, available depth is in the range 9.6-13.5 m. The available depth in the proposed Wharf Extension area is between 3.9-10.7 m. 16. Details of ship tranquillity study. Page 16 As the Command Bay, in which Hope Town Wharf located, is well protected by hill ranges, no appreciable waves were observed. The wave height observed is of the order of 30 cm. Also, extension of Wharf is proposed in the same alignment to the existing Wharf and thus, the berthing may be used effectively by all types of Vessels round the year. 17. Examine the details of water requirement, Page 23 impact on competitive user, treatment details, use of treated waste water. Prepare a water The existing Wharf is having APWD Water Supply for balance chart. its daily requirements (maximum 2 cu.m/day). The proposal requires fresh water to the tune of 5 cum/day (average demand) mainly for the construction activity during Construction Phase which will be met from the existing APWD Supply. There will not be any additional water demand during Operation Phase. During the Construction Phase, there will be a wastewater generation to the tune of 100 lits./day due to the construction activities which may reach the Harbour Waters and its water quality may be marginally affected. However, as there is much dilution available, its impact would be insignificant. During the Operation Phase, no trade effluent is anticipated from the Wharf operation. The existing domestic sewage generation to the tune of 1.5 cum/day from Wharf Management Office is being treated biologically in a septic tank followed by dispersion trench of adequate size. There is no change in the existing status after Extension. 18. Details of rainwater harvesting and utilization Not Applicable. of rain water. Extension of existing Wharf in the Port Blair Harbour. 19. Examine details of Solid waste generation Page 23 treatment and its disposal. 20. Details of desalination plant and the study for Not Applicable outfall and intake. 21. Examine baseline environmental quality along Pages 24-98 with projected incremental load due to the proposed project/activities. 22. The air quality monitoring should be carried Complied with. out according to the notification issued on 16th November, 2009.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. Awarded TORs Incorporation in EIA Report Page No. No. 23. Examine separately the details for construction Pages 117-118 & 99 and operation phases both for Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan with cost and parameters. 24. Submit details of a comprehensive Risk Pages 100-106 Assessment and Disaster Management Plan including emergency evacuation during natural and man-made disasters 25. Submit details of the trees to be cut including Project does not involve any tree felling as entire their species and whether it also involves any activity is planned in Port Blair Harbour. protected or endangered species. Measures taken to reduce the number of the trees to be removed should be explained in detail. Submit the details of compensatory plantation. Explore the possibilities of relocating the existing trees. 26. Examine the details of afforestation measures Not Applicable. Extension of existing Wharf in the Port indicating land and financial outlay. Landscape Blair Harbour. plan, green belts and open spaces may be described. A thick green belt should be planned all around the nearest settlement to mitigate noise and vibrations. The identification of species/ plants should be made based on the botanical studies. 27. The Public Hearing should be conducted for Complied with. the project in accordance with provisions of Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 and the issues raised by the public should be addressed in the Environmental Management Plan. The Public Hearing should be conducted based on the ToR letter issued by the Ministry and not on the basis of Minutes of the Meeting available on the web-site. 28. A detailed draft EIA/EMP report should be Complied with. prepared in accordance with the above additional TOR and should be submitted to the Ministry in accordance with the Notification.

***

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Extension of Hope Town Wharf in Port Blair Harbour Port Blair, Tehsil Port Blair, District South Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Summary Environmental Impact Assessment

1.0 Project Description

Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&N Islands) are located in the Bay of Bengal at a distance of 1200-1400 km from the mainland India (Fig. 1.1). Strategically important archipelago of A&N Islands provides ample marine area under national territorial limit i.e. Exclusive Economic Zone of 6 lakh sq. km (30% of India’s EES area). A&N Islands is one of the Union Territories of India being administered by Andaman & Nicobar Administration (A&N Administration) headed by Lt. Governor. Port Blair is the Head Quarters. According to 2011 Census, the territory has a total population of 379,944 (202,330 male and 177,614 female). There are 555 villages, 5 towns and one Municipality (Port Blair). Port Blair Town (including suburbs) has a population of about 1,32,785 (71,089 males & 61,696 females) as per the 2011 Census.

The economy of A&N Islands is primarily dependent on Tourism, Agriculture and Fishing. While ‘Shipping is the lifeline’ for interconnectivity, other modes like helicopter and sea planes are also under operation but seasonally. Almost all Islands with major inhabitation have been connected by sea routes. To provide a systematic development of Port and Navigational facilities in the Islands, which is the pre- requisite for any other development, the Government of India had established the Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works (ALHW) Department in 1965 under the then Ministry of Shipping & Transport. Since then, ALHW is assessing entire shipping pattern/arrangements and Harbour facility requirements (immediate & future) and accordingly constructing the Harbour facilities in the Islands in phased manner.

The shipping services are mainly divided into two categories viz. Mainland-Island Services and Inter- Island Services. Passenger and Cargo Vessels being operated between Mainland and Port Blair come under Mainland-Island Services. Inter-Island Boat Services, Harbour Ferry Services, Foreshore Services come under Inter-Island Services. Port Blair Harbour includes Phoenix Bay Harbour Complex (PBC), Chatham Jetty, Haddo Wharf, Hope Town Wharf, Junglighat Harbour, etc. The Jetties in different locations of Port Blair Harbour are being utilized for the above mentioned usage in an organised/specified manner.

Hope Town, a tiny village in hillock, is located in Ferrargunj Tehsil of South Andaman District with a total population of 1,258 (657 males & 601 females) in 297 Households as per Census 2011. Hope Town is connected through Bamboo Flat Vehicle Ferry Jetty and Panighat Jetty through sea route where the frequent ferry services are available. It is also connected with Port Blair through Road transport by about 40 km. The road transport is mainly utilized for transportation of construction materials and general cargo

The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) had commissioned a 5,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) capacity LPG Bottling Plant at Chunna Bhatta, Hopetown in 2003 and is now translating the LPG to 3,52,112 cylinder refills per year for distribution in A&N Islands. The plant has six storage bullets of 150 tonnes each (900 tonnes storage). It receives bulk LPG through sea-going tankers.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The Hope Town Wharf is located in the northern parts of Port Blair Harbour, opposite to Chatham Island. A Wharf of 100 x 30 m was constructed during eighties to cater the Vessels of about 10 m draft and later the Wharf was further extended to another 40 m (size 40 m x 20.50 m). Thus, Hope Town Wharf is having a berthing face of 140 m. The alongside depth is about 10 m so as to cater the Mainland going Vessels, large Cargo Vessels and Oil Tankers. The infrastructures such as Port Management Board Office, Cargo Shed, Generator Shed, Fire Hydrants, etc. were also created. The Wharf is now being utilized mainly for handling of LPG and other Petroleum products by IOCL, thus, Hazardous/Dangerous Cargo handling Wharf.

The LPG tankers are being berthed here for unloading bulk LPG from Vessel and direct to the LPG Bottling Plant for bottling and distributing to local needs. Thus, considerable revenue saving to the Government of India is derived as transportation of the LPG gas cylinders from mainland is dispensed with. Instant delivery of the gas cylinders even to the remotest part of the Islands has been made possible, encouraging the use of LPG and discouraging wood burning in turn to save the environment.

IOCL wants to augment the LPG storage facility from existing 900 tonnes to 2,700 tonnes. Due to the restriction on berthing of regular size vessel (13,000 metric tonnes-13 TMT or more) at Hope Town Wharf, IOCL is spending huge money towards ocean freight. The 13 TMT size LPG vessels are in use for positioning LPG imports at other Indian Ports. Thus, they have requested suitable infrastructures for berthing of 13 TMT parcel size LPG Vessels so as to reduce the financial outgo on higher freight cost and also to ensure availability of LPG in the Islands at all times.

IOCL prefers the commonly operated Indian LPG Tankers like Nanga Parbat and Annapurna for berthing at Hope Town Wharf. The Vessel Profiles are:

Nanga Parbat (GRT-17778, DWT-17601, Length× Breadth-160 × 26 m, Draft-8.1 m) and Annapurna (GRT-17778, DWT-17562, Length × Breadth-160 × 26 m, Draft- 8.3 m).

To meet to the requirement of berthing of regular LPG Tankers which are 160 m in length, the existing Wharf has to be extended by 60 m, so that final length reaches to 200 m. After the hydrographic survey, the project ‘Extension of Hope Town Wharf by 60 m’ has been sanctioned by the Ministry of Shipping on 29th July 2015 for an amount of Rs.17.49 crores. The entire work is to be completed in 24 months from the date of required Approvals and Sanction.

The Proposal, broadly, envisages the following components : v Extension of Wharf of Size 60 m x 20.50 m founded on bored Cast-in-situ RCC piles of 800 mm dia. v Dredging of 8,400 cu.m in 3,000 sq. m area (100 m X 30 m) to clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessel while berthing alongside.

The Layout and Sections of Wharf Extension are given as Figs. 2.1-2.3.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Fig. : 2.1 Proposed Extension of Hope Town Wharf - Layout

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Fig. : 2.2 Pile Layout

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Fig. : 2.3 Cross Sections

The components of works involved are as under : v Construction of RCC bored cast-in-situ piles to required depth. v Construction and placing of precast shuttering slab for the bottom shuttering of cast-in-situ beams, slab and berthing wall. v Casting the cast-in-situ beams berthing wall and slabs. v Casting ducts, etc. v Wearing coat and other miscellaneous works. v Special repair to the existing structure, if required.

The piles of 800 mm dia will be bored to the hard strata and socketed to the hard strata. The piles will be with 6 mm thick steel sacrificial casing. The bore pile method used for construction of jetties with consultancy of IIT Madras will be adopted. There will be complete free flow of water under the Wharf structure.

The dredging work will be undertaken by calling tenders (as per CPWD norms) from the specialized agencies, with logistic support from ALHW. The dredged materials will be disposed off in deep sea with adequate depth (20-30 m).

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The Wharf extension planned to accommodate regular size LPG tankers and its low cargo handling capacity does not warrant Environmental Clearance (EC) but due to involvement of capital dredging near the extended portion of the Wharf attracts prior EC under EIA Notification 2006 (as amended) under Sl. No. 7(e) and CRZ Clearance under the Island Protection Zone (IPZ) Notification 2011. With applicability of the General Conditions (proximity to Mount Harriet National Park), the Category A Proposal needs EC from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), New Delhi. Accordingly, an Application for Terms of References (TORs) has been submitted by ALHW to MoEF&CC vide Letter ALHW/DEL/5(9)/2015/194 dated 14.08.2015. The proposal was considered by the Hon’ble Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) - Infrastructure Development, CRZ, Building/Construction and Miscellaneous Projects during its 153rd Meeting (Item No. 3.2) held during 18th-20th November 2015 in determining the Terms of References (TORs) for undertaking the EIA study and approved.

ALHW has entrusted the EIA Study on M/s. Environmental System Consultants & Ambiente Lab Solutions Private Limited (Ensyscon), Chennai. The EIA Consultant has been accredited for the Sectors 1 (Mining), 9 (Cement Plants), 31 (Industrial Estates/SEZs), 33 (Ports & Harbours) and 38 (Building Construction Projects) and assessed for 4 (Thermal Power Plants) - Category ‘A’ by the National Accreditation Board for Education & Training (NABET), Quality Council of India (Sl. No. 56 in the List of Accredited EIA Consultants-8th December 2015). Other than Dredging, the proposal does not fall in the threshold quantity Category for a Comprehensive EIA Study and thus, a Rapid EIA Study covering one Season data was proposed by the Department. Accordingly, the EIA Report has been prepared and submitted as per the Standard TORs for Ports & Harbour Projects devised by MoEF&CC. The baseline environmental monitoring was carried out during June-August 2015. The services of M/s. Ekdant Enviro Lab, an accredited Laboratory (Ref. No. T-1575) by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) were utilised for the physic-chemical environment monitoring.

The EIA Report has been prepared as per the generic structure proposed in EIA Notification 2006. The EIA Report along with Summary EIA Report (both in English & Hindi) are submitted for Public Consultation/Public Hearing and Environmental Clearance.

2.0 Description of the Environment

Existing Hope Town Wharf : 11o41’50.23”-11o41’51.54” N Latitude and 92o43’26.64”-92o43’31.42” E Longitude. Proposed Extension Site : 11o41’50.22”- 11o41’50.90” N Latitude and 92o43’24.66”-92o43’26.71” E Longitude. Proposed Dredging Area : 11o41’49.23”- 11o41’50.51” N Latitude and 92o43’21.11”-92o43’24.66” E Longitude

There is no environmental issue about the site. The construction & dredging sites are devoid of mangroves and corals. The 10-km study area of project site falls in part of Mount Harriet National Park (@ 800 m in north) in South Andaman Reserved Forests (RF). Saithankari Protected Forests, Port Mout Brindraban RF, Jirkatang RF, etc. exist in the study area. There are no eco sensitive areas like Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Elephant Corridor, etc. within 10 km from the site. The National Monument Cellular

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Jail is at a distance of 3.4 km in southeast from the site. Lohabarrack Salt Water Crocodile Sanctuary is at a distance of 13 km in west and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is at 17 km distance in southwest.

National Highway No. 223 (Andaman Trunk Road-ATR) passes at 3 km distance in southeast which starts from Port Blair/Chidiyatapu and connects the northern island groups via. Rangat, Mayabunder and Diglipur. There is no railway line in A&N Islands.

Chatham Wharf is at 910 m in south, Haddo Wharf is at 1.3 km in southwest, PBC Complex is at 2.7 km in southeast and Junglighat Harbour is at 4.2 km in south from Hope Town Wharf. Ross Island is at 4.6 km distance in east-southeast. Port Blair Town is at 2 km distance in south. Port Blair (Veer Savarkar) Airport is at a distance of 5.5 km in SSE from the site. The important tourist places within the study area and Port Blair Town are : Cellular Jail (National Memorial), Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Navel Marine Museum, Cottage Industry Emporium, Chatham Saw Mill, Zoological Garden, Dilthaman Tank Water Sports, Mount Harriet, Shipi Ghat Farm, Viper Island, Carbyns Cove South (Beach) and Ross Island, etc.

Port Blair is the location for which regular Tide Tables are available. The spring tidal range at the proposed site is 2.50 m. As the Command Bay, in which Hope Town Wharf located, is well protected by hill ranges, no appreciable waves were observed. However, the location is subjected to locally generated waves from the East direction. The wave height observed is of the order of 30 cm. Also, extension of Wharf is proposed in the same alignment to the existing Wharf and thus, the berthing may be used effectively by all types of Vessels round the year. There is no appreciable under water current near the Wharf/site and no littoral drift is noted in this area. There is also no accretion/erosion problem at the Wharf area. There is no coral bed or mangroves growth at the Wharf area. Adjacent to the Wharf, available depth is in the range 9.6-13.5 m. The depth at proposed Dredging area is in the range 1.1-13.8 m. Only to have clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessels berthing along side the proposed Wharf Extension, dredging is proposed.

The monitoring stations were identified within the study area of 10 km radius (Fig. 3.1) to have the baseline environmental status. The Project Area does not fall in Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters listed by CPCB. Indane Bottling Plant and Solar (5 MW) and Diesel Power Plants (20 MW of Suryachakra at Bamboo Flat, Power Plants at Chatham and Phoenix Bay-20 MW) exist in the Project vicinity. However, Ships & Inter-island Boats movements, traffic movements in Port Blair Town and in ATR/NH-223 are the sources of air pollution in the study area though some Green and Orange Category Industrial activities in Dollygunj and Mithagari Industrial Estates. Considering the Environmental setting of the project, project activities and their interaction, the following Environmental Attributes were considered for the EIA Study. v Site specific Micrometeorological Data on wind speed & direction (wind roses), temperature, humidity, cloud cover, atmospheric pressure along with rainfall. v Ambient Air Quality Assessment at 10 locations on 8-hourly basis, continuously for 2 days in a week for 4 weeks in the month for the parameters PM2.5, PM10, SPM (for Heavy Metals analysis in

Particulates), SO2, NOx, CO, HC, Particulate Lead, etc. as per Revised NAAQ Norms - GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

v Noise Level Measurements at all air quality monitoring station for Leq, Lday and Lnight values once in the season. v Water Quality Assessment, grab sampling once, for Surface Waters (2 locations) as per CPCB Norms and Ground Waters (6 Locations) as per IS:10500 Norms. v Marine Water Quality Assessment – both surface (0.3 m) and depth (max. 10 m) at 6 Locations as per IS:7967 Norms for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas. v Soil Quality Assessment, including Sediment, at 5 locations for Textural, Physical & Nutrient parameters. v Land use pattern based on Satellite Imagery. v Biotic Attributes for Flora & Fauna (both Terrestrial & Aquatic). v Socio-Economic Profile, based on 2011-Census for Total Population, Household Size, SC / ST, Gender Composition, Literacy Level, Occupational Structure, etc.

The findings of baseline environmental status of the study area are summarized below : v The collected meteorological data represented the local weather phenomena. v The monitored ambient air quality in the study area was found to be in compliance with the Revised National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Norms for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas. v Ambient equivalent noise levels (Leq) during day and night times were found to be very well within the MoEF Norms. v The surface waters quality was found to be in compliance with CPCB Norms and ground water quality in compliance with the IS:10500 Norms. v Marine water quality was found to be in compliance with IS:7967 Norms Criteria for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas/Harbour Waters. v There is no common sewage treatment plant in Port Blair and the domestic wastewtaers are being discharged into the sea. The absence of/lower levels of Oil & Grease, Phenols, Cyanides, low BOD & COD levels, trace metals below their detectable limits, etc. confirm the fact that adequate buffer is available for restoration of the water quality in the receiving sea. v All plants identified in the area, including the mangroves, are very common in occurrence in the Islands. v There are tourist places and a Historical Monument within the study area.

Thus, there is adequate buffer for the proposed Project in the physical, biological and edaphic environments of the study area.

3.0 Anticipated Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures

The Proposal would create impact on the environment in two distinct Phases viz. during the Construction Phase which may be regarded as temporary and short term and during the Operation Phase which would have long term effects.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.1 Impacts during Construction Phase

Land Environment : The piles of 800 mm dia will be bored to the hard strata and socketed to the hard strata in the Sea. The piles will be with 6 mm thick steel sacrificial casing. Thus, the proposal do not involve any land requirement. No land reclamation (neither through dredged material nor any other means) is proposed. Dredged materials (8,400 m3) will be disposed off into the open sea at around 20-30 m depth. The Wharf extension is proposed parallel to shore which will ensure minimum hindrance to the marine hydrodynamics of the area. There will be complete free flow of water under the Wharf structure. The entire structure shall be founded on 65 Nos. of RCC (cast-in-situ) piles of 800 mm dia. Thus, the project will not have any adverse impact on the land use during the Construction Phase.

Air Environment : The temporary and insignificant impacts of construction activities on air quality are predicted due to emission of dust during handling of cement, stone chips, etc. and exhaust during operation of winch, mixer machine, etc. used for pile driving and concreting activities. In addition to operations of construction machineries, movement of boats, dredger, etc. would also cause emissions of

SO2 and NOx. However, the impact will be for short duration, confined locally and is unlikely to be detectable beyond 50 m radius from the actual site of construction as experienced in earlier Jetty constructions. Also, the monitored ambient air pollutants levels at the site were found to be very low 3 3 3 3 (mean values: PM2.5-6.5 ug/m , PM10-12.4 ug/m , SO2-6.5 ug/m and NOx-5.9 ug/m ) and very well within the National Ambient Air Quality Norms and adequate buffer is available to accommodate the negligible exhausts from the proposed activities. Thus, the net impact will be insignificant and limited in an extremely small area.

Noise : Since the baseline ambient noise (Leq) levels are very low (<40 dB), additional 2-3 dB(A) due to construction, piling and dredging activities will hardly have any impact either on terrestrial fauna or human population. Also, because the construction is proposed at the existing Wharf, there will not be any significant impact to the baseline noise status which will be very well within the MoEF&CC Noise Norms of 55 dB(A) during day times and 45 dB(A) during night times for Residential Areas. No blasting is proposed and thus, no vibration or no impacts on aquatic fauna, if any, in the vicinity.

Water Environment : Dredging and disposal of 8,400 m3 will have negative temporary impacts at the disposal area of deep Sea. However, due to deep sea disposal (-20 m to -30 m depth), settlement of the disposed material will be faster leading to minimization of the impact by restricting spread of the dredged material. The disposal area is open sea and devoid of corals. The existing Wharf is having APWD Water Supply for its daily requirements (maximum 2 cu.m/day). The proposal requires fresh water to the tune of 5 cum/day (average demand) mainly for the construction activity during Construction Phase which will be met from the existing APWD Supply. No ground water drawl and hence, no impact on ground water. The increased supply load of 5 m3/day from the existing supply network will also have a minimum impact. There will be a wastewater generation to the tune of 100 lits./day due to the construction activities which may reach the Sea. However, as there is much dilution available, its impact would also be insignificant.

The local workforce is proposed to be utilised and thus no separate labour camps, etc. are required. The water demand and wastewater generation will also get reduced and possible impact due to discharge sewage generated from the construction workforce is also minimized/avoided.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Biological Environment : Existing Wharf area is devoid of Corals and Mangroves. There is no cutting of trees due to the proposal. No rare and endangered species has been recorded from the area. Also, there is no significant benthos’ population in the vicinity. The species (including fishes) present there are of common occurrence found throughout Andaman Islands. Thus, the construction with piling and dredging will not have any significant impact on terrestrial as well as marine flora and fauna.

Socio-economics : As the construction is proposed in the Jetty area, no adverse impact is anticipated on the local settlements. However, the project would provide direct or indirect employment to 25-50 local persons during the Construction Phase. This is a definite positive impact due to the Project. This is a definite positive impact due to the Project.

3.2 Impacts during Operation Phase

Land Environment : Since the proposed Wharf is aligned parallel to the water current direction and also completely on smaller diameter (800 mm) piles, the net impact on hydrodynamics will be negligible. The bottom is devoid of silt, hence littoral drift is not seen. Accordingly, it is predicted that Wharf Extension will not create any erosion or accretion phenomena. Also, no solid/hazardous wastes disposal is envisaged from the Wharf operations. Thus, the project will not have any adverse impact on the land use, coastal morphology and soil quality during the project operation period.

Air Environment : During Operational Phase of the Project, the visiting ships/boats would cause emissions of SO2 and NOx. As the Proposal is for accommodating bigger LPG Vessels, the No. of Ships visiting the Wharf (for bulk unloading of LPG) will be reduced. Thus, the impact on Air Environment will be limited. Also, it is to be mentioned that the monitored pollutants’ levels in the Wharf area were found to be very well below the permissible NAAQ Norms and the net impact for changed scenario (implementation of project) will be limited and insignificant.

Noise Levels : The visiting ships/boats/vessels may result in increase in the equivalent (Leq) noise levels by 2-3 dB(A) till their departure from the Wharf. The existing Wharf operations do not cause any significant noise to the environment. The monitored Leq Noise Levels in the Wharf Area, <40 dB(A), were found to be well within the permissible Leq Norms of 55 dB(A) during day times and 45 dB(A) during night times respectively for Residential Areas and as such no impact is envisaged.

Water Environment : The existing water demand is 2 cu.m/day and there will not be any increase to it after the Extension. During the Operation Phase, no trade effluent is anticipated from the Wharf operation. The existing domestic sewage generation to the tune of 1.5 cum/day from Wharf Management Office is being treated biologically in a septic tank followed by dispersion trench of adequate size. There is no change in the existing status after Extension. No effluent is anticipated during Operation of the Wharf, as mainly LPG bulk unloading is being carried out at the Wharf. However, oil sleeks (if any) from the visiting ships/boats/vessels might cause some negligible impact on the receiving sea. However, it can only happen during an accident. In normal operations, there can’t be any discharge/ leakage of oil. The vessels plying in A&N Islands use HSD which will evaporate automatically in event of any accidental spillage. All international safety precautions are taken to avoid any eventuality. Therefore, the impact will be negligible.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Biological Environment : The Wharf is now in operation for bulk unloading of LPG from vessels directly to the nearby Bottling Plant through pipeline. The vessel movements as such do not cause any negative impact on the marine water quality unless something is thrown either accidently or unknowingly. The construction of concrete piers/pillars to support the extended Wharf would encourage the settlement of sedentary organisms to settle upon it. Thus, implementation of the project will enhance the positive impacts on the aquatic environment.

Socio-economics : Unloading of bulk LPG to the nearby Bottling Plant through pipeline will not generate any additional employment i.e. no change in the existing status. However, the Proposal will increase the instant delivery of the LPG gas cylinders even to the remotest part of the Islands and thus, encouraging the use of LPG and discouraging wood burning in turn to save the environment. There will be additional indirect employment in Transport Sector. Thus, the Proposal has beneficial impacts due to increased infrastructure, transport and overall economy of the region. This would be a long term positive impact due to the Project.

4.0 Environmental Monitoring Programme

Periodical monitoring of the ambient air quality (as per Revised NAAQ Norms), noise levels, marine water quality, soil/sediment quality at the sites shall be undertaken as per the MoEF&CC/CPCB Norms either departmentally or by appointing external agencies during the Construction Period and Status Reports shall be submitted to the Authorities. The frequency of monitoring are described. The periodical monitoring of the environmental parameters as per Norms will cost about Rs.20.00 lakhs per annum.

5.0 Additional Studies

The Wharf is now in operation for bulk unloading of LPG from vessels directly to the nearby Indane Bottling Plant through pipeline. IOCL has undertaken a detailed Risk Assessment and has an Emergency Preparedness Plan in place. There is no significant change to the existing status is anticipated after the Extension of Wharf and its utilization. The salient features of Emergency Preparedness Plan followed by IOCL for its existing operations is also submitted. Detailed assessment and mitigative measures are delineated and an effective Disaster Management Plan is also submitted.

6.0 Project Benefits

LPG Supply in A&N Islands forms part of the essential services to be provided by the Administration. The proposed extension of Wharf at Hope Town is expected to fulfill the demand of IOCL in utilization of bigger vessels for LPG Transport from Mainland to the Island. Considerable revenue saving to the Government of India is derived by the transportation of the LPG gas cylinders from mainland to the Island. IOCL is spending huge money towards ocean freight and the proposal will reduce the financial outgo on higher freight cost and also to ensure availability of LPG in the Islands at all times. The overall impact of the Project will have significant positive impacts due to improvement of LPG Supply, infrastructure, employment, social and cultural development, etc. and the economy of the area with multiplier effect.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

7.0 Environmental Management Plan

The proposed Extension of Wharf will have short term negative impacts during the Construction Phase which are insignificant during Operation Phase. However, an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is proposed to ensure that the various negative impacts are mitigated and the positive impacts are enhanced.

EMP for Construction Phase : v It shall be ensured that no change in the hydrology and natural drainage system of the area. v No drilling/blasting shall be undertaken for the dredging work. v Dredged materials shall be disposed off safely at the identified location with adequate depth. v No reclamation shall be undertaken with the dredged materials. v Construction works may be stalled at the time of LPG Bulk unlodding times from the vessels during Contruction Phase. v Exploitation of forests or natural resources by the workforce shall not be allowed strictly. v Carrying of plastic and other nutrient locking materials (if they disposed on land) shall be banned totally. v The construction materials like sand, stone chips, etc. shall be obtained only from approved quarries. v Proper placement of construction machineries shall be ensured to eliminate vibrations and noise. v All machinery items shall be well lubricated to reduce noise. v High Speed Diesel with low sulphur content shall be used for running the machineries. v It shall be ensured that no oil leakage from the construction machineries or visiting boats. v Cement handling shall be supervised properly to check fugitive emissions. v Empty cement bags, debris, etc. shall not be disposed off at the site or inside the sea. They shall be collected and disposed off properly as per Norms/Guidelines. v The labours for the construction works shall be pooled from the local public (as proposed) to avoid transit camps, sewage generation & its disposal, etc. v During Construction, safety provisions and risk reduction measures shall be implemented and supervised effectively. v Appropriate induction safety and operational training shallbe given to the work force engaged in construction activities to avoid personal injuries. v Unsafe conditions and acts shall be minimized/controlled by frequent inspection. v Suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) such as goggles, safety shoes, life jackets, life vest, life belt, helmet, etc. will be provided to personnel engaged in construction activities. v Sea survival equipment such as life jacket shall also be provided. v Periodical monitoring of water quality, turbidity levels, bottom conditions, ambient air quality, noise levels, etc. shall be carried out as per Norms during the construction period.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

EMP for Operation Phase : v On completion of construction, all debris and extraneous materials shall be cleared off and no residuals should be left at the site. v An effective monitoring mechanism shall be evolved to ensure that the environmental safeguard measures have been implemented properly. v Periodical monitoring of environmental parameters shall be carried out as per CPCB Norms to have a cross check and a data base.

Budget for EMP : The total cost of this project works out to be Rs. 17.49 crores including the EMP Budget of Rs.20.00 Lakhs per annum for implementing the EMP measures and Post-project Monitoring.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Public Hearing & Public Consultation

The Public Hearing Notice dated 26.04.2016 was broadcasted through All India Radio, Port Blair and the Advertisements, both in English and Hindi languages, were also published in ‘The Daily Telegrams’ on 30.04.2016 & 20.05.2016 and in ‘Dweep Samachar’ on 11.05.2016 & 19.05.2016. The EIA Report and Summary EIA Reports (English & Hindi Versions) were also kept for Public view at the Offices of :

i. District Magistrate, South Andaman. ii. Zilla Parishad (South Andaman). iii. Port Blair Municipal Council. iv. District Industries Office, Port Blair v. Pradhan, Hope Town Panchayat. vi. State Library, Middle Point, Port Blair. vii. Andaman Nicobar Administration Pollution Control Committee (ANAPCC). viii. Additional PCCF (C), MoEF&CC, Regional Office (SEZ), Chennai.

The Project Details were also published in A&N Administration Website (www.andaman.gov.in) for the suggestions/views/comments/objections from the affected persons/public, in writing, from the concerned persons having a plausible stake in the environmental aspects of the project or activity.

The Public Hearing for the Proposal was conducted by the Andaman Nicobar Administration Pollution Control Committee (ANAPCC) on 21.05.2016 at the Panchayat Hall of the Hope Town Panchayat, South Andaman and the Proceedings along with Video DVD are forwarded to the Ministry. All Issues raised in the Public Hearing are addressed along with ALHW Responses & time bound Action Plan in the Final EIA Report and submitted for the Environmental & CRZ Clearance of the Proposal.

Public Hearing Issues, Response/Action Plan

Public Hearing Held on : 21.05.2016 at 14:00 hrs. Venue : Panchayat Hall, Hope Town Panchayat No. of People attended : 46

Sl. Issues Raised/Concerned Response/Action Plan Proposed No. 1 Shri Madhusudan Rao, Pradhan, Hope Town Shri R.Nagarajlu, E.E, ALHW informed that Panchayat, South Andaman has asked whether there won't arise any health related problems due to the execution of the project will there be because of the proposed project. any health related problems or effect caused to the public residing in the area. 2 All the Public attended the Public Hearing has - supported the Project.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

1.0 Introduction

1.1 A&N Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&N Islands) are located in the Bay of Bengal at a distance of 1200-1400 km from the mainland India (Fig. 1.1). It comprises of 572 islands (inhabited 37 only), islets and rocks congregated into two major groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands, separated by the 10° N parallel, with the Andaman to the north of this latitude and the Nicobar to the south. The Andaman Sea lies to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the west of these Islands.

A&N Islands stretch over a distance of 726 km from north to south (Andamans - 467 km & Nicobar - 259 km) from East Island in the North to Indira Point in the South. These Islands have maximum width of 58 km (Andamans - 52 km & Nicobar - 58 km) with average width of 24 km. The total geographical area of these Islands is 8249 sq. km (Andamans with 6,408 sq. km and Nicobars 1,841 sq. km). About 93.6% of the total area falls under Forest Area (Reserved, Deemed, Mangroves, Wetlands, etc.).

Strategically important archipelago of A&N Islands provides ample marine area under national territorial limit i.e. Exclusive Economic Zone of 6 lakh sq. km (30% of India’s EES area). A&N Islands with a coastline of 1962 km (about 1/4th of India’s 7500 km coastline) provides economy to islanders through abundant fisheries, tourism potential and partly through agriculture/horticulture.

The Bay Islands, as they lie south of the Tropic of Cancer and are surrounded by the warm seas, enjoy a warm and humid climate. The climate is tropical with distinct wet (May-November) and dry (December- April) seasons. The normal annual rainfall is 3200 mm.

A&N Islands is one of the Union Territories of India being administered by Andaman & Nicobar Administration (A&N Administration) headed by Lt. Governor. Port Blair is the Head Quarters. The Union Territory is administratively divided into 3 Districts and 9 Tehsils viz. North & Middle Andaman District (with Diglipur, Mayabunder & Rangat Tehsils), South Andaman District (with Ferrargunj, Port Blair & Little Andaman Tehsils) and Nicobars District (with Car Nicobar, Nancowry & Campbell Bay Tehsils). According to 2011 Census, the territory has a total population of 379,944 (202,330 male and 177,614 female). The population density is 46 per sq. km. The population growth of 2001-2011 was 6.65%. There are 555 villages, 5 towns and one Municipality (Port Blair). Port Blair Town (including suburbs) has a population of about 1,32,785 (71,089 males & 61,696 females) as per the 2011 Census.

While ‘Shipping is the lifeline’ for interconnectivity, other modes like helicopter and sea planes are also under operation but seasonally. Almost all Islands with major inhabitation have been connected by sea routes.

The Tribals in the Islands are mainly Nicobaries apart from the primitive tribes such as Andamanese, Onges, Jarawas, Sentinelese and Shompens. The Nicobaries lives in the Nicobar Group of Islands such as Car Nicobar, Teressa, Chowra, Katchal and Kamorta in addition to their settlement at Little Andaman Island. The population of Jarawas and Sentinelese, are estimated at about 300 and 50 respectively. The total tribal population of A&N Islands is 29,469.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The economy of A&N Islands is primarily dependent on Tourism, Agriculture and Fishing. The industries contributing to the economy are handicrafts industry, minerals and energy resources. The tourism is a big industry for the islands. The islands are full of natural sceneries and the exotic collection of flora and fauna which attract tourists worldwide. The innumerable tourist spots of these islands support the tourism industry. As per the Immigration Department of A&N Islands, the largest source country of foreign tourists visiting the islands are the Israelis (17%) followed by British (15%). The domestic tourists are those who visit the islands by availing their LTC (72.7%). The peak tourist season is between September-January while the low season is between May to September. The Island Tourism Festival (ITF) is the annual cultural event organized for promotion of Tourism and entertainment for islanders.

1.2 Harbour Facilities

To provide a systematic development of Port and Navigational facilities in the Islands, which is the pre- requisite for any other development, the Government of India had established the Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works (ALHW) Department in 1965 under the then Ministry of Shipping & Transport. Since then, ALHW is assessing entire shipping pattern/arrangements and Harbour facility requirements (immediate & future) and accordingly constructing the Harbour facilities in the Islands in phased manner. A large net work of Harbour facilities viz. Wharves (with 8-10 m depth alongside), Jetties (with 5-6 m depth alongside), Ferry Jetties (with 2-3 m depth alongside), Slipways (for 3 m draft Vessels), Breakwaters (from minimum 350 m long to maximum 1,200 m long), Dry Dock (for 3-4 m draft Vessels) and Foreshore facilities, etc. was already created by ALHW in various Islands. Further Harbour facilities at new locations are also being planned to meet the increasing need of sea-borne traffic, in consultation with Port Management Board (PMB) and Directorate of Shipping Services (DSS) of A&N Administration.

1.3 Port Blair Harbour

A&N islands are connected with main land from Kolkatta, Chennai & Vishakapatnam by air and sea routes. Shipping is the main mode of transportation for passengers and cargo from the Mainland to Port Blair and from there to far flung islands. The shipping services are mainly divided into two categories viz. Mainland-Island Services and Inter-Island Services. Passenger and Cargo Vessels being operated between Mainland and Port Blair come under Mainland-Island Services. Inter-Island Boat Services, Harbour Ferry Services, Foreshore Services come under Inter-Island Services.

Port Blair Harbour includes Phoenix Bay Harbour Complex (PBC), Chatham Jetty, Haddo Wharf, Hope Town Wharf, Junglighat Harbour, etc. (Plate I). The Jetties in different locations of Port Blair Harbour are being utilized for the above mentioned usage in an organised/specified manner. Visiting Tourist or other Foreign Vessels are calling at Haddo Wharf.

During 2010-11, there were about 77,370 passengers embarked for Mainland at Port Blair and 77,161 passengers disembarked at Port Blair, thus, 1,54,531 passengers were handled (Table 1.1). About 7 lakh Tonnes cargo is being handled in Port Blair Harbour (Table 1.2). About 60 lakh passengers utilised the Foreshore/Inter-Island Habour Ferry Services in a year (Table 1.3) and about 6,000 Tonnes cargo was handled in a year (Table 1.4).

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 1.1 Passenger Traffic between Mainland & Port Blair

2009-10 2010-11 Details Chennai- Kolkatta- Vizag- Chennai- Kolkatta- Vizag- Total Total Port Blair Port Blair Port Blair Port Blair Port Blair Port Blair Embarked 31,205 21,397 12,849 65,451 34,808 30,924 11,638 77,370 Disembarked 31,108 20,242 10,739 62,089 36,993 28,979 11,189 77,161 Total 62,313 41,639 23,588 1,27,540 71,801 59,903 22,827 1,54,531

Table : 1.2 Cargo Handled at Port Blair for Mainland

Year Import, Tonnes Export, Tonnes Total, Tonnes 2008-09 6,52,225 44,355 6,96,580 2009-10 6,95,856 50,583 7,46,439 2010-11 6,95,919 73,878 7,69,797

Table : 1.3 Passengers Traffic by Foreshore/Inter-Island Habour Ferry Services

Passengers during the Year Service 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Foreshore Services 3,84,635 3,80,144 3,79,218 Inter-Island Services 2,36,600 1,91,134 1,55,293 Harbour Ferry Services 56,29,102 54,86,574 55,67,489 Total 62,50,337 60,57,852 61,02,000

Table : 1.4 Cargo Traffic by Foreshore/Inter-Island and Harbour Services

Cargo Traffic (Round Voyage), Tonnes Service 2009-10 2010-11 Import Export Total Import Export Total i. Foreshore Services 922.58 332.48 1255.06 632.381 330.565 962.946 ii. Inter-Island Services 279.73 4,225.60 4,505.33 264.83 4,764.567 5,029.397 iii. Harbour Ferry Services 20.357 - 20.357 - - - Total (i+ii) 1,202.31 4,558.08 5,760.39 897.211 5,095.132 5,992.343

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

1.4 Hope Town Wharf

Hope Town, a tiny village in hillock, is located in Ferrargunj Tehsil of South Andaman District with a total population of 1,258 (657 males & 601 females) in 297 Households as per Census 2011. The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) had commissioned a 5,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) capacity LPG Bottling Plant at Chunna Bhatta, Hopetown in 2003 and is now translating the LPG to 3,52,112 cylinder refills per year for distribution in A&N Islands. The plant has six storage bullets of 150 tonnes each (900 tonnes storage). It receives bulk LPG through sea-going tankers.

Hope Town Wharf is connected through Bamboo Flat Vehicle Ferry Jetty and Panighat Jetty through sea route where the frequent ferry services are available. It is also connected with Port Blair through Road transport by about 40 km. The road transport is mainly utilized for transportation of construction materials and general cargo from the Wharf. The existing Wharf and its Environs are shown in Plate II.

1.5 Need for the Proposal

Hope Town Wharf, designated as the Dangerous Cargo Wharf, is of 140 m in length with 10 m draft alongside berth. The LPG tankers are being berthed here for unloading bulk LPG from Vessel and direct to the LPG Bottling Plant for bottling and distributing to local needs. Thus, considerable revenue saving to the Government of India is derived as transportation of the LPG gas cylinders from mainland is dispensed with. Instant delivery of the gas cylinders even to the remotest part of the Islands has been made possible, encouraging the use of LPG and discouraging wood burning in turn to save the environment.

Due to shorter length of the Wharf (Plate III), normal size LPG tankers are unable to berth and IOCL has to put extra efforts to bring smaller tankers by spending extra money towards ocean freight for placing product at Port Blair. Also, IOCL wants to augment the LPG storage facility from existing 900 tonnes to 2,700 tonnes. Accordingly, IOCL Officials had visited the Islands on 11.11.2013 and assessed the berthing facilities at Hope Town Wharf. Due to the restriction on berthing of regular size vessel (13,000 metric tonnes-13 TMT or more) at Hope Town Wharf, IOCL is spending huge money towards ocean freight. The 13 TMT size LPG vessels are in use for positioning LPG imports at other Indian Ports. Moreover, requirement of special size Vessel does not leave the option of diverting any other Vessel in case of variation in demand in A&N Islands or any delay in already planned supplies. Thus, they have requested suitable infrastructures for berthing of 13 TMT parcel size LPG Vessels so as to reduce the financial outgo on higher freight cost and also to ensure availability of LPG in the Islands at all times.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

1.6 The Proposal

IOCL prefers the commonly operated Indian LPG Tankers like Nanga Parbat and Annapurna for berthing at Hope Town Wharf. The Vessel Profiles are:

Nanga Parbat (GRT-17778, DWT-17601, Length× Breadth-160 × 26 m, Draft-8.1 m) and Annapurna (GRT-17778, DWT-17562, Length × Breadth-160 × 26 m, Draft- 8.3 m).

The Proposal (Plate IV), broadly, envisages the following components : v Extension of Wharf of Size 60 m x 20.50 m founded on bored Cast-in-situ RCC piles of 800 mm dia. v Dredging of 8,400 cu.m in 3,000 sq. m area (100 m X 30 m) to clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessel while berthing alongside.

The Administration is also planning to install a LNG Power Plant near Port Blair. The proposed expansion of the Wharf, the existing facilities can be utilized for further developments and can also be used for LNG Vessels.

This work will be undertaken by ALHW under the Central Sector Plan works of the Ministry of Shipping in accordance with the provisions of CPWD Code. The work will be commenced and completed within 20 months from the date of Administrative Approval and Expenditure Sanction.

1.7 Environmental Setting

There is no environmental issue about the site. The construction & dredging sites are devoid of mangroves and corals (Plate V). The 10-km study area of project site falls in part of Mount Harriet National Park (@ 800 m in north) in South Andaman Reserved Forests (RF) (Fig. 1.2). Saithankari Protected Forests, Port Mout Brindraban RF, Jirkatang RF, etc. exist in the study area. There are no eco sensitive areas like Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Elephant Corridor, etc. within 10 km from the site. The National Monument Cellular Jail is at a distance of 3.4 km in southeast from the site.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Lohabarrack Salt Water Crocodile Sanctuary is at a distance of 13 km in west and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is at 17 km distance in southwest.

The important tourist places within the study area and Port Blair Town are : Cellular Jail (National Memorial), Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Navel Marine Museum, Cottage Industry Emporium, Chatham Saw Mill, Zoological Garden, Dilthaman Tank Water Sports, Mount Harriet, Shipi Ghat Farm, Viper Island, Carbyns Cove South (Beach) and Ross Island, etc.

The Project is justified on the following facts :

v Proposed in the designated Harbour Area. v Devoid of corals and mangroves. v Established Navigation Facilities. v Suitability from topographical and geographical considerations. v No land acquisition or rehabilitation of population. v Existing natural protection from winds and waves.

1.8 CRZ Map

The entire proposal/construction falls in the ICRZ-II (Designated Port) areas. The HTL/LTL Map prepared in 1:4000 scale with Layout superimposed by the Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai has been submitted along with the recommendations of Andaman & Nicobar Coastal Zone Management Authority (ANCZMA) (Minutes of Meeting held on 12.08.2016) and are appended.

1.9 EIA Study

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The proposal was considered by the Hon’ble Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) - Infrastructure Development, CRZ, Building/Construction and Miscellaneous Projects during its 153rd Meeting (Item No. 3.2) held during 18th-20th November 2015 in determining the Terms of References (TOR) for undertaking the EIA study and approved. The finalised TORs were communicated vide MoEF&CC Letter F.No. 11- 34/2015-IA.III dated 15.12.2015.

ALHW has entrusted the EIA Study on M/s. Environmental System Consultants & Ambiente Lab Solutions Private Limited (Ensyscon), Chennai. The EIA Consultant has been accredited for the Sectors 1 (Mining), 4 (Thermal Power Plants), 9 (Cement Plants), 31 (Industrial Estates/SEZs), 33 (Ports & Harbours) - Category ‘A’ and Sector 38 (Building Proposals) - Category B by the National Accreditation Board for Education & Training (NABET), Quality Council of India (Sl. No. 51 in the List of Accredited EIA Consultants-5th September 2016).

Other than Dredging, the proposal does not fall in the threshold quantity Category for a Comprehensive EIA Study and thus, a Rapid EIA Study covering one Season data was proposed by the Department. Accordingly, the EIA Report has been prepared and submitted as per the awarded TOR by MoEF&CC. The baseline environmental monitoring was carried out during June-August 2015. The services of M/s. Ekdant Enviro Lab, an accredited Laboratory (Ref. No. T-1575) by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) were utilised for the physic-chemical environment monitoring.

The EIA Report has been prepared as per the generic structure proposed in EIA Notification 2006. The Draft EIA Report along with Summary EIA Reports (both in English & Hindi) were submitted for Public Consultation/Public Hearing.

The Public Hearing for the Proposal was conducted by the Andaman Nicobar Administration Pollution Control Committee (ANAPCC) on 21.05.2016 at the Panchayat Hall of the Hope Town Panchayat, South Andaman and the Proceedings are forwarded to the Ministry. All Issues raised in the Public Hearing are addressed along with ALHW Responses & time bound Action Plan in the Final EIA Report and submitted for the Environmental & CRZ Clearance of the Proposal.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

2.0 Project Profile

2.1 Climate & Oceanographic Data 2.1.1 Climate

The climate of A&N Islands is broadly divided into two seasons viz. wet monsoon season (May- September) and dry season (October-April). The nearest IMD Centre is Port Blair and the IMD wind roses for the past decade are given in the Annexure. During the monsoon periods, heavy winds ranging from 40 to 120 km per hour and incessant to heavy rains are observed in these Islands. The mean maximum temperature recorded at Port Blair is 30.5 oC and the mean minimum is 23.2 oC. The mean relative humidity is about 79.5%.

The rainfall continues throughout the year except for a short period of dry spell. The long-term normal annual rainfall of Port Blair is about 3,180 mm of which the southwest monsoon alone contributes about 95%. The mean annual rainy days are about 180. These Islands do not get any fog and as such normal visibility is available always. However, during heavy rains the visibility may be limited.

Seismicity : Entire of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands lie in Seismic Zone V. A&N Islnds are on Berma Plate which is under high tectonic activity and seismicity because of relative movement of Indian and Australian plates and tension created across fault line passing along the length of Andaman Nicobar Islands. Due to long and very active subsuduction zone, very frequent earthquake with very high magnitude are common.

A&N Islands are located near the epicenter of the original 9.3 Richter Scale earthquake occurred on 26th December 2004 in Banda Ache of Sumatra. Both island groups were not only devastated by the Tsunami, but also by the earthquake and several aftershocks that occurred near the islands in the following days.

The entire island chain is also susceptible to Tsunamies resulting from high intensity earthquakes occurring below the ocean floor. However, the Administration is equipped with disaster management and contingency plan mainly focusing on rescue and relief operations.

2.1.2 Wind

The proposed site is protected in southern and southwest directions by hill ranges of Port Blair and Bamboo flat and hence actual wind effect at site is very less. The predominant wind direction near the site are Southwest and Northeast though slight variations are noted in each month with mixed directions. The maximum wind velocity observed is 40 kmph.

2.1.3 Tide

Port Blair is the location for which regular Tide Tables are available. The spring tidal range at the proposed site is 2.50 m.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

2.1.4 Wave/Swell

As the Command Bay, in which Hope Town Wharf located, is well protected by hill ranges, no appreciable waves were observed. However, the location is subjected to locally generated waves from the East direction. The wave height observed is of the order of 30 cm. Also, extension of Wharf is proposed in the same alignment to the existing Wharf and thus, the berthing may be used effectively by all types of Vessels round the year.

2.1.5 Current

There is no appreciable under water current near the Wharf/site and no littoral drift is noted in this area. There is also no accretion/erosion problem at the Wharf area.

2.1.6 Sea Bed

There is no coral bed or mangroves growth at the Wharf area. The soil investigations carried out reveal that the bed soil is muddy and consists mainly of silty clay and sand for about 5 m below the bed and then soft clay, sand, stiff clay, hard clay, soft and hard rock fall below it. For these soil conditions, the steel sheet pile structure for the berthing face and cased bored cast in situ pile foundation are proposed.

2.1.7 Bathymetry & Sounding

The Naval Hydrographic Chart of Port Blair Harbour is given as Plate VI. ALHW has also carried out the sounding survey at proposed Extension & Dredging areas and the available depths are shown in Fig.2.1. Adjacent to the Wharf, available depth is in the range 9.6-13.5 m. The available depth in the proposed Wharf Extension area is between 3.9-10.7 m. The depth at proposed Dredging area is in the range 1.1- 13.8 m.

There is adequate depth along side of the proposed Wharf Extension area. Only to have clear cast-in/cast- off route of the Vessels berthing along side the proposed Wharf Extension, dredging is proposed.

2.2 Proposed Activities

The Proposal envisages the following activities : v Extension of Wharf of Size 60 m x 20.50 m founded on bored Cast-in-situ RCC piles of 800 mm dia. v Dredging of 8,400 cu.m in 3,000 sq. m area (100 m X 30 m) to clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessel while berthing alongside.

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v Casting the cast-in-situ beams berthing wall and slabs. v Casting ducts, etc. v Wearing coat and other miscellaneous works. v Special repair to the existing structure, if required.

The Layout and Sections of Wharf Extension are given as Figs. 2.2-2.4. A detailed DPR has also been prepared and submitted by ALHW.

The entire work is to be completed in 24 months from the date of required Approvals and Sanction. The Project Cost is Rs.17.49 crores (Table 2.1).

Table : 2.1 Project Cost with Breakup

Sl. No. Description of item Estimated Cost, Rs. in Lakhs 1 Extension of Wharf 1212.63 2 Dredging the sea bed in Hard strata for the 192.71 proposed extension area of Wharf 3 Providing water supply to the extended portion 2.81 of Wharf 4 Providing area lighting to the extended portion 5.48 of Wharf 5 Contingency @3% 42.41 6 Design Consultancy @ 1% of Item No.1 12.13 7 Proportionate cost of T&P 80.00 8 Underwater Inspection, Hire Charges of Survey boats, Cost of Survey instruments & minor T&P 3.85 (2% of Dredging) 9 Service Tax @ 14% on work value of Schedule- I,II,III & IV as per Order No.F.No.334/5/2015- 196.63 TRUDtd:-28.02.2015 Total 1748.65

The Proposal is expected to generate the following employment potential during construction period :

Un-skilled : 6,500 persons/man days in a year. Skilled in different trades : 1,625 persons/man days in a year. Engineers : 10 persons/man days in a year

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

2.3 Required Materials & Source

Coarse and fine aggregates together constitute 10,000 cu m. which will be sourced from local approved stone quarry at Brookshabad near Port Blair @ 9 km distance. The proposed construction of Wharf Extension requires the following materials.

Cement : 1200 MT Steel : 650 MT MS Plate 6mm thick : 300 MT Silica : 32000 kg

No sea sand will be used for the Project. River Sand from approved quarries in Mainland only will be used. Steel and other materials will be sourced from Mainland or local market in Port Blair. The materials shall be transported to the site through existing transport facilities available to Hope Town viz. sea route and NH-223.

2.4 Water Demand & Source

2.5 Wastewater Generation, Treatment & Disposal

During the Construction Phase, there will be a wastewater generation to the tune of 100 lits./day due to the construction activities which may reach the Harbour Waters and its water quality may be marginally affected. However, as there is much dilution available, its impact would be insignificant. During the Operation Phase, no trade effluent is anticipated from the Wharf operation. The existing domestic sewage generation to the tune of 1.5 cum/day from Wharf Management Office is being treated biologically in a septic tank followed by dispersion trench of adequate size. There is no change in the existing status after Extension.

2.6 Solid Waste Generation, Treatment & Disposal

During the Construction Phase, the dredged material of 8,400 cu.m will be generated and will be dumped in the Andaman Sea at a depth exceeding 20 meters. No reclamation is proposed. During the Operation Phase, no disposable solid/hazardous waste is anticipated from the project

2.7 Power Demand

Diesel operated pumps and motors will be used during the Construction Phase. There will not be any construction activity during night times. The diesel, oil, gas, etc. required during construction will be stored in the existing Department Store and will be used according to the requirement. ***

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.0 Description of the Environment (Baseline Status)

3.1 Study Area

The monitoring stations were identified within the study area of 10 km radius (Fig. 3.1) to have the baseline environmental status during June-August 2015 months. The Project Area does not fall in Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters listed by CPCB. Indane Bottling Plant and Solar (5 MW) and Diesel Power Plants (20 MW of Suryachakra at Bamboo Flat, Power Plants at Chatham and Phoenix Bay-20 MW) exist in the Project vicinity. However, Ships & Inter-island Boats movements, traffic movements in Port Blair Town and in ATR/NH-223 are the sources of air pollution in the study area though some Green and Orange Category Industrial activities in Dollygunj and Mithagari Industrial Estates. Other than Dredging, the proposal does not fall in the threshold quantity Category for a Comprehensive EIA Study and thus, an EIA Study covering one Season data has been prepared and submitted.

Physiography: The study area includes undulating terrain with main ridges running North-South. There are also spurs running East-West in between the main ridges. Deep inlets and creeks are formed by the submerged valleys. Flatlands are few and perennial streams are non-existent. The minimum and maximum elevation of the area are inbetween <1 - 383 m aMSL (Fig. 3.2). It is almost flat with gentle gradient towards southeast. Mount Harriet National Park (established in 1979) covers about 46.62 sq. km and Mount Harriet has the maximum elevation of 383 m (third highest peak in the Islands next to Saddle Peak - 732 m - in North Andaman and Mount Thullier - 568 m - in Great Nicobar).

Drainage Pattern : Several springs are encountered in the area due to its rugged topography (Fig. 3.3). There are also perennial streams in the Region viz. Dhanikhari Nalla and Mithagari Nalla. Dhanikhari flows from south to north for about 15 km from Chidiyatapu to Flat Bay. A reservoir, Dhanikhari Dam of 132 m long with 32 m height was constructed during British period over this stream, is primarily meeting the water requirement of Port Blair Town.

3.2 Environmental Components

Considering the Environmental setting of the project, project activities and their interaction, the following Environmental Attributes were considered for the EIA Study. v Site specific Micrometeorological Data on wind speed & direction (wind roses), temperature, humidity, cloud cover, atmospheric pressure along with rainfall. v Ambient Air Quality Assessment at 10 locations on 8-hourly basis, continuously for 2 days in a week for 4 weeks in the month for the parameters PM2.5, PM10, SPM (for Heavy Metals analysis in

Particulates), SO2, NOx, CO, HC, Particulate Lead, etc. as per Revised NAAQ Norms - GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009. v Noise Level Measurements at all air quality monitoring station for Leq, Lday and Lnight values once in the season. v Water Quality Assessment, grab sampling once, for Surface Waters (2 locations) as per CPCB Norms and Ground Waters (6 Locations) as per IS:10500 Norms.

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v Marine Water Quality Assessment – both surface (0.3 m) and depth (max. 10 m) at 6 Locations as per IS:7967 Norms for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas. v Soil Quality Assessment, including Sediment, at 5 locations for Textural, Physical & Nutrient parameters. v Land use pattern based on Satellite Imagery. v Biotic Attributes for Flora & Fauna (both Terrestrial & Aquatic). v Socio-Economic Profile, based on 2011-Census for Total Population, Household Size, SC / ST, Gender Composition, Literacy Level, Occupational Structure, etc.

3.3 Methodology Adopted

Micrometeorology : As a part of the study, the micrometeorology and microclimatic parameters were recorded by installing a weather monitoring station (Envirotech WM 200) near the Project Site at 9 m height. Data of wind velocity, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover and atmospheric pressure were recorded at hourly intervals along with rainfall during the monitoring period.

Ambient Air Quality : The study area represents the Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas with respect to Revised National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Norms stipulated by CPCB. Calibrated Fine Particulate Samplers (Envirotech APM 550) were used for monitoring of PM2.5 & PM10. Calibrated Respirable Dust Samplers (Envirotech APM 460 with flow rate ranging between 1.2-1.45 m3/min) are used for monitoring of PM10 and SPM. Gaseous samples are collected by integrated gas sampling assembly

(Envirotech APM 411). A tapping provided in the hopper of the sampler is utilised for sampling of SO2 and NOx, with proper flow controller and a flow of 1.0 l/min. Envirotech Organic Vapour Sampler (APM 850) are used for monitoring CO & HC. Particulate Lead (as Pb) is determined from the glass micro fibre filter papers used for PM10 & SPM monitoring.

PM2.5 & PM10 : The APM 550 system is a manual method for sampling fine particles and is based on impactor designs standardized by EPA for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. Ambient Air enters the APM 550 system through an omni-directional inlet designed to provide a clean aerodynamic cut point for particles greater than 10 microns. Particles in the air stream finer than 10 microns proceed to a second impactor that has an aerodynamic cut point at 2.5 microns. The air sample and the fine particulates existing from the PM2.5 impactor is passed through a 47 mm dia filter. Teflon filter membrane that retains the FPM. The APM 550 system allows removal of the PM2.5 impactor from the sample stream so that the same system may be optionally used as a PM10 sampler also.

SPM : The parameter SPM has been excluded from the revised NAAQ Norms for Ambient Air Quality. However, to have the baseline status of total particulates, SPM was included for the monitoring. Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) is attached with a cyclone. Air enters a vertical cylinder with a swirling (vortex) motion and particles larger than design cut-off (i.e. 10 um diameter) are deposited on the inner surface of the cylinder, whereas particles below 10 microns are deposited on the Whatman GF/A microfibre filter paper. RPM was calculated by taking the difference between final and initial weights of the filter paper and dividing by volume of air sampled at STP conditions. SPM was calculated by taking the difference between final and initial weights of the dust collection bottle plus filter paper and dividing by volume of air sampled.

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SO2 : Modified West & Gaeke method (spectrophotometric) was adopted. SO2 was collected in a scrubbing solution of sodium tetrachloro mercurate (TCM) and was allowed to react with sulphamic acid, formaldehyde and then with pararosaniline hydrochloride. The absorbance of the product red-violet dye was measured using UV Visible Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 560 nm. Concentration of SO2 was calculated by multiplying the absorbance with calibration factor and dividing by volume of air sampled.

NOx : Jacob and Hocheiser modified method was adopted. Nitrogen oxides as nitrogen dioxide were collected by bubbling air through sodium hydroxide-sodium arsenite solution to form a stable solution of sodium nitrite. The nitrite ion produced during sampling was determined spectrophotometrically (at 540 nm) by reacting the exposed absorbing reagent with phosphoric acid, sulphanilamide and N (1-naphthyl) ethylamine dihydrochloride. Concentration of NOx was calculated as described in SO2 measurement.

Ammonia : Indophenols method (APHA Method 401, Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd Edition) was adopted. Ammonia in the atmosphere is collected by bubbling a measured volume of air through a dilute solution of sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate. The ammonium sulphate formed in the sample is analysed colorimetrically by reaction with phenol and alkaline sodium hypochlorite to produce indophenols. The reaction is accelerated by the addition of Sodium nitroprusside as catalyst.

Ozone : IS:5182 Part IX (Methods for Measurement of Air Pollution - Oxidants)/ APHA Method 410 was adopted. Micro amounts of ozone and the oxidants liberate iodine when absorbed in a 1% solution of potassium iodine buffered at pH 6.8 ±0.2. The iodine is determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorption of tri-oxide ion at 352 nm.

CO : Envirotech APM 850 Organic Vapour Samplers are used for CO monitoring. Standard MSA tubes are used for monitoring carbon monoxide. A measured volume of air is passed at the flow rate of 100 to 200 ml/min for 1 to 8 hours and the colour change (yellow to green) in indicating gel filled in the detector tubes and is matched with the colour chart provided with detector tubes for finding out CO concentration.

HC : Battery operated, imported Drager Multiwarn Gas Analysers (Model II BD), was also used for HC monitoring.

Benzene : The charcoal tubes are available in different sizes and contain varying amount of activated charcoal. The ambient air was sucked through the tube using a low flow sampler used for collection of BTX sample in a way that results in an enrichment of the relevant substances in the activated charcoal.

Desorption of the adsorbed benzene was done using Carbon disulphide (CS2). The substances desorbed in

CS2 were analyzed by capillary Gas Chromatography.

Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP) is one of the most important constituent of PAH compounds and also one of the most potent carcinogens. This can be measured in both particulate phase and vapour phase. In the vapour phase the concentration of B(a)P is significantly less than the particulate phase. Therefore, more care to be taken for the measurement of Benzo(a) Pyrene in the particulate phase. It is based on BIS method IS 5182 (Part XII). This method is designed to collect particulate phase PAHs in ambient air and fugitive emissions and to determine individual PAH compounds using capillary Gas Chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Nickel and Arsenic : The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique makes use of absorption spectrometry to assess the concentration of an analyte in the sample. The method is based on active sampling using PM10 High Volume Sampler and then sample analysis is done by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Particulate Lead : The exposed glass fibre filter papers were cut into small pieces and to it 100 ml distilled water and 10 ml nitric acid were added and heated on a hot plate for 4-6 hours. The clear solution obtained after digestion was filtered and made upto 25 ml and were analysed on a Analytic Jena Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) employing Lead Hollow Cathode Lamp. Concentration of lead was calculated by taking the result obtained from AAS analysis and dividing it with the volume of air sampled.

The minimum detectable limits of the Air Pollutants are :

Parameters Method Detectable Limit Respirable Particulate Matter size < 2.5 Fine Particulate Samplers / Low 5 ug/m3 microns-PM2.5 volume sampling Gravimetric Respirable Particulate Matter size <10 Respirable dust sampler 5 ug/m3 microns-PM10 3 Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) Modified west and Greek method 6 ug/m 3 Nitrogen diozide (as NO2) Sodium Arsenite method 3 ug/m 3 Ammonia (NH3) Indophenol Blue method 5 ug/m 3 Ozone (O3) 8 Hourly Spectrophotometric method 2 ug/m Carbon Monoxide (CO) – 8 Hourly Absorption and extraction followed by 114.5 ug/m3 colour comparison Heavy Metals like Lead (Pb), As & Ni AAS method after sampling EPM filter 0.05 ug/m3 paper 3 Benzene (C6H6) Adsorption and desorption followed by 1.0 ng/m GC analysis Benzo (a) pyrene in particulate phase (Bap) Solvent extraction followed by GC 1.0 ng/m3

Noise Levels : Noise levels were monitored at all air monitoring locations during day time as well as night time in a day . A totally portable measurement systems, B&K type Lutron SL 4001 with an internal calibrator and wind screen was used. The built-in internal oscillation system 1 KHz sine wave generator (Bruel & Kjaer multi-function acoustic calibrator-Model 4226) is used for on the spot calibration at 94.0 dB(A) at 1000 Hz. The basic unit of measurement is A-weighted sound level, the most widely used scale. The measurements are taken in the fast mode and were sampled to yield statistical informations such as Leq (equivalent noise level).

Water Quality : Water samples of both surface and ground waters were collected during the survey period and analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature, DO, etc. were measured in the field itself while collecting the samples using a microprocessor based Portable Water Analysis Kit (Elico Model PE136). Samples for chemical analysis were collected as per IS:2488. Sterilised bottles were used for collection of water samples for bacteriological analysis.

Soil/Sediment Quality : Samples at 3 depths viz. 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm were collected using sampling augers and field capacity apparatus. Soil extraction (10%) were used for analysis of physical, chemical and other parameters.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Methodology Adopted for Water Analysis

Sl. No. Parameter Unit Reference Method 1 Taste & Odour As perceived IS:3025 (5/7)* As perceived 2 pH - IS:3025 (11) Digital pH meter 3 Colour Hazen units IS:3025 (4) Comparison with Standards 4 Turbidity NTU IS:3025 (10) Nephelometric 5 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l IS:3025 (16) Gravimetric 6 Total Hardness mg/l IS:3025 (21) Titrimetric (EDTA) 7 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 32 of IS3025 Colorimetric (Phenonthroline) 8 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l IS:3025 (32) Titrimetric (Argentometric) 9 Residual Chlorine mg/l IS:3025 (26) Titrimetric 10 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l IS:3025 (40) Titrimetric (EDTA) Titrimetric (by difference between Total 11 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l IS:3025 (46) Hardness and Calcium Hardness)

12 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l IS:3025 (23) Colour indicator titration 13 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l IS:3025 (38) Winkler titrimetric-azide modification

14 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l IS:3025 (24) Turbidimetric/Gravimetric

+ Distillation followed by Colorimetric 15 Fluoride (as F) mg/l IS:2488 (II) (SPADNS)

16 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l IS:3025 (34) Colorimetric (PDA) 17 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l IS:3025 (27) Colorimetric (Pyridine-Bispyrazolone) 18 Pesticides mg/ IS:2488 (III) Gas chromatograph Distillation followed by colorimetric 19 Phenols (as C H OH) mg/l IS:3025 (43) 6 5 (4-Aminoantipyrine) 20 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 35 of IS3025 Colorimetric (Persulpahte) 21 Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l IS:2488 (II) Colorimetric (Diphenyl carbazide) 22 Copper (as Cu) mg/l IS:3025 (42) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric 23 Selenium (as Se) mg/l IS:2488 (II) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric 24 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l IS:3025 (41) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric 25 Arsenic (as As) mg/l IS:3025 (37) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric 26 Boron (as B) mg/l IS:2488 (III) Colorimetric (Curcumin) 27 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l IS:3025 (48) Mercury analyser 28 Lead (as Pb) mg/l IS:3025 (47) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric 29 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l IS:3025 (49) Colorimetric (Dithizone) 30 Percent sodium % IS:2488 (V) From Na, K, Ca & Mg values 31 BOD-3 days@27 oC mg/l IS:3025 (44) 3 days @ 27oC 32 COD mg/l IS:2488 (V) Dichromate reflux 33 Oil & Grease mg/l IS:3025 (39) Gravimetric 34 Coliforms MPN/100 ml IS:1622 Multiple tube fermentation (5 tubes) No. of 35 Plate Counts IS:1622 Colony count in Agar-agar medium Colonies/ml * : IS:3025 (Parts)-Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Wastewater; + : IS:2488 (Parts)-Methods of Sampling and Test for Industrial Effluents.

Calibration : The monitoring and analytical instruments are being calibrated periodically. The correction factors, if any, are being used in computation of the data.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Flora-fauna : A general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km radius area were conducted and reported. Faunal survey covers the Terrestrial Fauna, Avian Fauna and Aquatic Fauna. The survey was based on personal observation, enquiry with local population and records available. This study included the identification of endangered and rare species as per Red Book.

Socio-Economic Survey : The Project does not involve resettlement/rehabilitation. The Socio-Economic profile of the population living in study area has been prepared based on Census 2011 data.

3.4 Micrometeorology 3.4.1 Regional Status

The Bay Islands, as they lie south of the Tropic of Cancer and are surrounded by the warm seas, enjoy a warm and humid climate. Nearly 92% of total area is covered by forest. There are only two seasons viz. Rainy Season (May-September) & Dry Season October-April) and virtually there is no Winter Season. The mean maximum temperature recorded at Port Blair is 30.5 oC and the mean minimum is 23.2 oC. The mean relative humidity at Port Blair is about 79.5%.

The rainfall continues throughout the year except for a short period of dry spell (February to April). The long-term mean annual rainfall of Port Blair is about 3,180 mm of which the southwest monsoon alone contributes about 95%. The mean annual rainy days are about 180. These Islands do not get any fog and as such normal visibility is available always. However, during heavy rains the visibility may be limited.

Seismicity : Entire of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands lie in Seismic Zone V. A&N Islands are on Berma Plate which is under high tectonic activity and seismicity because of relative movement of Indian and Australian plates and tension created across fault line passing along the length of Andaman Nicobar Islands. Due to long and very active subsuduction zone, very frequent earthquake with very high magnitude are common.

A&N Islands are located near the epicenter of the original 9.3 Richter Scale earthquake occurred on 26th December 2004 in Banda Ache of Sumatra. Both island groups were not only devastated by the Tsunami but also by the earthquake and several aftershocks that occurred near the islands in the subsequent days.

3.4.2 Site Specific Status

The abstract of collected hourly meteorological data (from Chatham Port Control Tower-PCT) are presented in Table 3.1. Based on the collected wind parameters, wind roses are drawn and presented as Fig. 3.4.

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Table : 3.1 Micrometeorological Data Location : Chatham PCT

Wind Velocity, kmph Predominant Wind Date % Duration Min. Max. Direction <1.6 1.6-5 5-11 11-19 19-29 (from)

01-02.07.2015 1.2 17.1 16.67 25.00 33.33 25.00 - SSW 02-03.07.2015 0.9 18.5 20.83 29.17 29.17 20.83 - S/SSW 03-04.07.2015 1.3 18.3 16.67 29.17 33.33 20.83 - SW/SSE 04-05.07.2015 1.1 22.7 16.67 33.33 25.00 16.67 8.33 SW/SSE 05-06.07.2015 0.8 24.3 20.83 25.00 29.17 16.67 8.33 S/SSE 06-07.07.2015 1.3 22.6 16.67 20.83 37.50 20.83 4.17 SW/SE 07-08.07.2015 1.1 20.3 12.50 25.00 37.50 20.83 4.17 SSW/SE 08-09.07.2015 1.2 24.3 16.67 29.17 29.17 16.66 8.33 SSW/S 09-10.07.2015 0.8 22.2 20.83 25.00 25.00 20.84 8.33 SW/SSE 10-11.07.2015 1.0 24.8 12.50 29.17 29.16 16.67 12.50 SW/SE 11-12.07.2015 0.8 24.8 16.67 33.33 25.00 16.67 8.33 SW/SSE 12-13.07.2015 0.7 20.7 16.67 29.17 29.16 20.83 4.17 SW/ESE 13-14.07.2015 0.9 21.6 20.83 29.17 25.00 16.67 8.33 SW/SE 14-15.07.2015 1.1 21.1 16.67 33.33 25.00 20.83 4.17 SSW/SE 15-16.07.2015 1.3 18.8 12.50 37.50 25.00 20.83 4.17 SW/SSE 16-17.07.2015 1.4 24.3 12.50 33.33 25.00 16.67 12.50 SW/S 17-18.07.2015 1.3 22.7 16.67 29.17 33.33 12.50 8.33 SW/SSE 18-19.07.2015 1.0 20.5 16.67 29.17 33.33 16.66 4.17 SE/SSW 19-20.07.2015 0.7 23.8 20.83 25.00 29.17 20.83 4.17 SE/SW 20-21.07.2015 0.8 24.1 20.83 29.17 25.00 16.67 8.33 SE/SW 21-22.07.2015 1.2 21.1 16.67 33.33 20.83 20.84 8.33 SE/ESE 22-23.07.2015 1.3 24.8 16.67 29.17 25.00 16.66 12.50 SE/SSE 23-24.07.2015 0.7 20.6 20.83 29.17 25.00 12.50 12.50 S/SSE 24-25.07.2015 1.1 21.7 16.67 33.33 20.84 20.83 8.33 S/SE 25-26.07.2015 1.0 18.5 12.50 37.50 25.00 25.00 - S/SSE 26-27.07.2015 0.9 27.8 16.67 33.33 25.00 16.67 8.33 SE/ESE 27-28.07.2015 0.8 24.7 16.67 29.17 20.83 20.83 12.50 SE/SW 28-29.07.2015 0.7 28.4 20.83 33.33 20.83 16.67 8.34 SW/SSW 29-30.07.2015 0.4 26.9 16.67 29.17 25.00 16.66 12.50 SE/SW 30-31.07.2015 0.6 26.2 20.83 25.00 20.83 20.84 12.50 SW/SSE 31.7-1.8.2015 0.8 24.3 16.67 29.17 25.00 16.66 12.50 SW/SE

Mon. Days 0.4 28.4 17.21 29.70 27.02 18.68 7.39 SW/SE Contd… Note : Abstract values are taken from the hourly readings (06:00-06:00 hrs.) recorded continuously during the monitoring period.

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Table : 3.1 (Contn.) Micrometeorological Data

Location : Chatham PCT

o Atmospheric Temperature, C Relative Humidity, % Cloud Cover Rainfall, Date Pressure (mean), (mean), oktas mm Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. mm of Hg

01-02.07.2015 24.5 29.5 26.7 56 97 2.9 758.5 0

02-03.07.2015 23.5 30.5 27.4 61 94 2.7 758.0 0

03-04.07.2015 25.0 31.0 27.8 58 98 2.4 758.0 0

04-05.07.2015 25.0 31.0 28.2 54 95 3.1 757.5 0

05-06.07.2015 24.5 30.5 28.4 59 93 3.3 757.5 0

06-07.07.2015 25.0 31.0 28.2 61 92 3.6 757.0 Traces

07-08.07.2015 25.5 31.0 29.0 66 94 3.1 757.0 0.5

08-09.07.2015 25.0 31.5 28.7 62 98 2.8 757.5 1.5

09-10.07.2015 25.5 31.0 28.4 58 96 2.4 757.5 0

10-11.07.2015 24.0 31.5 28.3 63 94 2.1 758.0 0

11-12.07.2015 24.0 30.5 27.8 60 92 2.7 757.5 0

12-13.07.2015 24.5 32.0 28.2 64 96 2.9 757.0 0

13-14.07.2015 24.5 30.5 27.2 61 93 3.8 757.5 2.0

14-15.07.2015 24.0 29.5 26.8 57 93 3.3 757.0 0

15-16.07.2015 24.0 29.0 27.1 55 95 2.7 756.5 0

16-17.07.2015 25.0 30.0 27.4 63 98 2.4 756.5 0

17-18.07.2015 24.5 30.5 27.8 62 96 2.6 757.0 0

18-19.07.2015 24.0 31.5 27.6 58 93 2.1 757.0 0

19-20.07.2015 24.0 31.5 28.1 56 94 2.7 757.0 0

20-21.07.2015 23.5 29.5 26.9 52 90 2.5 757.5 0.5

21-22.07.2015 23.5 28.5 26.3 50 92 2.4 758.0 0

22-23.07.2015 24.0 30.0 26.7 53 94 2.1 758.0 0

23-24.07.2015 24.5 31.5 26.4 55 97 2.9 758.5 0

24-25.07.2015 24.0 30.5 27.3 54 92 2.5 758.0 0

25-26.07.2015 25.0 31.5 27.5 52 94 2.4 758.5 0

26-27.07.2015 25.0 31.5 27.8 51 90 2.3 758.5 0

27-28.07.2015 24.5 31.0 28.1 48 93 2.8 757.5 0.5

28-29.07.2015 25.5 31.5 28.1 51 91 3.0 757.5 0

29-30.07.2015 25.0 31.0 27.4 55 95 2.7 758.0 0

30-31.07.2015 25.5 31.0 28.2 52 90 2.6 758.0 0

31.7-1.8.2015 25.0 31.5 28.3 48 89 2.4 758.5 0

Mon. Days 23.5 32.0 27.7 48.0 98.0 2.7 757.6 5.0

Note : Abstract values are taken from the hourly readings (06:00-06:00 hrs.) recorded continuously during the monitoring period.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

During the monitoring month, the predominant winds were from SW and SE directions. Wind velocity readings were ranging from 0.4 kmph to 28.4 kmph. Calm condition prevailed for about 17.21% of times. Winds in the velocity range of 1.6-11 kmph were predominant. The temperature values were ranging from 23.5 oC to 32.0 oC with a mean value of 27.7 oC. The relative humidity values were ranging from 48% to 98%. The mean atmospheric pressure value was computed as 757.6 mm of mercury. Clear and Partly Cloudy skies was observed most of the times. There were 5 rainy days with the total rainfall of 5.0 mm. The monitored meteorological data were found to be in compliance with local weather phenomena.

3.5 Ambient Air Quality

All 12 AAQ parameters were monitored in compliance with NAAQ norms. Heavy Metals Ni & As, Benzene and Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP) were monitored below their respective detectable limits in the study area (at all locations) and are not reported. Thus, common parameters are only reported. During the study, each

240 samples of PM2.5, PM10, SPM, SO2, NOx, Pb, CO and HC samples were collected and analysed.

The monitored ambient air quality data are presented in Tables 3.2-3.11. The abstract of those monitored data is given as Table 3.12 and the ambient air quality status in the study area as Table 3.13.

On the synthesized data, the following observations are made : v PM2.5 values were monitored in the range 4-34 ug/m3 with the mean value of 15.0 ug/m3 against the NAAQ Norm value of 60 ug/m3. v PM10 values were monitored in the range 7-55 ug/m3 with the mean value of 27.7 ug/m3 against the NAAQ Norm value of 100 ug/m3. 3 3 3 v SO2 levels were ranging from 6 ug/m to 18 ug/m with the mean value of 9.0 ug/m against the NAAQ limit value of 80 ug/m3. 3 3 3 v NOx levels were ranging from 3 ug/m to 24 ug/m with a mean value of 10.5 ug/m against the NAAQ limit value of 80 ug/m3. v Ammonia, Ozone, Carbon monoxide, Hydro carbons and Particulate Lead levels were monitored below detectable limits viz.5 ug/m3, 2 ug/m3, 114.5 ug/m3, 65 ug/m3 and 0.05 ug/m3 respectively. v Particulate Lead was found to be below the respective detectable limit of 0.05 ug/m3.

While comparing with the National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Standards revised as per GSR 826(E) dated

16.11.2009, all monitored PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, NH3, O3, CO, HC and Particulate Pb values were found to be well within the respective limit values for 8/24-hourly periods for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas.

Low standard deviation values reveal the fact that there is also no significant variation in pollutants' levels and a stable atmosphere is prevailing in the study area.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A1-Hope Town Wharf

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 4 11 26 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 7 13 30 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 5 9 21 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 6 10 24 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 8 13 28 <0.05 8 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 4 7 19 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 5 9 20 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 6 12 25 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 4 8 21 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 5 8 24 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 6 10 27 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 4 9 20 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 6 11 28 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 5 9 24 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 8 15 33 <0.05 6 6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 7 13 28 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 10 18 42 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 9 16 31 <0.05 8 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 17 36 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 7 15 31 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 5 11 27 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 7 16 35 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 20 48 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 9 17 36 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 4-11 7-20 19-48 <0.05 6-8 3-9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 6.5 12.4 28.5 <0.05 6.5 5.9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.3 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A2-North Bay

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 6 9 22 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 7 10 25 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 5 8 20 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 5 9 24 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 8 12 30 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 6 10 26 <0.05 6 6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 6 9 23 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 8 14 38 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 5 11 28 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 5 8 21 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 7 13 33 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 4 8 21 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 14 39 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 9 17 45 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 7 12 32 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 9 15 41 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 18 48 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 10 15 44 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 14 37 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 10 17 45 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 7 13 36 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 15 41 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 9 18 44 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 11 20 52 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 4-11 8-20 20-52 <0.05 6-7 3-8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 7.5 12.9 34.0 <0.05 6.3 5.4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.4 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A3-Chatham PCT

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 11 24 71 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 14 31 85 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 9 20 66 <0.05 11 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 28 78 <0.05 10 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 16 32 91 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 11 23 69 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 17 55 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 12 25 72 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 10 18 58 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 9 19 55 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 22 61 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 8 15 51 <0.05 6 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 21 59 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 15 33 77 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 11 23 66 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 14 30 75 <0.05 8 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 17 38 94 <0.05 11 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 10 21 68 <0.05 12 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 26 72 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 18 38 98 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 14 30 77 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 10 22 68 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 15 32 81 <0.05 13 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 11 24 77 <0.05 12 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 8-18 15-38 51-98 <0.05 6-13 7-16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 12.1 25.5 71.8 <0.05 9.3 11.3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A4-Phoenix Bay Complex

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 25 45 102 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 22 40 94 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 19 35 82 <0.05 11 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 37 85 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 22 41 90 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 17 31 72 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 38 81 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 25 45 97 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 19 35 82 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 18 33 76 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 20 38 88 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 16 29 64 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 37 85 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 25 51 112 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 21 38 90 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 23 39 93 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 27 50 108 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 24 42 95 <0.05 11 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 21 35 84 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 29 52 115 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 22 40 88 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 36 88 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 31 55 118 <0.05 11 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 25 42 96 <0.05 10 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 16-31 29-55 64-118 <0.05 6-12 7-15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 22.1 40.2 91.0 <0.05 9.6 11.9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.6 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A5-Junglighat (near Junction)

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 21 45 98 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 27 52 114 <0.05 13 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 18 38 88 <0.05 10 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 43 94 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 24 47 101 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 18 38 89 <0.05 14 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 38 87 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 22 41 95 <0.05 13 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 16 30 74 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 18 35 82 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 21 40 94 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 16 30 77 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 38 88 <0.05 11 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 24 46 104 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 22 41 95 <0.05 16 21 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 25 46 108 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 31 53 116 <0.05 13 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 23 41 95 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 22 39 94 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 34 55 122 <0.05 14 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 28 48 104 <0.05 15 20 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 37 88 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 25 53 116 <0.05 14 19 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 21 40 96 <0.05 11 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 16-34 30-55 74-122 <0.05 8-16 9-21 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 22.3 42.3 96.6 <0.05 11.5 14.6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A6-Brookshabad

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 14 22 55 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 16 28 71 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 12 20 53 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 10 17 49 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 15 23 63 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 11 18 52 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 20 55 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 14 25 67 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 10 17 52 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 15 48 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 10 21 56 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 9 17 50 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 9 19 53 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 23 64 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 10 21 58 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 20 55 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 16 28 70 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 10 22 63 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 10 18 51 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 15 26 67 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 12 21 58 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 14 23 60 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 20 55 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 10 18 50 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 8-16 15-28 48-71 <0.05 6-11 5-13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 11.7 20.9 57.3 <0.05 8.3 9.9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A7-Bathu Basti (Junction)

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 20 38 91 <0.05 12 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 26 47 109 <0.05 16 21 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 22 40 95 <0.05 11 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 18 37 88 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 23 41 95 <0.05 13 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 20 36 89 <0.05 10 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 21 39 93 <0.05 9 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 26 45 105 <0.05 11 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 17 35 83 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 15 33 80 <0.05 8 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 20 42 97 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 18 35 82 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 23 40 95 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 28 48 114 <0.05 13 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 25 44 103 <0.05 15 17 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 21 40 95 <0.05 14 20 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 25 45 107 <0.05 13 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 23 41 97 <0.05 18 24 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 38 92 <0.05 12 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 30 52 121 <0.05 17 21 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 25 46 106 <0.05 13 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 22 40 94 <0.05 11 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 32 55 126 <0.05 15 20 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 24 43 105 <0.05 12 17 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 15-32 33-55 80-126 <0.05 8-18 10-24 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 22.7 41.7 98.4 <0.05 12.1 15.9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A8-Mithagari

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 8 14 43 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 10 17 51 <0.05 8 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 6 10 38 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 7 12 41 <0.05 6 6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 9 16 48 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 5 8 35 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 6 10 37 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 8 13 44 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 7 13 40 <0.05 6 4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 6 11 38 <0.05 6 3 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 7 13 41 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 5 10 36 <0.05 6 6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 8 16 45 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 11 18 48 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 9 15 41 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 9 17 44 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 12 20 52 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 8 14 38 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 10 15 40 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 13 19 48 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 9 15 42 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 11 18 45 <0.05 6 5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 14 22 56 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 8 15 40 <0.05 8 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 5-14 8-22 35-56 <0.05 6-9 3-10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 8.6 14.6 43.0 <0.05 6.7 6.5 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A9-Ferrargunj

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 18 32 82 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 24 41 90 <0.05 14 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 16 30 75 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 15 27 71 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 19 33 85 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 13 22 63 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 17 30 73 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 20 35 88 <0.05 8 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 15 28 71 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 12 21 60 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 15 26 72 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 10 18 66 <0.05 6 6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 18 32 82 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 26 48 106 <0.05 13 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 21 39 90 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 24 42 95 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 27 45 102 <0.05 15 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 20 38 93 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 21 40 97 <0.05 14 17 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 31 52 112 <0.05 12 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 22 40 91 <0.05 9 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 25 47 104 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 28 48 110 <0.05 16 18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 20 41 98 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 10-31 18-52 60-112 <0.05 6-16 6-18 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 19.9 35.6 86.5 <0.05 10.0 12.4 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.11 Ambient Air Quality Data

Location : A10-Bamboo Flat (Passenger Hall)

Monitoring Particulates, ug/m3 Gaseous Pollutants, ug/m3

O3 CO Date & Day Period, hrs. PM2.5 PM10 SPM Pb SO2 NOx NH3 HC (8-hly.) (8-hly.)

06:00-14:00 18 34 82 <0.05 10 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 03-04.07.15 14:00-22:00 22 40 94 <0.05 13 16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Fri-Sat 22:00-06:00 14 25 71 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 16 30 80 <0.05 10 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 04-05.07.15 14:00-22:00 18 35 93 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 12 20 64 <0.05 7 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 13 21 67 <0.05 8 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 11-12.07.15 14:00-22:00 16 27 77 <0.05 9 10 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sat-Sun 22:00-06:00 11 20 62 <0.05 7 8 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 10 18 58 <0.05 7 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 12-13.07.15 14:00-22:00 13 21 63 <0.05 8 9 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Sun-Mon 22:00-06:00 11 19 60 <0.05 6 7 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 16 28 78 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 20-21.07.15 14:00-22:00 20 38 97 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Mon-Tue 22:00-06:00 18 33 84 <0.05 9 11 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 21 40 102 <0.05 10 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 21-22.07.15 14:00-22:00 18 35 92 <0.05 13 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Tue-Wed 22:00-06:00 15 28 78 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 24 41 104 <0.05 12 14 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 29-30.07.15 14:00-22:00 21 37 95 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Wed-Thu 22:00-06:00 17 33 87 <0.05 9 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

06:00-14:00 20 38 98 <0.05 10 12 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 30-31.07.15 14:00-22:00 22 40 105 <0.05 12 15 <5 <2 <114.5 <65 Thu-Fri 22:00-06:00 19 35 93 <0.05 11 13 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Minimum-Maximum (Range) 10-24 18-41 58-105 <0.05 6-13 7-16 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

Arithmetic Mean 16.9 30.7 82.7 <0.05 9.7 11.6 <5 <2 <114.5 <65

NAAQ Norms* 60 100 - 0.10 80 80 400 100 2,000 -

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SPM-Suspended

Particulate Matter; SO2-Sulphur dioxide; NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen; NH3-Ammonia; O3-Ozone; CO-Carbon monoxide and HC-Hydrocarbons (as CH4).

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas; - : Not Applicable/Not Available.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.12 Abstract of Ambient Air Quality Data

Pollutant Concentration, ug/m3 Sl. Parameter PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx No. 2 2 A1-Hope Town Wharf A2-North Bay 1 No. of Observations 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 2 Minimum 4 7 6 3 4 8 6 3 3 10th Percentile Value 4 8 6 4 5 8 6 3 4 20th Percentile Value 5 9 6 4 6 9 6 4 5 30th Percentile Value 5 10 6 5 6 10 6 5 th 6 40 Percentile Value 6 11 6 5 7 12 6 5 th 7 50 Percentile Value 6 12 6 6 8 13 6 5 8 60th Percentile Value 7 13 6 7 8 14 6 5 th 9 70 Percentile Value 7 15 7 7 8 15 6 7 th 10 80 Percentile Value 8 16 7 7 9 16 7 7 11 90th Percentile Value 9 17 8 8 10 18 7 8 12 95th Percentile Value 10 18 8 8 11 18 7 8 13 98th Percentile Value 11 19 8 9 11 19 7 8 14 Maximum 11 20 8 9 11 20 7 8 15 Arithmetic Mean 6.5 12.4 6.5 5.9 7.5 12.9 6.3 5.4 16 Geometric Mean 6.2 11.9 6.4 5.6 7.2 12.4 6.3 5.2 17 Standard Deviation 2.0 3.6 0.7 1.8 2.0 3.6 0.5 1.6 18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80 60 100 80 80 19 % Values exceeding Norms* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A3-Chatham PCT A4-Phoneix Bay Complex 1 No. of Observations 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 2 Minimum 8 15 6 7 16 29 6 7 3 10th Percentile Value 9 18 7 9 18 34 7 9 th 4 20 Percentile Value 10 21 8 9 20 35 9 11 5 30th Percentile Value 11 22 8 10 20 37 9 11 th 6 40 Percentile Value 11 23 9 10 20 38 10 12 th 7 50 Percentile Value 12 24 9 11 22 39 10 12 th 8 60 Percentile Value 12 26 10 12 22 40 10 13 9 70th Percentile Value 14 30 11 12 24 42 10 13 10 80th Percentile Value 14 31 11 13 25 45 11 13 11 90th Percentile Value 16 33 12 15 26 51 12 14 12 95th Percentile Value 17 37 12 15 29 52 12 15 13 98th Percentile Value 18 38 13 16 30 54 12 15 14 Maximum 18 38 13 16 31 55 12 15 15 Arithmetic Mean 12.1 25.5 9.3 11.3 22.1 40.2 9.6 11.9 16 Geometric Mean 11.8 24.8 9.1 11.1 21.8 39.7 9.5 11.7 17 Standard Deviation 2.7 6.3 2.1 2.4 3.7 6.7 1.7 2.1 18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80 60 100 80 80 19 % Values exceeding Norms* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Legend : PM2.5-Particulate Matter size less than 2.5 um; PM10-Respirable Particulate Matter size less than 10 um; SO2-Sulphur dioxide & NOx-Oxides of Nitrogen. Ammonia, Ozone, Carbon monoxide, Hydro carbons and Particulate Lead levels were monitored below detectable limits viz.5 ug/m3, 2 ug/m3, 114.5 ug/m3, 65 ug/m3 and 0.05 ug/m3 respectively. * : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.12 (Contn.) Abstract of Ambient Air Quality Data

Pollutant Concentration, ug/m3 Sl. Parameter PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx No. 2 2 A5-Junglighat A6-Brookshabad 1 No. of Observations 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 2 Minimum 16 30 8 9 8 15 6 5 3 10th Percentile Value 18 36 9 11 9 17 6 7 4 20th Percentile Value 19 38 10 12 10 18 7 8 5 30th Percentile Value 20 38 10 13 10 19 7 9 th 6 40 Percentile Value 21 40 10 13 10 20 8 9 th 7 50 Percentile Value 22 41 12 14 11 21 8 10 8 60th Percentile Value 22 43 12 15 12 21 9 11 th 9 70 Percentile Value 24 46 13 16 12 22 9 12 th 10 80 Percentile Value 25 47 13 18 14 23 10 12 11 90th Percentile Value 28 53 14 19 15 26 10 13 12 95th Percentile Value 31 53 15 20 16 28 11 13 13 98th Percentile Value 33 54 16 21 16 28 11 13 14 Maximum 34 55 16 21 16 28 11 13 15 Arithmetic Mean 22.3 42.3 11.5 14.6 11.7 20.9 8.3 9.9 16 Geometric Mean 21.9 41.7 11.3 14.3 11.5 20.7 8.1 9.6 17 Standard Deviation 4.4 6.8 2.2 3.1 2.3 3.4 1.5 2.3 18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80 60 100 80 80 19 % Values exceeding Norms* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A7-Bathu Basti A8-Mithagari 1 No. of Observations 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 2 Minimum 15 33 8 10 5 8 6 3 3 10th Percentile Value 18 35 9 12 6 10 6 4 th 4 20 Percentile Value 20 38 10 13 7 12 6 5 5 30th Percentile Value 20 39 10 14 7 13 6 5 th 6 40 Percentile Value 21 40 11 15 8 14 6 5 th 7 50 Percentile Value 23 41 12 16 8 15 6 7 th 8 60 Percentile Value 23 42 13 16 9 15 7 7 9 70th Percentile Value 25 44 13 17 9 16 7 8 10 80th Percentile Value 25 45 14 19 10 17 8 8 11 90th Percentile Value 27 48 16 21 12 19 8 9 12 95th Percentile Value 30 51 17 21 13 20 8 9 13 98th Percentile Value 31 54 18 23 14 21 9 10 14 Maximum 32 55 18 24 14 22 9 10 15 Arithmetic Mean 22.7 41.7 12.1 15.9 8.6 14.6 6.7 6.5 16 Geometric Mean 22.3 41.3 11.8 15.5 8.3 14.2 6.6 6.2 17 Standard Deviation 4.1 5.4 2.7 3.5 2.4 3.5 1.0 1.9 18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80 60 100 80 80 19 % Values exceeding Norms* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.12 (Contn.) Abstract of Ambient Air Quality Data

Pollutant Concentration, ug/m3 Sl. Parameter PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx PM2.5 PM10 SO NOx No. 2 2 A9-Ferrargunj A10-Bamboo Flat 1 No. of Observations 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 2 Minimum 10 18 6 6 10 18 6 7 th 3 10 Percentile Value 14 23 6 7 11 20 7 8 4 20th Percentile Value 15 28 7 9 13 21 8 9 5 30th Percentile Value 17 30 8 10 15 27 9 10 6 40th Percentile Value 18 32 9 12 16 28 9 11 7 50th Percentile Value 20 37 10 13 18 33 10 12 8 60th Percentile Value 21 40 11 13 18 35 10 12 9 70th Percentile Value 22 41 12 15 19 35 10 13 10 80th Percentile Value 24 43 12 16 20 38 11 14 11 90th Percentile Value 27 48 14 17 22 40 12 15 th 12 95 Percentile Value 28 48 15 18 22 40 13 15 th 13 98 Percentile Value 30 50 16 18 23 41 13 16 14 Maximum 31 52 16 18 24 41 13 16 15 Arithmetic Mean 19.9 35.6 10.0 12.4 16.9 30.7 9.7 11.6 16 Geometric Mean 19.2 34.4 9.6 11.8 16.4 29.7 9.5 11.3 17 Standard Deviation 5.3 9.3 3.0 3.6 3.9 7.7 1.9 2.6 18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80 60 100 80 80 19 % Values exceeding Norms* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.13 Ambient Air Quality Status

No. of Locations : 10 Sample Size : 8-Hourly

Pollutant Concentration, ug/m3 Sl. Parameter No. PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx

1 No. of Observations 240 240 240 240

2 Minimum 4 7 6 3

th 3 10 Percentile Value 6 11 6 5

th 4 20 Percentile Value 8 15 6 7

5 30th Percentile Value 10 18 7 8

6 40th Percentile Value 11 21 8 9

7 50th Percentile Value 14 27 9 10

8 60th Percentile Value 17 33 9 12

9 70th Percentile Value 20 38 10 13

th 10 80 Percentile Value 22 40 11 14

th 11 90 Percentile Value 25 45 13 16

th 12 95 Percentile Value 27 48 14 18

13 98th Percentile Value 30 52 15 20

14 Maximum 34 55 18 24

15 Arithmetic Mean 15.0 27.7 9.0 10.5

16 Geometric Mean 13.3 26.1 8.6 9.6

17 Standard Deviation 7.1 12.9 2.7 4.3

18 NAAQ Norms* 60 100 80 80

19 % Values exceeding NAAQ Norms 0 0 0 0

* : NAAQ Norms-National Ambient Air Quality Norms-Revised as per GSR 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas.

National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.

1. 24-hly./8-hly. values should be met 98% of the time in a year; however, 2% of the time it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. 2. Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.6 Noise levels

The movements of Vehicles, Ships & Boats, Vehicle Ferries & transport vehicles and the Harbour activities are the main sources of Noise in the study area. The Study Area represents Industrial (Harbours), Commercial, Residential and Rural Area Categories to compare with MoEF&CC Ambient Noise (Leq) Norms. The monitored noise levels are presented in Table 3.14.

Table : 3.14 Noise Level Status

Monitoring Dates : 09-10.07.2015

Noise Levels, dB(A) Sl. Monitoring Representing Day Time (06:00-22:00 hrs.) Night Time (22:00-06:00 hrs.) No. Location Area Lmin. Lmax. Leq Lmin. Lmax. Leq Industrial 1 A1-Hope Town Wharf 31.4 82.6 39.8 30.7 78.4 36.9 (Harbour) 2 A2-North Bay Residential 32.6 88.1 40.1 31.1 82.6 37.4 3 A3-Chatham PCT Industrial 34.2 93.8 42.6 32.6 88.4 39.2 4 A4-Phoenix Bay Complex Industrial 34.9 97.3 45.4 33.6 92.7 41.4 5 A5-Junglighat Commercial 34.4 100.7 45.9 33.9 95.5 42.7 6 A6-Brookshabad Residential 33.1 90.4 40.7 32.9 80.4 38.1 7 A7-Bathu Basti Commercial 34.2 101.3 45.4 32.8 92.8 42.1 8 A8-Mithagari Residential 30.7 88.6 40.2 30.1 77.5 38.8 9 A9-Ferrargunj Residential 32.9 95.1 41.6 30.6 92.4 39.7 10 A10-Bamboo Flat Commercial 33.5 98.8 42.4 31.9 88.9 40.2 Study Area 30.7 101.3 42.4 30.1 95.5 39.7 MoEF&CC Norms* for Residential Areas - - 55 - - 45 MoEF&CC Norms for Commercial Areas - - 65 - - 55 MoEF&CC Norms for Industrial Areas - - 75 - - 70

Legend : Lmin.-Minimum Level; Lmax.-Maximum Level & Leq-Equivalent Noise Level.

* : MoEF Norms-Ministry of Environment and Forests’ Ambient Noise Norms (Leq) for Residential Area; Day time is reckoned in between 6 a.m and 10 p.m. and Night time is reckoned in between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

Note : A warning limit value of 85 dB(A) may be set as the level below which very little risk to unprotected ear of earring impairment exists for 8-hour exposure.

In the study area, the ambient noise levels during day times were ranging from 30.7 dB(A) to 101.3 dB(A) with Leq values ranging from 39.8 dB(A) to 45.9 dB(A). During night times, the values were ranging from 30.1 dB(A) to 95.5 dB(A) with Leq values ranging from 36.9 dB(A) to 42.7 dB(A).

The day Leq value was computed to be 42.4 dB(A) and the night Leq value was 39.7 dB(A). All monitored Leq noise levels were found to be well within the MoEF Norms of 55 dB(A) for day times and 45 dB(A) for night times for their respective Categories.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.7 Water Environment 3.7.1 Geology

A&N Islands are composed mainly of thick Eocene sediments deposited on Pre-Tertiary sandstone, silt stone and shale with intrusions of basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks (Fig. 3.5). In the geologically Younger Richie’s archipelago, calcareous sand stones are more common. These Islands, with Preparis and Cocos, formed one continuous hill connecting with Myanmar through Cape Negrais.

A&N Islands formed 1120 km stretch part of Aracan Yoma Range of Burma on the East of which lie curious Islands like Narcondum and Barren. This range was separated from Nicobars. Further in South, Nicobar Island was separated from Sumatra by a strait of 600 fathoms deep and about 48 km wide.

The dormant Barren Island Volcano belongs to the immediate Sunda group of Volcanoes while the long extant Narcondum Volcano belongs to the Pegu group, both belonging to the general Sunda group. These Volcanic Islands in-line with Nicobars form one of the principal lines of weakness in the earth’s surface. Andamans are just off this and is the possible reason that Andamans are escaping violent earthquakes while Nicobars are subject to them.

3.7.2 Hydrogeology

The islands are in the active orogenic belt involving frequent uplifts and thus, there is no well developed surface water system. Moreover, the topography is very rugged with major trend of the mountain chain along the length of the island and there is no scope of well developed drainage system or canals. There are no natural lakes also.

A number of springs originate from the forests clad hills in both the igneous and sedimentary terrain and most of them are being utilized for rural water supply by Andaman Public Works Department (APWD). Many of the spring fed streams have been bunded at higher altitudes to create a small reservoir from which water flows down by gravity through pipe lines to the villages located at lower altitudes or foot hills. With the decline of ground water table during dry season, the discharge from the spring decreases and majority of them dry up.

Some springs are encountered in the Study area due to its rugged topography. It has been revealed from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) studies that the average discharge of the springs in the lean period was in the order of 10 -50 lpm. Hydrogeologically, there are three major formations viz. porous formation consist of beach sand with coral rags and shells, thin cover of alluvium in the valleys & foot hills and moderately thick pebbly valley fill deposits (colluvium) in the narrow intermontane valleys constitute the water table aquifer.

The thickness of the beach sand and alluvial deposits ranges from 3 m to 6 m. The colluvial deposits in narrow intermontane have much higher potentiality. One borewell of 152 mm diameter drilled by CGWB down to 16.50 m bgl (tapping the total thickness of the saturated colluvial deposits), yielded 72 m3/hr during the pumping for 500 minutes. The drawdown was recorded as 5.67 m and Transmissivity was calculated as 127 m2/day.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The fissured formation consist of the Upper Cretaceous Ophiolite Suite of rocks including the basic volcanics, the ultrabasic and intermediate to acid plutonic rocks. Based on the compactness and fracturing of these rocks, the rocks are again classified as consolidated group and semi consolidated group.

As per CGWB observations, the weathered sandstone are poor aquifers whereas the weathered volcanics rocks act as moderate to good aquifers. Results of 18 exploratory bore wells in South Andaman show that the deeper fractures imparting secondary porosity and permeability are restricted within 60 mbgl in sedimentary rocks. and within 52.7 m in the volcanics and the intermediate plutonic rocks. The most productive fracture zones are in the volcanic rocks in the depth range of 14-20 m and 45-52 m where an intrusion of ultrabasic rock (Serpentinites) was noticed.

The yield of the bore well was recorded as 44.67 m3/hr, drawdown after 500 minutes of pumping was 8.23 m, Transmissivity was calculated and found 139.6 m2/day. In the area covered by the fractured sedimentary rocks, Mithakari Sandstones and Shales were encountered and found to be dry.

Water Levels : Periodic water level measurements are being taken by CGWB twice in a year, for premonsoon (May) and for postmonsoon (December) periods. The depth to water levels were ranging between 2- 5 m during premonsoon and within 2 meter during postmonsoon periods. The water level trend has been analysed for all measurements which shows that there is a rising trend of water level in majority of the wells to the tune of .021 to 1.19 m/yr.

3.7.3 Stage of Ground Water Development

The watershed or administrative unit could not be applied for computation as per the GEC 1997 Norm here, since the islands are generally separated. Thus, the water resources of these Islands are taken into consideration by CGWB. During computation, the intermontane valleys and relatively flat topographical areas were considered as recharge areas. The hilly areas having slope more than 20% are deducted from the geographical area available in the inhabited islands. The Rainfall Infiltration Method was adopted for resource estimation. Base flow of ground water through springs was also noticed and the discharge was computed and added to ground water draft. The estimated resources are as follows :

Area considered for Resource Estimation : 7860.51 sq. km Ground Water Assessment Unit : 36 inhabited Islands Gross Ground water Recharge : 326.273 MCM Tentative Base Flow : 5.475 MCM Net Ground water Recharge : 320.798 MCM Current Annual Gross Ground Water Draft for drinking : 11.978 MCM Annual allocation of groundwater for domestic and industrial water supply upto next 25 yrs. : 7.907 MCM Available ground water for future use : 302.772 MCM

Stage of Ground water development : 3.73 % Categorisation (for future ground water development) : Safe

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.7.4 Water Quality

The important problem in the Islands is non-availability of continuous supply of fresh water. The groundwater is being tapped mainly through dugwells as deep tube wella are rich in iron concentration beyond the permissible limit. Fresh water bearing shallow aquifers near to the coastal belt are contaminated with saline water in Post-tsunami Scenario.

The monitored water quality data are presented in Tables 3.15-3.17 and the abstract of those data is given as Table 3.18.

The surface water samples were monitored with pH in the range 7.22-7.38. DO levels were in the range 4.8-5.4 mg/l. TDS values were monitored in the range of 210-230 mg/l. Chloride values ranging from 42 mg/l to 50 mg/l. Iron content was found to be in the range 0.06-0.08 mg/l. Oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent. Trace metals were found to be in traceable levels. BOD and COD values were found to be <1 mg/l and 3-4 mg/l respectively. The surface water quality were found to be within the prescribed CPCB Norms.

The pH of the ground water samples were ranging from 7.29-7.63. TDS and Chloride values were found to be in the range 220-330 mg/l and 40-58 mg/l respectively. Iron content was found to be in the range 0.04- 0.09 mg/l. BOD and COD values were found to be <1 mg/l and 2-6 mg/l respectively. Oil & Grease, Cyanides, Phenols, Pesticides, etc. were found to be absent. Most of the trace metals were monitored to be below their detectable limits. In general, the water quality of ground waters were found to be within the prescribed IS:10500 Norms for Drinking in the absence of an alternative source.

The pH values of the marine water samples were ranging in between 8.01-8.12. Colour and odour of the samples were found to be in agreeable condition. DO levels were monitored in the range 5.2-5.8 mg/l against the minimum limit value of 3 mg/l. TDS and Chloride values were found to be in the range 33,000- 37,000 mg/l and 18,200-20,200 mg/l respectively. Iron content was found to be in the range 0.12-0.22 mg/l. BOD and COD values were found to be 1-5 mg/l and 60-78 mg/l respectively. Oil & Grease, Cyanides, Phenols, Pesticides, etc. were found to be absent. Most of the trace metals were monitored to be below their detectable limits. Total Coliforms were found to be in the range 40-540 MPN/100 ml. The marine water quality was found to be in compliance with IS:7967 Norms.

3.8 Land Environment 3.8.1 Soil Status

The Soil of the Andaman & Nicobar islands have been classified into three orders, ie. Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols. The main agricultural soils are found in the valleys and are of alluvial and colluvial origin. The coastal areas prone to tidal floods may have acid sulphate soils on the whole soil of these islands are nutritionally poor and their organic matter content is on the decline (CGWB Report). The soils in the study area are either in situ on the hill ranges or deposited in the valleys or along the coast as transported soils. Along the coast, the soil is sandy and contains shingles, old corals, etc. and is extremely porous. In the valley and the lower slopes of hills, the soil is clayey loam. On the hills, it is stiff clay with dark red loam.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.15 Surface Water Quality Data

Monitoring Date : 16.07.2015

SW1 Sl. SW2 CPCB Parameter Public Water Supply at No. Mithagari Nallah Norms* HT Wharf (Surface Source)

i Sampling Time, hrs. 13:00 11:45 - 1 pH 7.38 7.22 6.5-8.5 2 Colour, Hazen units <2 <2 10-30 3 Temperature, oC 27.3 26.8 - 4 Turbidity, NTU 0.4 0.6 - 5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.8 5.4 4.0-6.0 6 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 8 8 - 7 Electrical Conductivity, umhos/cm 360 320 - 8 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 230 210 500/2100

9 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 90 70 - 10 Calcium Hardness, mg/l 40 30 - 11 Magnesium Hardness, mg/l 50 40 - 12 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 16 12 - 13 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 12 10 - 14 Sodium (as Na), mg/l 16 14 - 15 Potassium (as K), mg/l 1 1 - 16 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 50 42 250/600

17 Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l 18 12 400-1000

18 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 45 35 - 19 BOD-3 days @ 27 oC, mg/l <1 <1 2-3 20 COD, mg/l 3 4 - 21 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil Nil - 22 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.08 0.06 0.3/5.0 23 Fluorides (as F), mg/l 0.12 0.08 1.5

24 Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l 0.03 0.02 -

25 Phosphates (as PO4), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 26 Cyanides (as CN), mg/l Nil Nil - 27 Pesticides (as Malathion), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 -

28 Phenols (as C6H5OH), mg/l Nil Nil - 29 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 30 Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 31 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 1.5 32 Selenium (as Se), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 33 Aluminium (as Al), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 34 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 - 35 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.05-0.2 36 Boron (as B), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 2 37 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 - 38 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.1 39 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 1.5/15 40 Percent Sodium, % 27.6 29.9 - 41 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml -0- <2 50-5000 42 Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml -0- -0- - 43 E. Coli, MPN/100 ml -0- -0- -

*: CPCB Norms-Central Pollution Control Board Norms for Surface Waters.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.16 Ground Water Quality Data

Monitoring Date : 16.07.2015

W1 W4 W2 W3 W5 W6 Sl. Dugwell, Dugwell, IS:10500 Parameter Dugwell, Dugwell, Dugwell, Dugwell No. Hope Gara- Norms* Ferrargunj Mithagari Junglighat Near PBC Town charma i Sampling Time, hrs. 12:45 12:15 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 - ii Water Level at /Well Depth-bgl, m 0.7/1.8 0.5/2.7 0.3/3.1 0.6/1.6 0.9/3.8 0.6/2.7 - 1 pH 7.43 7.29 7.34 7.56 7.63 7.54 6.5-8.5 2 Colour, Hazen units <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 5/15# 3 Temperature, oC 26.8 27.0 26.9 27.2 27.0 27.2 - 4 Turbidity, NTU 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.4 1/5 5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.3 - 6 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 8 12 9 10 16 8 - 7 Electrical Conductivity, umhos/cm 380 400 340 480 500 440 - 8 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 240 260 220 310 330 280 500/2000

9 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 90 100 60 100 90 110 200/600 10 Calcium Hardness, mg/l 50 60 30 40 50 50 - 11 Magnesium Hardness, mg/l 40 40 30 60 40 60 - 12 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 20 24 12 16 20 20 75/200 13 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 10 10 7 14 10 14 30/100 14 Sodium (as Na), mg/l 18 16 14 21 26 20 - 15 Potassium (as K), mg/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 16 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 58 54 40 52 56 54 250/1000

17 Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l 16 12 12 20 23 18 200/400

18 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 40 50 30 60 50 50 200/600 19 BOD-3 days @ 27 oC, mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 - 20 COD, mg/l 3 6 2 4 3 2 - 21 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil - 22 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.3 23 Fluorides (as F), mg/l 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.10 1.0/1.5

24 Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 45

25 Phosphates (as PO4), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 26 Cyanides (as CN), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.05 27 Pesticides (as Malathion), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Abst./0.001

28 Phenols (as C6H5OH), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.001/0.002 29 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 30 Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 31 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05/1.5 32 Selenium (as Se), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 33 Aluminium (as Al), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03/0.2 34 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.003 35 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01/0.05 36 Boron (as B), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.5/1.0 37 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 38 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 39 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 5/15 40 Percent Sodium, % 30.0 25.6 33.2 31.1 38.2 28.1 - 41 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml -0- 2 <2 <2 4 2 Absent 42 Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml -0- -0- -0- -0- 2 -0- Absent 43 E. Coli, MPN/100 ml -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- Absent

* : IS:10500 :2012-Drinking Water Standards; # : Requirement/Permissible Limit in the absence of alternate source.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.17 Marine Water Quality Data Monitoring Date : 16.07.2015 (Max./Mean values of Surface & Depth Samples) MW1 MW2 MW3 Sl. Andaman Sea, Harbour IS:7967 Parameter Hope Town No. 2 km away from North Entrance Norms* Wharf Bay (Ref. Water) 11042’22.29” N 11041’08.46” N 11041’49.94” N i Latitude-Longitude 92046’47.09” E 92045’11.94” E 92043’25.66” E - ii Sampling Period, hrs. 06:45-07:00 06:00-06:15 07:45-08:00 - 1 pH 8.12 8.11 8.08 6.5-8.5 2 Colour, Hazen Units No noticeable color No noti. color No noticeable color No noticeable color 3 Odour (as perceived) No offensive odour No offen. odour No offensive odour No offensive odor 4 Floating Materials No Visible Solids No Visible Solids No Visible Solids No visible SS 5 Temperature, oC 27.7 27.6 27.5 - 6 Salinity, ppt (Surface) 31.4 31.3 31.2 - 7 Turbidity, NTU 0.6 0.8 1.0 - 8 Dissolved Oxygen (min.), mg/l 5.6 5.5 5.6 3.0 9 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 10 14 18 - 10 Electrical Conductivity, umhos/cm 49000 48000 46000 - 11 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 37000 36000 34500 -

12 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 6600 6600 6300 -

13 Calcium Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 2400 2200 2100 -

14 Magnesium Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 4200 4400 4200 - 15 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 960 880 840 - 16 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 1008 1056 1008 - 17 Sodium (as Na), mg/l 9900 9600 9300 - 18 Potassium (as K), mg/l 270 280 240 - 19 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 20200 19800 19200 -

20 Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l 2200 2100 2050 -

21 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 160 140 120 - 22 BOD-3 days, 27oC, mg/l 1 3 2 5 23 COD, mg/l 78 74 70 - 24 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.1 25 Fluorides (as F), mg/l 1.16 1.08 0.91 -

26 Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l 0.24 0.20 0.18 -

27 Phosphates (as PO4), mg/l 0.41 0.32 0.24 - 28 Free Ammonia (as N), mg/l 0.08 0.06 0.08 1.2

29 Nitrites (as NO2), mg/l 0.18 0.20 0.21 - 30 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (as Cl), mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.002

31 Phenols (as C6H5OH), mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.1 32 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.17 0.14 0.12 - 33 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.04 0.03 0.02 - 34 Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.03 0.01 0.01 - 35 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.05 0.04 0.02 - 36 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0003 37 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 38 Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 39 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 40 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 41 Percent Sodium, % 75.6 75.0 75.4 - 42 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 48 120 40 1000 43 Phytoplanktons, Nos./l 4500 3600 2400 - 44 Zooplanktons, Nos./cu.m 8600 7200 5700 - *: IS:7967 Norms-Indian Standard Criteria for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas; Harbour-for Harbour Waters & Others-for Bathing, Recreation, Shell Fish and Commercial Fish Culture, Salt Manufacture, etc.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.17 (Contn.) Marine Water Quality Data Monitoring Date : 16.07.2015 (Max./Mean values of Surface & Depth Samples)

MW6 Sl. MW4 MW5 IS:7967 Parameter Junglighat No. Chatham Basin PBC Basin Norms* Harbour 11041’10.07” N 11040’30.85” N 11039’32.92” N i Latitude-Longitude 92043’23.15” E 92044’03.84” E 92043’24.41” E - ii Sampling Period, hrs. 08:15-08:30 05:30-05:45 09:15-09:30 - 1 pH 8.06 8.03 8.01 6.5-8.5 2 Colour, Hazen Units No noticeable color No noticeable color No noticeable color No noticeable color 3 Odour (as perceived) No offensive odour No offensive odour No offensive odour No offensive odor 4 Floating Materials No Visible Solids No Visible Solids No Visible Solids No visible SS 5 Temperature, oC 27.6 27.4 27.7 - 6 Salinity, ppt (Surface) 31.1 30.8 30.5 - 7 Turbidity, NTU 1.2 1.4 1.6 - 8 Dissolved Oxygen (min.), mg/l 5.8 5.2 5.4 3.0 9 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 14 18 21 - 10 Electrical Conductivity, umhos/cm 45500 44500 44000 - 11 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 34000 33500 33000 -

12 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 6500 6100 6100 -

13 Calcium Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 2200 1800 1700 -

14 Magnesium Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 4300 4300 4400 - 15 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 880 720 680 - 16 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 1032 1032 1056 - 17 Sodium (as Na), mg/l 9200 8900 8800 - 18 Potassium (as K), mg/l 200 180 220 - 19 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 18800 18400 18200 -

20 Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l 1900 1950 1780 -

21 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 100 120 130 - 22 BOD-3 days, 27oC, mg/l 3 5 5 5 23 COD, mg/l 66 60 66 - 24 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.1 25 Fluorides (as F), mg/l 1.02 0.96 0.84 -

26 Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l 0.14 0.17 0.22 -

27 Phosphates (as PO4), mg/l 0.20 0.32 0.36 - 28 Free Ammonia (as N), mg/l 0.12 0.21 0.16 1.2

29 Nitrites (as NO2), mg/l 0.18 0.16 0.22 - 30 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (as Cl), mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.002

31 Phenols (as C6H5OH), mg/l Nil Nil Nil 0.1 32 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.22 0.18 0.21 - 33 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.03 - 34 Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.02 0.05 0.04 - 35 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.11 0.18 0.12 - 36 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0003 37 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 38 Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 39 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 40 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 41 Percent Sodium, % 74.7 75.3 75.0 - 42 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 170 350 540 1000 43 Phytoplanktons, Nos./l 3200 2100 2600 - 44 Zooplanktons, Nos./cu.m 5800 4600 5400 - *: IS:7967 Norms-Indian Standard Criteria for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas; Harbour-for Harbour Waters & Others-for Bathing, Recreation, Shell Fish and Commercial Fish Culture, Salt Manufacture, etc.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.18 Water Quality Status

Concentration Range & Norms Sl. Parameter No. Surface CPCB Ground IS:10500 Norms* for Waters Norms+ Waters Drinking Waters

1 pH 7.22-7.38 6.5-8.5 7.29-7.63 6.5-8.5 2 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 210-230 500-2100 220-330 500-2000* 3 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.8-5.4 4.0-6.0 4.0-4.4 - o 4 BOD (3 days @ 27 C), mg/l <1 2-3 <1 -

5 COD, mg/l 3-4 - 2-6 -

6 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil - Nil -

7 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 42-50 250-600 40-58 250-1000 8 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.06-0.08 0.3-5.0 0.04-0.09 0.3

9 Trace Metals, mg/l <0.01-Traces 0.05-5.0 <0.01-Traces <0.001-<0.01 10 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 0-<2 50-5000 0-4 Absent

+: CPCB Norms-Central Pollution Control Board Norms for Surface Waters. * : IS:10500 :2012-Drinking Water Standards; # : Requirement/Permissible Limit in the absence of alternate source.

Marine Water Quality Status

Concentration Range & Norms Sl. Parameter No. Marine Waters IS:7967 Norms*

1 pH 8.01-8.12 6.5-8.5

2 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 33000-37000 -

3 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.2-5.8 3.0

4 BOD (3 days @ 27 oC), mg/l 1-5 5

5 COD, mg/l 60-78 -

6 Oil & Grease, mg/l Nil 0.1

7 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 18200-20200 -

8 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.12-0.22 -

9 Trace Metals, mg/l <0.0001-0.18 <0.0001-0.2

10 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 40-540 1000

*: IS:7967 Norms-Indian Standard Criteria for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas; Harbour-for Harbour Waters & Others-for Bathing, Recreation, Shell Fish and Commercial Fish Culture, Salt Manufacture, etc.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

To assess the soil & sediment (at proposed Dredging Area) quality, 5 locations were identified as per the existing land use pattern. The monitored soil quality data are given in Table 3.19.

The soil in the area was found to be silty loam. The pH of the samples collected was found to be in neutral to slightly alkaline range. Electrical Conductivity of the samples, except Dredged Material, were ranging between 0.92-1.78 mmhos/cm. NPK values were found to be present in significant concentrations. Organic content was monitored in the range 0.81-1.12%. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) values were in the range 17.7-26.4 meq/100 g. The rate of infiltration was ranging from 3.8-4.3 cm/hr. Sodium Absorption Ratio values were in the range 1.82-2.87 against the desired limit of <5. There was no heavy metals intrusion/leaching into the ground strata. The soil would support vegetation, if amended suitably.

Sediment Quality : The texture was loam in nature. The pH of the sample collected was found to be in alkaline range. Electrical Conductivity of the sample was 3.02 mmhos/cm.Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) value was found to be 18.4 meq/100 g. The trace metals were found to be in lower ranges :

Antimony (as Sb), mg/kg Nil Arsenic (as As), mg/kg 0.04 Beryllium (as Be), mg/kg Nil Mercury (as Hg), mg/kg Nil Cadmium (as Cd), mg/kg 0.05 Chromium (as Cr-VI), mg/kg 0.11 Selenium (as Se), mg/kg Nil Tellurium (as Te), mg/kg 0.01 Thallium (as Tl), mg/kg 0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/kg 0.15 Zinc (as Zn), mg/kg 0.26

3.8.2 Land Use

For land use pattern, the Satellite data of IRS P6 LISS-III-FCC dated 15th Feb. 2013 (Fig. 3.6) was used to bring out the spatial pattern in land use (Fig. 3.7). Land Use based on Census is given in Table 3.20.

In the study area, out of 11,151.68 Ha of total area, (excluding Municipal Area & Census Towns) forest area (FA) covers 2,192.45 Ha (19.66%), Area under Non Agricultural Use (NAU) covers 1,642.69 Ha (14.73%), Barren & Uncultivabla Land Area (BUCL) covers 453.55 Ha (4.06%), Permannet Pastures & Grazing Land (PGL) covers 239.69 Ha (2.14%), Culturable Waste Land (CWL) covers 668.34 Ha (5.99%), Net Area Sown (AS) covers 1,296.22 Ha (11.62%) and Total unirrigated Land Area covers 1,558.23 Ha (13.97%).

The regular agricultural practice is being carried out in minimum area due to undulating topographic nature of the terrain. Thus, most of the people were engaged in the secondary and tertiary activities. The major crop is paddy, fed by monsoon rains. Some paddy fields are saline affected in Post-Tsunami. Crops like coconut, areca nut, banana and spices are grown in the high lands. In low lying plain lands and valley-fills, crops like rice, rabi-pulses, sweet-potato, tapioca, papaya, sugarcane and seasonal vegetables are grown. Cash-crops like rubber, red-oil, palm, cashew-nuts are also grown.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.19 Soil Status

Monitoring Date : 17.07.2015

Location & Mean Values (for 1 m Depth) S5 Sl. S3 Desirable Parameter S1 S2 S4 Barren No. Forest Range* Wharf Dredging Agri. Field, Land, Area, Area Area Mithagari Gara- N/Bay charma Dark 1 Colour Brown Dark Grey Brown Grey - Brown 2 Compaction Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium -

3 pH (10% Solution) 7.68 8.03 7.63 7.81 7.88 5.5-9.0

4 Electrical Conductivity, mmhos/cm 1.37 3.02 0.92 1.14 1.78 0.2-0.5

5 Natural Moisture Content, % 15.6 - 17.7 16.6 14.8 -

6 Organic Carbon, % 0.94 1.03 1.12 0.96 0.81 >0.75

7 Nitrogen (as N), % 0.008 0.004 0.014 0.012 0.007 0.01-0.02

8 Phosphorus (as P), % 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002-0.004

9 Potassium (as K), % 0.011 0.014 0.006 0.008 0.01 >0.01

10 Sodium (as Na), ppm 120 380 80 100 150 -

11 Calcium (as Ca), ppm 70 100 80 80 90 -

12 Magnesium (as Mg), ppm 60 90 40 60 70 -

13 Chlorides (as Cl), ppm 150 420 140 180 220 -

14 Sulphates (as SO4), ppm 70 180 60 100 110 -

15 Cation Exchange Capacity, meq/100g 21.7 18.4 26.4 20.9 17.7 10-30

16 Grain Size Distribution :i. Sand, % 21.8 35.1 17.0 19.5 31.2 -

ii Silt, % 68.5 60.3 70.2 66.4 61.7 -

iii Clay, % 9.7 4.6 12.8 14.1 7.1 -

17 Textural Class Silty loam Loam Silty loam Silty loam Silty loam Loam

18 Bulk Density, g/cc 1.32 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.35 -

19 Infiltration Rate, cm/hr 4.1 - 4.3 4.1 3.8 -

20 Field Capacity, % 23.2 - 25.8 25.1 19.8 -

21 Wilting Coefficient, % 1.0 - 1.6 1.2 0.4 >0.4

22 Available Water Storage Capacity, % 22.2 - 24.2 23.9 19.4 -

23 Sodium Absorption Ratio 2.53 6.61 1.82 2.05 2.87 <5

- : Not included. * : Desirable Range for High Production Soil.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

3.9 Biological Environment

About 92% of the total area of A&N islands is covered with luxuriant growth of tropical forest rarely found elsewhere in India. The forests have been categorised as one of the highest potential productivity zones in India resembling tropical rain forsts owing to favourable climate and terrain conditions. The forests are unique in character and possess enormous biological diversity. About 2,200 rare species of trees found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The islands have an equally unique and interesting fauna. The fauna includes mostly birds, reptiles and arboreal mammals. Some of the animals, birds and reptiles are rare and endemic to these islands. Top carnivore mammals are completely absent.

Forests in the study area fall under South Andaman Range. The natural vegetation is categorized as evergreen forest studded with mangroves along the seacoast. Low level evergreen moist and semi- deciduous forests cover the area from high tide waterline to about 300 m. The forests are rich in match wood, plywood, hardwood, ornamental wood, cane, resins and gums. The Harbour site and its nearby Municpal area has both natural and planted flora.

The tidal swamp forests are confined with the areas of low lying banks of creeks, tidal and mud flats and the areas permanently wet with salt water submerged during the high tide. The mangrove forests are salt tolerant forest ecosystem of the tropical and sub tropical inter tidal regions. They are excellent resting and breeding grounds for fishes, crustaceans, molluscs, bird and reptiles. They are also excellent fuel woods with termite resistant timber. Mangroves are predominant along the coast of Tyler’s Hat, Bumiltan creek, the area adjacent to the Homfray’s Ghat, the area between Hathitapu jetty and Mithakhari jetty and Bricade creek near Shore Point.

Mangroves species found in the study area includes Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Heritiera littoralis, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Exoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum, Aegiceras corniculatum, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Nypa fruticans etc.

Commercial fishing in these Mangrove areas is often carried out using handline, cast nets, bamboo traps and barrier nets.

Corals : Due to its long coastal stretch, these islands have a very rich marine biodiversity. They harbour more than 1200 species of fish, 350 species of echinoderms, 1000 species of molluscs and many more lower forms of life. Corals and Coral reefs are the most fascinating part of marine ecosystem here. So far 179 species of corals belonging to 61 genera have been reported. Reefs are mostly fringing type on eastern coast and barrier type on the western coast. Important genera include Acropora, Montipora,Pocillipora,Porites, Favia, Fungia, Gonopora, Millipora and Heliopora. There are also the presence of different varieties of shells as Turbo, Trochus, Murex and Nautilus. Shells such as Giant clam, Green mussel and Oyster support edible shellfishery. There is also presence of species called Cephalopoda, which includes Octopus, Squid, and Nautilus etc. There are many corals, fishes and sea horses. The sites are devoid of corals due to consistent exposure of to atmosphere and tidal changes.

The Flora and Fauna lists, recorded in the study area, are given as Tables 3.21-3.22.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.21 Flora in the Study Area

Sl. Common/ Status/ Botonical Name Life From Frequency No. Vernacular Name Occurrence 1 Acanthus illicifolius Sea Holly Fern Common Occasional 2 Acrosichum aurbum Mangrove fern Fern Common Occasional 3 Acrostichum aureum golden leather fern Fern Common Frequent 4 Actephila excelsa Tree Common Occasional

5 Adenanthrea pavonina Coralwood Tree Common Occasional 6 Ageratum conyzoides Goatweed Herb Common weed Occasional 7 Ailanthes triphysa White Bean Tree Common Occasional 8 Albizia lebbeck (Koko) Koko Small tree Common Occasional Ammorphophallus 9 Dragon Arum Shrub Common Occasional campanulatus, 10 Amoora wallichii, Amoora Tree Common Occasional 11 Anacardium occidentale Cashewnut Tree Common Occasional 12 Ananas comosus Pineapple Shrub Common Occasional 13 Areca catechu Arecanut Tree Common Frequent 14 Artocarpus chaplasha Tounpinne Tree Common Occasional 15 Artocarpus heterophylla Jack Fruit Tree Common Occasional 16 Artocarpus lacucha Monkey Jack Tree Common Occasional 17 Asparagus racemosa Satawari Climber Common Frequent 18 Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Epiphyte Fern Common Occasional 19 Avicennia marina Grey Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrov Frequent e 20 Avicennia officinalis Indian Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrov Frequent 21 Axozopus compressus Earpet grass Grass Commone Frequent 22 Azadirachta indica Neem Tree Common, Planted Frequent 23 Barclaya longifolia Orchid Lily Aquatic herb Rare Rare 24 Barringtonia racemosa Powder puff Mangrove Small tree Common Occasional 25 Bombax insigne Didu Small tree Common Occasional 26 Borassus flabelifer Palmyrah Tree Common Frequent 27 Breynia vitis ideae Mountain Coffee bush Shrub Common Occasional 28 Bruguiera cylindrica White Burma Small tree Common,mangrov Frequent 29 Bruguiera gymnorhiza BurmaMangrove Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrove Occasional 30 Bulbophyllum sp. Bulb Epiphyte Orchid Commone Occasional 31 Caesalpinia bonduc Katkaranj Straggling shrub Common Occasional 32 Caesalpinia bonduc Warri tree Tree Common Occasional 33 Calamus viminalis Bitter Rattan Palm Grass Common Occasional 34 Calophyllum inophyllum Indian laurel/Poon Tree Common Occasional 35 Canarium euphyllum Dhup Tree Common Frequent 36 Caricapapaya Papaya Small tree Common Occasional 37 Caryota mitis Fish tail palm Palm Common Occasional 38 Casuarina eqesetifolia Jhaw Tree Common Frequent 39 Ceiba pentandra Ceiba Tree Common Occasional 40 Cerebra Manghas Odalam Small tree Common Occasional 41 Ceriops tagal Tagal Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrov Frequent 42 Chionanthus terniflora Fringe Tree Tree Commone Occasional 43 Chloris barbata Swollen finger grass Grass Common Frequent Communist grass/ 44 Chromolaena odorata Shrub Common weed Dominant Butti pathi 45 Chrysopogon aciculatus Golden Beardgrass Grass Common Occasional

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. Common/ Status/ Botonical Name Life From Frequency No. Vernacular Name Occurrence 46 Chukrasia velutina indian mahogany Tree Common Occasional 47 Cinnamomum tamala Bay Leaf Small tree Common Occasional 48 Citrus limon Lemon Small tree Common Frequent 49 Clerodendrum inerme Glory Bower Shrub Common Frequent 50 Clerodendrum viscosum Hill Glory Bower Shrub Common Frequent 51 Cocculusvent. hirsutus Broom Creeper Climbing shrub Common Occasional 52 Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Palm Common, planted Frequent 53 Cocus nucifera Coconut palm Tree Common Frequent 54 Cordia subcordata Beach Cordia Small tree Common Frequent 55 Crinum asiaticum Asiatic poison bulb Herb Common Frequent 56 Crossandra Firecracker Flower Shrub Common Frequent 57 Cryatoxyloninfundibuliformis formosum Mampat Tree Common Occasional 58 Cyclea peltata Raj patha Climber Common Frequent 59 Cynometra ramiflora Wrinkled Pod Small Tree Common Occasional 60 Delonix regia GulMangrove mohar Tree Common Frequent 61 Dendrobium aphyllum Leafless Dendrobium Epiphyte Common Occasional 62 Dendrobium secundum Tooh brush orchid Epiphytic orchid Common Occasional 63 Dendrolobium Horse Bush Shrub Common Occasional 64 Derrisumbellatum trifoliata Common Derris Climber Common Frequent 65 Dicranopteris linearis Old World forked fern Epiphyte Fern Common Frequent 66 Dillinia pentagyna Dog Teak Tree Common Occasional 67 Dinochloa scandens Climbing Bamboo Shrub Common Occasional 68 Diploknema butyracea Indian Butter Tree Tree Common Occasional 69 Diptercarpus coastatus Dau Tree Common Frequent 70 Diptercarpus grandiflora Gurjan Tree Common Occasional 71 Dipterocarpus alatus hairy-leafed apitong Tree Common Occasional 72 DodoneaRoxb., viscosa Hop Bush Shrub Common Occasional 73 Dracaena angustifolia Surumai pathi Shrub Common Occasional 74 Drymoglossum Pagong-pagongan Climbing Common Frequent 75 Drynariapiloselloides quercifolia Basket fern Epiphyte Common Occasional 76 Eleusine endica Wild finger millet Grass Common Frequent 77 Entada pursaetha Gila Climbing shrub Common Occasional 78 Entada purseatha Sea Bean Climber Common Frequent 79 Eragrostis sp. Grey Lovegrass Grass Common Frequent 80 Erycibe paniculata Bind Weed Shrub Common Frequent 81 Erythrina variegata, Indian Coral Tree Tree Common Frequent 82 Eupatorium odoratum Agrimony Shrub Common Frequent 83 Exoecaria agallocha Blind man tree Small tree Common Frequent 84 Ficus altissima Fig Small tree ,mangroveCommon Occasional 85 Ficus hispida Dumar Small tree Common Occasional 86 Ficusarnottiana Pipal Tree Common Occasional 87 Flagellaria indica Bush cane Straggler Common Occasional 88 Garuga pinnata grey downy balsam Tree Common Occasional 89 Gigantochloa nigrociliata Black Hair Bamboo Grass Common Occasional 90 Gliricidia sepium Mexican Lilac Small tree Common Frequent 91 Gnetum ula Fir Climber Common Occasional 92 Grewia disperma Crossberry Tree Common Frequent 93 Grewia laevigata Two lobed Crossberry Tree Common Frequent 94 Guettarda speciosa Zebra Wood Small tree Common Occasional

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. Common/ Status/ Botonical Name Life From Frequency No. Vernacular Name Occurrence 95 Heritiera littoralis Sundari Small tree Common,mangrov Occasional 96 Hernandia peltata Tree Commone Occasional 97 Heteropogon contortus black spear grass Grass Common Frequent 98 Hibiscus tiliaceus Beach Hibiscus Small tree Common Frequent 99 Hopea odorata Roxb. white thingan Tree Common Occasional 100 Hoya parasitica Wax Plant Climbing shrub Common Occasional 101 Illigera trifolia Illigera Climber Common Occasional 102 Imperata Cylindrica Cogon grass Grass Common Frequent 103 Intsia bijuga Moluccan ironwood Small tree Common Occasional 104 Ipomoea pes-caprae Railway creeper Creeping shrub Common Frequent Seashore centipede 105 Ischaemum muticum Creeping grass Common Occasional grass 106 Ixora parviflora Ixora Shrub Common Frequent 107 Jasminum grandiflorum Jasmin Shrub Common Frequent 108 Kandelia candal, Narrow leaved Kandel Small tree Common Occasional 109 Lagerstroemia Andaman pyinma Tree mangroveCommon Frequent 110 Lannaeahypoleuca coromandelica Nabbe Small tree Common Occasional 111 Leea indica Bandicoot berry Shrub Common Occasional 112 Licuala peltata Mangrove fan palm Shrub Common Frequent 113 Lippia nodiflora Turtle grass Herb Common weed Frequent 114 Lumnitzera racemosa Black Mangrove Tree Common Occasional 115 Lycopodium phlegmaria Tassle fern Epiphyte Common Frequent 116 Lygodium flexuosum Climbing fern Fern Common Frequent 117 Maesua andamanica Wild berry Shrub Common Frequent 118 Mallotus peltatus False White Teak Tree Common Occasional 119 Mangifera andamanica Jungli Aam Tree Common Occasional 120 Mangifera indica Mango Tree Common Frequent 121 Manihot esculenta Tapioca Shrub Common Frequent 122 Manilkara littoralis Bullet wood tree/sea Tree Common Frequent 123 Melastoma Melastomemahua Shrub Common Occasional 124 Mimusopsmalabathrium littoralis Maulsari Tree Common Frequent 125 Morinda citrifolia Noni Shrub Common Occasional 126 Morinda umbellata Mulberry Shrub Common Frequent 127 Mucuna gigantea Sea bean Climbing shrub Common Occasional 128 Murraya koenigii Curry Leaf Small tree Common Frequent 129 Musa paradisiaca Banana Small tree Common Frequent 130 Mussaenda frondosa Mussaenda Shrub Common Frequent 131 Myrisitca andamanica Nutmeg Tree Common Frequent 132 Myrisitca fragrans Nutmeg Tree Common Occasional 133 Nypa fruticans Dhani Palm Common,mangrov Frequent 134 Oryza sativa Paddy Herb Commone Frequent 135 Pajanelia rheedii Jhingam Tree Common Occasional 136 Pandanus tectorius Keora Small tree Common Frequent 137 Parishia insignis Red dhup Tree Common Occasional 138 Paspalum distichum Knot Grass Grass Common Frequent 139 Phoenix paludosa Date Palm Palm Common Frequent 140 Planchonia andamanica billygoat plum Tree Common Occasional 141 Pluchea tomentosa Camphor Weed Shrub Common Occasional 142 Pometia pinnata Chit gand Tree Common Occasional

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Sl. Common/ Status/ Botonical Name Life From Frequency No. Vernacular Name Occurrence 143 Pongamia pinnata Karanj Small tree Common Occasional 144 Pothos scandens Climbing Aroid Climber Common Occasional 145 Premna corymbosa Appa Shrub Common Frequent 146 Pteris quadriaurita Striped Brake Fern Common Occasional 147 Pterocarpus Padauk Tree Common Frequent 148 Pterocymbiumdalbergioides tinctorium Papitha Tree Common Occasional 149 Pterospermum Kanak Champa Tree Common Occasional 150 Rhizophoraacerifolium apiculata Tall stilt Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrov Frequent 151 Rhizophora mucronata Asiatic Mangrove Small tree Common,mangrove Frequent 152 Saccahrum spontaneum Kans Grass Grass Commone Frequent 153 Sageraea elliptica Laamok Tree Common Occasional 154 Scaevola sericea Half Flower Shrub Common Occasional 155 Semecarpus kurzii Marking Nut Tree Common Occasional 156 Sida acua Bala Herb Common Frequent 157 Sonneratia caseolaris, crabapple mangrove Small tree Common Frequent 158 Stachytarpheta indica Indian Snake weed Herb Commonmangrove weed Occasional 159 Sterculia rubiginosa - Small tree Common Occasional 160 Sterculia villosa Hairy Sterculia Tree Common Frequent 161 Syzygium aromaticum Clove Small tree Common Occasional 162 Syzygium Java apple/safed Tree Common Occasional 163 Syzygiumsamarangense Waxjamun Apple Tree Common Frequent 164 Tagetessamarangense erecta Marigold Herb Common Frequent 165 Tamarindus indicus Tamarind/Imli Tree Common, planted Frequent 166 Terminalia catapa Indian Almond Tree Common Frequent 167 Terminalia procera Badam Tree Common Frequent 168 Tetrameles nudiflora False hemp Tree Tree Common Frequent 169 Thaurra sarmentosa Grass Common Occasional

170 Thespesia populnaea Indian Tulip Tree Small tree Common Occasional 171 Trichosanthes Jungli chichinda Climber Common Occasional 172 Urariatricuspidata lagopodioides Hare Foot Uraria Fern Common Occasional 173 Urena lobata Caesarweed Shrub Common weed Frequent 174 Ventilago maderaspatna Red Creeper Climber Common Occasional 175 Vernonia cinerea Podina ghas Herb Common weed Frequent 176 Vigna marina Wild mung Creeping shrub Common Occasional 177 Vitex glabrata Chaste Tree Tree Common Frequent 178 Vitex trifolia Samalu Shrub Common Frequent 179 Wedelia biflora Beach Sunflower Creeping herb Common Occasional 180 Xylocarpus granatum Sundari Small tree Common Frequent 181 Xylocarpus mollucensis Cedar Mangrove Small tree mangroveCommon Frequent mangrove

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.22 List of Fauna

Mammals

Common Name Scientific Name Bat, Andaman Lesser Shortnosed Fruit Cynopterus brachyotis brchysoma Bat, South Andaman Horseshoe Rhinolophus cognatus cognatus Cat, Jungle Felis chaus Civet, Andaman Masked Palm Paguma larvata tytleri Deer, Barking Muntiacus muntjak (Deer, Spotted) or Chital Axis axis Dolphin, Common Delphinus delphis Dugong Dugong dugong Flying Fox, Andaman Pteropus melanotus tytleri Macaque, Pigtailed Macaca nemestrina leonina Mouse, House Mus musculus castaneus Pig, Andaman Wild Sus scrofa andamanensis Rat, House Rattus rattus andamanensis Shrew, Andaman Island Spiny Crocidura hispida Vampire, Malay False Megaderma spasma Elephant Elephus maximus

Reptiles

Common Name Scientific Name Bronze Back, Andaman Dendrelaphis ahaetulla andamanensis Cobra, King Ophiophagus Hannah Gecko, Andaman Day Phelsuma andamanense Gecko, House Hemidactylus frenatus Gecko, Spotted Gehyra mutilate Krait, Andaman Banded Bungarus andamanensis Krait, Common Bungarus caeruleus Kukri, Andaman Banded Oligodon woodmasoni Lizard, Andaman Garden Calotes andamanensis Lizard, Common Garden Calotes versicolor Lizard, Garden Calotes calotes Monitor, Andaman Water Varanuz salvator andamanensis Python, Reticulated Python reticulates Skink, Andaman Mabuya andamanensis Snake, Amphibious Sea Laticauda laticauda Snake, Andaman Blind Typhlops andamanensis Snake, Andaman Cat Boiga andamanensis Snake, Andaman Water Xenochropis piscator andamanensis Snake, Water Xenochropis piscator melanzostus Snake, Banded Swamp Cantoria violacea

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Common Name Scientific Name Snake, Blackheaded Hill Sibynophis bistrigatus Snake, Boie’s Water Xenochropis trianguligera Snake, Colubrine Amphibious Sea Laticauda colubrine Snake, Common Blind Typhlops braminus Snake, Common Water Xenochropis piscator piscator Snake, Green Tree Dendrelaphis cyanochloris Snake, Indian Rat Ptyas mucosus Snake, Whitebellied Water Fordonia leucobalia Trinket, Green Elaphe prasina Turtle, Green Sea Chelonia mydas Turtle, Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata squamata Turtle, Lathery or Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Turtle, Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus Viper, Andaman Pit andersoni

Crabs

Common Name Scientific Name Calappa hepatica Leptodius sanguineus Grapsus spp. Mictyris longicarpus Matuta vistor Tetragonon spp. Sesarma bidens Etisus laevimanus Thalamita spp. Uca spp.

Avifauna

Common Name Scientific Name Baza, Andaman Blackcrested Aviceda leuphotes andamanica Bea-eater, Andaman Chestnutheaded Merops leschenaulti andamanensis Bee-eater, Bluetailed Merops philippinus Bulbul, Andaman Blackheaded Pycnonotus atriceps fuscoflavescens Bulbul, Andaman Redwhiskered Pycnonotus jocosus whistleri Bunting, Yellow breasted Emberiza aureola aureola Crake, Andaman Banded Rallina canningi Crow-Pheasant, Andaman Centropus andamanensis Cuckoo Cuculus Canorus canorus Cuckoo-Dove, Andaman Macropygia rufipennis andamanica Cuckoo-Shrike, Andaman Large Coracina novaehollandiae andamana Curlew-Sandpiper Calidris testacea Dove, Andaman Emerald Chalcophaps indica maxima Drongo, Andaman Racket-tailed Dicrurus paradiseus otiosus Drongo, Large Andaman Dicrurus andamanensis dicruriformis Drongo, Small Andaman Dicrurus andamanensis andamanensis

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Common Name Scientific Name Duck, Spotbill Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha Eagle, Andaman Dark Serpent Spilornis elgini Eagle, Andaman Pale Serpent Spilornis cheela davisoni Eagle, Whitebellied Sea Haliaeetus leucogaster Egret, Little Egretta garzetta garzetta Egret, Smaller Egretta intermedia intermedia Flowerpecker, Andaman Dicaeum concolor virescens Flycatcher, Andaman Blacknaped Monarch Hypothymis azurea tytleri Hawk-Eagle, Andaman Crested Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis Hawk-Owl, Andaman Brown Ninox affinis affinis Heron, Andaman Little Green Ardeola striatus spodiogaster Kingfisher, Andaman Blue-eared Alcedo meninting rufigaster Kingfisher, Andaman Ruddy Halcyon coromanda mizorhina Kingfisher, Andaman Storkbilled Pelargopsis capensis osmastoni Kingfisher, Andaman Threetoed Forest Ceyx erithacus macrocarus Kingfisher, Andaman Whitebreasted Halcyon smyrnensis saturatior Kite, Brahminy Haliastur indus indus Kite, Pariah Milvus migrans govinda Koel, Andaman, Eudynamys scolopacea dolosa Lapwing, Greheaded Vanellus cinereus Lorikeet, Indian Loriculus vernalis vernalis Magpie-Robin, Andaman Copsychus saularis andamanensis Minivet, Andaman Scarlet Pericrocotus flammeus andamanensis Moorhen, Indian Purple Porphyrio porphyrio policephalus Munia, Andaman Whitebacked Lonchura striata fumigata Myna, Andaman Hill Gracula religiosa andamanensis Myna, Andaman Whiteheaded Sturnus erythropygius andamanensis Myna, Common Acridotheres tristis tristis Nightjar, Andaman Longtailed Caprimulgus macrurus andamanicus Oriole, Andman Blackheaded Oriolus xanthornus reubeni Oriole, Andaman Blacknaped Oriolus chinensis andamanenesis Owl, Andaman Barn Tyto alba deroepstorfiii Owl, Andaman (Lesser) Scops Otus scops modestus Owl, Andaman Scops Otus balli Parakeet, Andaman Redbreasted Psittacula alexandri abbotti Parakeet, Andaman Redcheeked Psittacula longicauda tytleri Parakeet, Large Andaman Psittacula eupatria magnirostris Pie, Andaman Tree Dendrocitta bayleyi Pigeon, Andaman Green Imeprial Ducula aenea andamanica Pigeon, Andaman Greyfronted Green Treron pompadora chloroptera Pigeon, Andaman Wood Columba palumboides Pipit, Redthroated Anthus cervinus Plover, Grey Pluvialis squatarola

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Common Name Scientific Name Quail, Indian Yellowlegged Button Turnix tanki tanki Rail, Andaman Bluebreasted Banded Rallus striatus obscurior Roller, Andaman Broadbilled Eurystomus orientalis gigas Sandpiper, Common Tringa hypoleucos hypoleucos Shama, Andaman Copsychus malabaricus albiventris Sparrow, Indian House Passer domesticus indicus Stare, Andaman Glossy Aplonis panayensis tytleri Stint, Little Calidris minuta Sunbird, Andaman Olivebacked Nectarinia jugularis andamanica Swiftlet, Andaman Greyrumped Collocalia fuciphaga inexpectata Teal, Andaman Grey Anas gibberifrons albogularis Teal, Common Anas crecca crecca Teal, Cotton Nettapus coromandelianus Tern, Indian Lesser Crested Sterna bengalensis bengalensis Tern, Brownwinged Sterna anaethetus anaethetus Thrush, Andaman Ground Zoothera citrina andamanensis Tropic-bird, White Phaethon lepturus lepturus Wagtail, Forest Motacilla indica Warbler, Andaman Palefooted Bush Cettia pallidipes osmastoni Waterhen, Andamans Whitebreasted Amaurornis phoenicurus insularis Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus phaeopus Whistler, Mangrove Pachycephala grisola Woodpecker, Andaman Black Dryocopus javensis hodgei Woodpecker, Andaman Spottedbreasted Pied Picoides macei andamanensis

Coral reefs, marine fish, small mammals, avifauna, invertebrates and reptiles comprise the bulk of faunal biodiversity of the forests and related ecosystems.

Mammals : The main terrestrial mammals are Long-tailed macaque, wild boar, civets and several species of bats, rats and shrews.

Reptiles : The reptiles include a number of species of snakes. Geckos and lizards are also found along with several threatened species like the Andaman water monitor Varanus salvator andamanensis, the Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus and four species of marine turtles, viz. the endangered Olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea and green turtle Chelonia mydas, and the critically endangered Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea.

Avifauna : Birds are the most important and conspicuous members of the Andaman avifauna. They serve as indicators of the status of the forests and play a very important ecological function in the dispersal and propagation of the plant species.

Many Butterfly species belong to Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae families and moth species belongs to Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae and Noctuidae families are found in the study area.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Fishes : Commercial fishing in the Mangrove areas consists mainly of snappers (Lutjanidae), herrings and sardines (Clupeidae), anchovies (Engraulididae), groupers (Serranidae), jacks (Carangidae), pony fishes (Leiognathidae), grunts (Haemulidae), emperors ((Lethrinidae), goat fishes (Mullidae), Mullets (Mugilidae) and rabbit fishes (Siganidae). The Mugil sp., Liza sp., Lates calcarifer, Chanos chanos, Epinephelus coioides, E.fucoguttatus, E.malabaricus, E.polystigms, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Toxotes sp., constitute the major commercially important species from the Mangrove ecosystem.

Primary Productivity : Primary productivity is an indicator of pollution level in any aquatic system and it depends upon the presence of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons. The primary production measurements were carried out at the marine stations and the production per unit area values were found to be in the ranges 0.26-1.34 gC/m3/day.

Planktons: To keep a record both phytoplankton (using 10 micron net) and zooplankton (using 150 micron net) were collected, preserved and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Total 11 species of phytoplankton and 6 species of zooplankton were monitored at the proposed site on the monitoring day which are listed below.

Phyoplankton in 200 ml sample (volume of soup is 80 ml) :

Bacteriastrum varians : 368 nos./l Ceratium furca : 204 nos./l Ceratium teres : 294 nos./l Chaetoceros lorenzianus : 316 nos./l Chaetoceros messanensis : 479 nos./l Coscinodiscus eccentricus : 106 nos./l Dinophysis caudate : 209 nos./l Eucapmia zoodiacus : 157 nos./l Lauderia annulata : 304 nos./l Protoperidinium steinni : 83 nos./l Thalassiothrisx frauenfeldii : 326 nos./l.

Zooplankton in 200 ml sample (volume of soup is 80 ml) :

Appendicularians : 650 nos./m3 Copepods : 2980 nos./m3 ‘D’ shaped veliger :59 nos./m3 Gastropods : 94 nos./m3 Nauplius : 3200 nos./m3 Tintinopsis : 420 nos./m3.

Benthos : Benthos are the organisms lying or associated with aquatic sediment comprising bacteria, plants and animals from almost all phyla. Sediment samples were collected using Peterson’s Dredger having a biting area of 16x17 sq. cm. The sediment obtained was sieved through required meshes to separate macro fauna (>1000 micron sieve) and meiofauna (which pass through 1000 micron sieve and or retained by 100 micron sieve). Each group of organism were individually identified and reported.

The services of rocks provide shelter to various juvaniles of perches, lobsters and crabs. Juvaniles of Panulirus longipes (lobster) were obseved. Sea urchin Echinometra sp. was observed. The sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and Scabra were present. Among gastropods a specimen of Lambis sp. was

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

seen. Fishes, particularly Juvaniles were represented by Lutjanus sp., Epinepheles sp. and Murina eels. The other fishes like Balistis sp., Scarus sp. Siganus sp. and Tetrodon sp. were frequented in and around the submerged rocks. Oyester beds are found over the submerged portion of the rocks. No commercially important molluscs like Trochus sp., Turbo sp., and Tridacna sp. were observed here.

Mount Harriet National Park (MHNP) : The national park spreads over an area of 46.62 sq.km (to be increased by 25.55 sq.km). It is located at a distance of 20 kms from the capital town of Port Blair. The coordinates of the Mt. Harriet are 92o - 94o E longitudes and 10o - 14o N latitudes. It has dense evergreen and semi evergreen forests that have outstanding natural beauty. The entire national park forms a chunk of the hill ranges in the eastern part of south Andaman Islands.

MHNP is rich with various types of fauna and flora which make it the most favorite tourist destination of nature lovers. It homes 90 species of birds out of which 11 are endemic, 27 species of reptiles and amphibians including 12 endemic species are reported. The important reptiles reported are king cobra, Andaman cobra and two nesting marine turtles viz. green sea and Olive Ridley. Around 12 species of mammals such as endemic Andaman pig, bats and shrew are also available. It also homes 120 species of Moths including many new species. Animals like salt water crocodiles, robber crab, Turtles and wild pigs and sight of large Elephants that are trained for carrying large logs can also be seen in the park.

The park is also rich with 393 plant species that includes 74 endemic and 51 introduced species. Ceropygie andamanica and Drypetes ellis are the two new species of plants that have been recently described from here. Another new record for Andamans from the park is epiphytic orchid- Thriruspermum merguense. There are also several introduced species, besides agricultural crops and fruit trees such as Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus. Others include large palms, bamboos, fence plants, and ornamental garden plants. Floristic survey reported 51 introduced species.

3.10 Socioeconomic Aspects 3.10.1 Local Economy

Economy of A&N Islands is dependent on tourism and fisheries. The resources of tourism are broadly divided into natural and man made. A&N Islands are a naturalist's heaven. The clean environment, greenery as well as unpolluted fresh air attract all nature lovers. The tropical rain forests and waters of Bay of Bengal are the home of a vast collection of plant, animal and marine life. The man made resources include national, memorial, religious and cultural resources, fairs and festivals, sports facilities, shopping, etc. Adventure tourism like trekking, Island camping, snorkeling, SCUBA diving etc., and other water sports are the real attractions. Due to this tourism potential, A&N Islands receive, in an average, a floating population of about 25% of total population.

3.10.2 Population

The population of A&N islands features a number of ethnicities. The tribal communities of Andaman and Nicobar belong to both the African and Mongoloid groups. Some of them still continue with the primitive hunter-gatherer way of lives, some depend solely on fishing. The major proto-African Negroid tribes are the Jarawas (near the Study Area), the Ongees and the Sentinelese. The Shompen and the Nicobarese

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

are the two main Mongoloid tribes of Andaman and Nicobar. Many of these tribes have fearfully low number of people left and are staring at extinctions. The many earthquakes and natural disasters including the tsunami, have made a lasting damage to the total demographic strengths of these tribes. There are also the descendants of the prisoners who were sent here as penal measures, and they also contribute largely to population of the area. Population of A&N Islands based on Religion is as follows:

Religion Population Religion Population Hindu 189521 Sikh 1350 Christian 67211 Buddhist 322 Muslim 21354 Jain 17 Others 886

Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence. The languages spoken in these islands include :

Hindi Malayalam Oriya Bengali Punjabi Gujarati Tamil Marathi Telugu Kannada

All the above languages have their normal script as prevalent elsewhere in the Mainland.

3.10.3 Study Area Profile

Study Area : There are 35 Census Villages in the study area. Among all, the villages adjacent to the Port Blair town and in the vicinity of harbour areas had tremendous growth due to the influence of urban activities. The growth rate of Port Blair town was 7.47% from 2001 to 2011. The Socioeconomic Profile of the study area are given in Tables 3.23-3.29.

Population : As per 2011 Census, there were about 44,345 Households (HHs) in the 35 Revenue villages. The total population was 1,79,768 with a male population of 96,333 (53.6%) and a female population of 83,435 (46.4%). About 80.8% of the Population are Literates whereas 19.2% are Illiterates. There is no Scheduled Castes population in the study area and about 1.2% of the Total Population are Scheduled Tribes (2,201 Persons; 1,109 Males and 1,092 Females).

Occupation : According to the 2011 census, about 40.7% were Workers and 59.3% of the population were non-workers. About 39.0% of the people were engaged in tertiary activities which included different services. The workers in the secondary activities (Agricultural Labourers) and the primary activities (Cultivators) were 0.5% and 0.9% respectively. Owing to the physical barriers, the availability of agricultural lands are less and the agricultural activities are being carried out in patches.

Amenities : Schools are available in some Villages where as Degree college facility is available in Port Blair only. Professional Courses can be availed only from Mainland. Most of the Villages in the study area can avail basic medical facilities with 5 km distance and better medical treatment facilities are

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.20 Land Use in the Study Area

BUCL Sl.No. Name of the Village TGA* FA* NAU* PGL* Misc.* CWL* FL* CFA* AS* UIL* ILS* CA* WTA* TLA* OS* * 1 Alipur (RV) 15.4 0 1.51 0 0 0 0.14 7.61 0 6.14 6.14 0 0 0 0 0 2 Aniket (RV) 89.13 27.48 0.5 2.86 0 0 0 18.04 0 40.25 10.25 0 0 0 0 0

3 Badmash Pahar (RV) 98.46 0 40.63 0 0 0 0 15 5 37.83 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Bamboo Flat (CT) 360.0

5 Bindraban (RV) 379.72 138.2 25.8 0 0 0 64.4 0 0 151.32 151.3 0 0 0 0 0

6 Brichgunj (RV) 431.34 20.9 356.6 0 0 4.64 10.7 0.8 2.5 35.2 35.2 0 0 0 0 0

7 Brookshabad part (RV) 414.66 43.75 218.69 0 0 2.29 125.7 1.13 0.6 22.5 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. 8 Sona Pahar & Hazari 364.67 124 2.3 21.1 21.47 0 0 145.23 0 50.57 50.57 0 0 0 0 0 Bagh (JPPC) 9 Chouldari (RV) 1054.34 486.12 54.16 43.24 0 146.2 149.51 6.4 4.4 164.31 164.31 0 0 0 0 0

10 Craikabad (RV) 39.49 0 6.77 0 0 0 0 15 5 12.72 25.7 0 0 0 0 0

11 Dollygunj (RV) 172.87 0 170.87 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 Dundas Point (RV) 167.26 103.6 39.56 9 0 0 15.1 0 0 0 39.6 0 0 0 0 0

13 Ferrargunj (RV) 338.81 65.5 171.87 0 0 0 0 0 0 101.44 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 Flat Bay (RV) 14.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.1 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 Garacharma (CT) 590.0

16 Govindapuram (RV) 109.03 0 36.4 0 0 0 16.03 56.6 0 0 56.6 0 0 0 0 0

17 Hobdipur (RV) 512.2 235.58 2 8 106 0 0 58.47 5 97.15 97.15 0 0 0 0 0

18 Hope Town (RV) 107.38 60.7 12.4 0 0 0 15.2 0 0 19.08 19.08 0 0 0 0 0

19 Kadakachang (RV) 197.98 0 21.52 34.6 0 2.12 15.79 68.68 10.1 45.17 45.17 0 0 0 0 0

20 Knapuram (RV) 175.2 25.15 20.45 3.01 23.76 6.19 13.42 40.24 0 42.98 42.98 0 0 0 0 0

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.20 (Contn.) Land Use in the Study Area

BUCL Sl.No. Name of the Village TGA* FA* NAU* PGL* Misc.* CWL* FL* CFA* AS* UIL* ILS* CA* WTA* TLA* OS* * 21 Mathura (RV) 152.17 49.07 17.29 3.53 0 2 12.43 28.79 7 32.06 32.06 0 0 0 0 0

22 Minnie Bay part (RV) 192.9 0 121.79 0 0 71.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

23 Mithakhari (RV) 805.08 471.6 24 18.4 0 0 79.4 0 40 171.68 135.7 0 0 0 0 0

24 Muslim Basti (RV) 298.09 150.07 5.1 7.3 0 0 5.58 64.29 0 65.75 65.75 0 0 0 0 0

25 North Bay (RV) 337.33 17.6 10 13.5 0 245.63 50.6 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 0 0

26 Ograbraij (RV) 373.85 9.7 3.5 263.5 15.69 0 0 40.49 0 40.97 40.97 0 0 0 0 0

27 Pahargaon part (RV) 172.9 0 168.2 0 1.5 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 Port Blair (MC) 1791.0

29 Port Mouat (RV) 334.29 89.68 2.97 4.41 35 0 0.2 147.05 0.2 54.78 54.78 0 0 0 0 0

30 Prothrapore (CT) 463.37

31 School Line part (RV) 6.63 0 6.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

32 Shore Point (RV) 62.23 0 41.53 0 0 19.5 0 0 0 1.2 1.2 0 0 0 0 0

33 Stewartgunj (RV) 83.18 0 10.5 5 0 0 35.74 31.94 0 0 36.9 0 0 0 0 0

34 Tusnabad (RV) 262.27 50.38 3.5 16.1 0 0 0 103.27 0 89.02 89.02 0 0 0 0 0

35 Wimberlygunj (RV) 184.35 23.37 45.65 0 36.27 0 58.4 20.66 0 0 80.3 0 0 0 0 0

Total 11151.68 2192.45 1642.69 453.55 239.69 504.88 668.34 869.69 79.8 1296.22 1558.23 0 0 0 0 0

TGA-Total Geographical Area CWL-Culturable Waste Land Area CA-Canals Area FA-Forest Area FL-Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area WTA-Wells/Tube Wells Area *-Area in Hectares NAU-Area under Non-Agricultural Uses CFA-Current Fallows Area TLA-Tanks/Lakes Area BUCL-Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area AS-Net Area Sown OS-Other Source (specify) Area PGL-Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area UIL-Total Unirrigated Land Area Misc.- Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area ILS-Area Irrigated by Source

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.23 Demographic Profile- 2011 Census

No. of Population Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Literates Illiterates Sl. Name of the Village House No Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female holds

1 Alipur (RV) 12 50 29 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 22 10 18 7 11 2 Aniket (RV) 28 129 66 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 58 49 22 8 14

3 Badmash Pahar (RV) 163 728 384 344 0 0 0 0 0 0 551 309 242 177 75 102 4 Bambooflat (CT) 1907 7962 4091 3871 0 0 0 69 32 37 6262 3355 2907 1700 736 964

5 Bindraban (RV) 396 1785 926 859 0 0 0 6 2 4 1429 773 656 356 153 203

6 Brichgunj (RV) 562 3412 2478 934 0 0 0 36 33 3 3057 2315 742 355 163 192

7 Brookshabad part (RV) 115 425 225 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 335 185 150 90 40 50

8 Caddlagunj (RV) 201 845 439 406 0 0 0 0 0 0 663 348 315 182 91 91

9 Chouldari (RV) 576 2382 1242 1140 0 0 0 3 2 1 1821 966 855 561 276 285

10 Craikabad (RV) 44 167 97 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 137 80 57 30 17 13

11 Dollygunj (RV) 1051 3950 2178 1772 0 0 0 202 106 96 3344 1901 1443 606 277 329

12 Dundas Point (RV) 129 539 283 256 0 0 0 1 0 1 449 240 209 90 43 47

13 Ferragunj (RV) 288 1314 697 617 0 0 0 25 15 10 1062 584 478 252 113 139

14 Flat Bay (RV) 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 4 0

15 Garacharma (CT) 3732 14419 7655 6764 0 0 0 110 50 60 11746 6511 5235 2673 1000 1673

16 Govindapuram (RV) 102 520 269 251 0 0 0 0 0 0 436 235 201 84 34 50

17 Hobdipur (RV) 101 476 259 217 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 43 45 388 216 172

18 Hope Town (RV) 297 1258 657 601 0 0 0 8 4 4 982 537 445 276 120 156

19 Kodakachang (RV) 123 538 280 258 0 0 0 0 0 0 412 220 192 126 60 66

20 Knapuram (RV) 263 1317 674 643 0 0 0 11 3 8 1082 576 506 235 98 137

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.23 (Contn.) Demographic Profile- 2011 Census

21 Mathura(RV) 171 801 401 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 618 317 301 183 84 99

22 Minne Bay part (RV) 13 45 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 20 16 9 5 4

23 Mithakhari (RV) 254 1071 573 498 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 457 393 221 116 105

24 Muslim Basti (RV) 82 343 184 159 0 0 0 4 4 0 259 141 118 84 43 41

25 North Bay (RV) 368 1603 856 747 0 0 0 0 0 0 1059 611 448 544 245 299

26 Ograbraji (RV) 331 1467 796 671 0 0 0 16 9 7 1179 647 532 288 149 139

27 Pahargaon part (RV) 894 3303 1677 1626 0 0 0 18 14 4 2706 1428 1278 597 249 348

28 Port Blair (MC) 27049 108058 57761 50297 0 0 0 1476 732 744 87894 48665 39229 20164 9065 11099

29 Port Mouat (RV) 113 475 266 209 0 0 0 1 1 0 367 213 154 108 53 55

30 Prothrapur (CT) 2609 10308 5673 4635 0 0 0 150 75 75 8292 4756 3536 2016 962 1054

31 School Line Part (RV) 141 498 268 230 0 0 0 20 9 11 415 228 187 83 40 43

32 Shore Point (RV) 763 3073 1617 1456 0 0 0 2 1 1 2306 1273 1033 767 344 423

33 Stweartgunj (RV) 220 1172 587 585 0 0 0 0 0 0 944 494 450 228 93 135

34 Tusnabad (RV) 286 1320 681 639 0 0 0 9 2 7 1051 547 504 269 134 135

35 Wimberlygunj (RV) 959 4010 2034 1976 0 0 0 34 15 19 3247 1699 1548 763 335 428

Total 44345 179768 96333 83435 0 0 0 2201 1109 1092 145219 80755 64464 34549 15448 19101

Percentage to Total - - 53.6 46.4 0 0 0 1.2 0.6 0.6 80.8 44.9 35.9 19.2 8.6 10.6

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.24 Occupation of Population and Work Forces

Workers Non-Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Sl. Name of the Total Household Household Agricultural Other Agricultural Other No. Census Village Population Cultivators Industrial Cultivators Industrial Total Male Female Total Male Female Labourers Workers Labourers Workers Workers Workers 1 Alipur (RV) 50 19 12 7 31 17 14 0 1 0 11 0 1 1 5 2 Aniket (RV) 129 52 38 14 77 28 49 3 1 1 23 0 9 9 6 3 Badmash (RV) 728 264 215 49 464 169 295 14 18 3 152 5 6 4 62

4 Bambooflat (CT) 7962 2952 2370 582 5010 1721 3289 25 9 13 2604 7 2 3 289

5 Bindraban (RV) 1785 745 571 174 1040 355 685 47 8 2 441 11 0 1 235

6 Brichgunj (RV) 3412 2221 2089 132 1191 389 802 83 13 15 1930 7 5 0 168

7 Brookshabad part (RV) 425 241 164 77 184 61 123 8 0 0 210 3 1 0 19

8 Caddlagunj (RV) 845 304 234 70 541 205 336 25 22 2 156 6 72 5 16

9 Chouldari (RV) 2382 911 754 157 1471 488 983 105 81 19 513 5 6 5 177

10 Craikabad (RV) 167 96 69 27 71 28 43 5 2 14 49 0 1 0 25

11 Dollygunj (RV) 3950 1636 1320 316 2314 858 1456 88 11 33 1341 1 0 16 146

12 Dundas Point (RV) 539 226 171 55 313 112 201 20 2 0 135 4 1 0 64

13 Ferragunj (RV) 1314 453 358 95 861 339 522 59 23 10 243 20 26 1 71

14 Flat Bay (RV) 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

15 Garacharma (CT) 14419 5804 4655 1149 8615 3000 5615 28 12 58 4980 5 5 12 704

16 Govindapuram (RV) 520 277 197 80 243 72 171 18 11 2 143 6 0 4 93

17 Hobdipur (RV) 476 205 161 44 271 98 173 29 20 0 105 9 14 0 28

18 Hope Town (RV) 1258 503 408 95 755 249 506 24 4 1 438 0 0 0 36

19 Kodakachang (RV) 538 187 157 30 351 123 228 20 4 0 105 3 2 0 53

20 Knapuram (RV) 1317 473 388 85 844 286 558 73 0 1 376 1 0 0 22

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.24 (Contn.) Occupation of Population and Work Forces

Workers Non-Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Sl. Name of the Census Total Household Household Agricultural Other Agricultural Other No. Village Population Cultivators Industrial Cultivators Industrial Total Male Female Total Male Female Labourers Workers Labourers Workers Workers Workers 21 Mathura(RV) 801 246 216 30 555 185 370 17 13 1 139 2 1 1 72

22 Minne Bay part (RV) 45 17 17 0 28 8 20 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0

23 Mithakhari (RV) 1071 431 339 92 640 234 406 77 33 1 165 11 5 2 137

24 Muslim Basti (RV) 343 133 111 22 210 73 137 3 1 0 53 1 36 0 39

25 North Bay (RV) 1603 625 467 158 978 389 589 26 0 2 360 7 2 0 228

26 Ograbraji (RV) 1467 558 462 96 909 334 575 70 54 4 339 5 25 2 59

27 Pahargaon part (RV) 3303 1428 1061 367 1875 616 1259 57 7 5 1200 7 0 0 152

28 Port Blair (MC) 108058 44006 34879 9127 64052 22882 41170 190 84 264 40449 64 12 45 2898

29 Port Mouat (RV) 475 210 170 40 265 96 169 15 28 0 91 8 44 0 24

30 Prothrapur (CT) 10308 4270 3527 743 6038 2146 3892 19 10 34 3889 14 20 13 271

31 School Line Part (RV) 498 219 266 53 279 102 177 7 0 9 192 0 0 0 11

32 Shore Point (RV) 3073 1226 997 229 1847 620 1227 79 5 16 1085 0 0 0 41

33 Stweartgunj (RV) 1172 395 336 59 777 251 526 35 3 1 256 6 41 1 52

34 Tusnabad (RV) 1320 465 388 77 855 293 562 34 25 10 322 13 22 2 37

35 Wimberlygunj (RV) 4010 1394 1148 246 2616 886 1730 90 3 7 1072 7 4 0 211

Total 179768 73197 58720 14577 106571 37713 68858 1396 509 529 63584 238 363 127 6451

Percentage to Total - 40.7 32.7 8.1 59.3 21.0 38.3 0.8 0.3 0.3 35.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.6

Note : Others category includes Constructions, Trade & Commerce, Transport Storage & Communications, Other Services, etc.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.25 Educational Facilities in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name of the Village PP* P* M* S* SS* DC* EC* MC* MI* Pt* VC* SSD*

1 Alipur (RV) a a a a a c c c c c c c 2 Aniket (RV) a 1 b b a c c c c c c c

3 Badmash Pahar (RV) 2 1 a a a c c c c c c c

4 Bamboo Flat (CT) - 3 3 3 1 b b b b b b 1

5 Bindraban (RV) 1 1 a a c c c c c c c c

6 Brichgunj (RV) a 2 a a a c a c c a a b

7 Brookshabad part (RV) 0 1 0 0 a b b c c b b b

8 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. Sona a 1 a b a c c c c c c c Pahar & Hazari Bagh (JPPC) 9 Chouldari (RV) 6 2 1 a a c c c c c c c

10 Craikabad (RV) a a a a a c c c c c c c

11 Dollygunj (RV) 4 1 1 a a b 1 c c 1 1 N.A.

12 Dundas Point (RV) 0 1 a a c c c c c c c c

13 Ferrargunj (RV) 1 2 1 2 1 c c c c c c c

14 Flat Bay (RV) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. c c N.A. N.A. N.A.

15 Garacharma (CT) - 1 1 1 1 a a a a a a a

16 Govindapuram (RV) N.A. a a a a c c c c c c c

17 Hobdipur (RV) b 1 a a a c c c c c c c

18 Hope Town (RV) 1 2 0 0 N.A. c c c c c c c

19 Kadakachang (RV) a 1 a a a c c c c c c c

20 Knapuram (RV) 0 0 0 a a c c c c c c c

21 Mathura (RV) a 1 a a a c c c c c c c

22 Minnie Bay part (RV) a a a b b c a c c a a N.A.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.25 (Contn.) Educational Facilities in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name of the Village PP* P* M* S* SS* DC* EC* MC* MI* Pt* VC* SSD*

23 Mithakhari (RV) a 1 a a b c c c c c c c

24 Muslim Basti (RV) a 1 a b a c c c c c c c

25 North Bay (RV) 1 1 N.A. N.A. N.A. c c c c c c c

26 Ograbraij (RV) 0 2 2 a a c c c c c c c

27 Pahargaon part (RV) 5 a a a a b 1 c c 1 1 b

28 Port Blair (MC) - 25 20 16 10 3 1 c 2 1 1 2

29 Port Mouat (RV) a 2 1 2 1 c c c c c c c

30 Prothrapore (CT) - a 2 1 1 a a a a a a a

31 School Line part (RV) a a a a a b a c c a a N.A.

32 Shore Point (RV) 0 1 a a a c c c c c c c

33 Stewartgunj (RV) N.A. 1 1 1 1 c c c c c c c

34 Tusnabad (RV) b 1 1 1 1 c c c c c c c

35 Wimberlygunj (RV) 0 2 2 1 1 c c c c c c c

PP-Pre-Primary School DC-Degree College Pt-Polytechnic a-Facility available at <5 Kms P- Primary School EC-Engineering College VC-Vocational School / ITI b-Facility available at 5-10 Kms M-Middle School MC-Medical College SSD-Special School for Disabled c-Facility available at >10 Kms S-Secondary School MI-Management College / Institute * - Numbers SS-Senior Secondary School NA-Not Available

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.26 Medical Facilities in the Study Area

PHS MCW CHC- PHC- PHS MCW TBC- HA- HAM- D- VH- FWC- Sl.No. Name of the Village CHC* PHC* C- - HA* D* VH* PMS* PMS* C* * PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* 1 Alipur (RV) 0 b 0 b 0 a 0 b b 0 c c 0 b 0 b b 2 Aniket (RV) 0 c 0 a 0 0 0 c c 0 c 0 0 0 0 c 0 3 Badmash Pahar (RV) 0 b 0 a 0 a 0 a a 0 c c 0 a 0 a 0

4 Bindraban (RV) 0 b 0 a 0 a 0 a b 0 c c 0 a 1 1 c

5 Brichgunj (RV) 0 a 0 a 1 1 0 a c 0 c c 0 c 0 b 0

6 Brookshabad part (RV) 0 b 0 a 0 a 0 b c 0 c c 0 b 0 b 0

7 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. Sona 0 c 0 a 0 0 0 0 c 0 c 0 0 0 0 b 0 Pahar & Hazari Bagh (JPPC) 8 Chouldari (RV) 0 b 0 b 1 3 0 c c 0 c c 0 a 0 a 0

9 Craikabad (RV) 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 c c 0 c c 0 a 0 a 0

10 Dollygunj (RV) 0 b 0 b 0 a 0 b b 0 b b 0 a 0 0 0

11 Dundas Point (RV) 0 b 0 b 0 a 0 c c 0 c c 0 a 0 a 0

12 Ferrargunj (RV) 0 b 1 14 1 - 1 - c 0 c c 0 c 1 5 c

13 Flat Bay (RV) 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 Govindapuram (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 0 1 1 a 0 a a 1 1 0 a c

15 Hobdipur (RV) 0 c 0 a 0 0 0 a c 0 c 0 0 0 0 b 0

16 Hope Town (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 c a 0 a a 0 0 0 b c

17 Kadakachang (RV) 0 b 0 b 0 a 0 b b 0 c c 0 a 0 b b

18 Knapuram (RV) 0 b 0 b 1 2 0 b b 0 c c 0 a 0 b b

19 Mathura (RV) 0 b 0 b 1 - 0 b b 0 c c 0 b 0 b b

20 Minnie Bay part (RV) 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 c 0 c c 0 c 0 a 0

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.26 (Contn.) Medical Facilities in the Study Area

PHS MCW CHC- PHC- PHS MCW TBC- HA- HAM- D- VH- FWC- Sl.No. Name of the Village CHC* PHC* C- - HA* D* VH* PMS* PMS* C* * PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* PMS* 21 Mithakhari (RV) 0 b 0 b 1 2 0 b c 0 c c 0 0 0 a 0

22 Muslim Basti (RV) 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 c 0 0 0 0 a 0

23 North Bay (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 a a 0 a a 0 0 0 b c

24 Ograbraij (RV) 0 c 0 a 0 0 0 c c 0 c 0 0 0 0 a 0

25 Pahargaon part (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 b b 2 4 b 0 b 0 a 0

26 Port Mouat (RV) 0 c 0 a 0 0 0 0 c 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0

27 School Line part (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 b b 0 a 0 0 a 0 a 0

28 Shore Point (RV) 0 a 0 b 1 - 0 a a 0 a c 0 b 0 b a

29 Stewartgunj (RV) 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a a 0 a a 0 a 0 a c

30 Tusnabad (RV) 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 c 0 0 0 0 a 0

31 Wimberlygunj (RV) 0 b 1 8 0 0 1 8 b 1 8 0 0 0 1 3 c

CHC-Community Health Centre TBC-TB Clinic FWC Centre - Family Welfare Centre a-Facility available at <5 Kms PHC–Primary Health Centre HA-Allopathic Hospital PMS-Para Medical Staff in Position b-Facility available at 5-10 Kms PHSC- Primary Health Sub Centre HAM-Alternative Medicine Hospital c-Facility available at >10 Kms MCW -Maternity and Child Welfare Centre D-Dispensary * - Numbers CWC - Child Welfare Centre VH-Veterinary Hospital

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.27 Water &Drainage Facilities in the Study Area

TW/ Name of the Village T* CW* UCW* HP* S* R/C* T/P/L* CD* OD* ND* CTC * Sl.No. BH*

1 Alipur (RV) 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Aniket (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2

3 Badmash Pahar (RV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

4 Bindraban (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

5 Brichgunj (RV) 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

6 Brookshabad part (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. Sona Pahar & Hazari 7 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 Bagh (JPPC) 8 Chouldari (RV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

9 Craikabad (RV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

10 Dollygunj (RV) 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

11 Dundas Point (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2

12 Ferrargunj (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1

13 Flat Bay (RV) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

14 Govindapuram (RV) 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1

15 Hobdipur (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2

16 Hope Town (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

17 Kadakachang (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

18 Knapuram (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

19 Mathura (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

20 Minnie Bay part (RV) 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.27 (Contn.) Water &Drainage Facilities in the Study Area

TW/ Name of the Village T* CW* UCW* HP* S* R/C* T/P/L* CD* OD* ND* CTC * Sl.No. BH*

21 Mithakhari (RV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 22 Muslim Basti (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

23 North Bay (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

24 Ograbraij (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

25 Pahargaon part (RV) 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

26 Port Mouat (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

27 School Line part (RV) 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

28 Shore Point (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

29 Stewartgunj (RV) 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

30 Tusnabad (RV) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2

31 Wimberlygunj (RV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

T-Tap Water CD-Covered Drainage CW-Covered Well OD-Open Drainage UCW-Uncovered Well CT - Community Toilet Complex for General Public HP-Hand Pump TW/BH-Tube Well/Bore Hole *-Status S-Spring 1-Availabe R/C-River/Canal 2-Not Available T/P/L-Tank/Pond/Lake

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.28 Communication & Transport Facilities in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name of the Village PO* SPO* P&T* T* PCO* MP* IC* PCF* BS* PBS* S/R/FS* BTR* GR* AWR* NW* FP*

1 Alipur (RV) c a c a a a c c a a b a 1 2 b 2 2 Aniket (RV) c a c 1 a 1 2 c 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 Badmash Pahar (RV) c a c 1 c 1 a c 1 1 c 1 1 2 2 1

4 Bindraban (RV) a 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 1 b b 1 1 1 2 1

5 Brichgunj (RV) 1 a b 1 1 a a 2 1 1 b 1 1 1 2 1

6 Brookshabad part (RV) a a b 1 1 1 a a 1 1 b 1 1 1 2 1

7 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. Sona c a c 1 a 1 2 c 1 1 c 1 1 1 2 1 Pahar & Hazari Bagh 8 Chouldari (RV) c 1 c 1 b 1 1 c 1 1 c 1 1 a 1 1

9 Craikabad (RV) c a c 1 b 1 a c 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

10 Dollygunj (RV) a 1 b 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 b 1 1 2 2 1

11 Dundas Point (RV) c 1 c 1 1 1 c c 1 a 1 1 1 2 1 1

12 Ferrargunj (RV) 1 a c 1 1 1 b a 1 1 b 1 1 2 2 1

13 Flat Bay (RV) 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

14 Govindapuram (RV) a a c 1 1 1 a a 1 1 a 1 1 1 2 1

15 Hobdipur (RV) c a c 1 a 1 2 c 1 a b 1 1 1 2 1

16 Hope Town (RV) a a c 1 1 1 a a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

17 Kadakachang (RV) c a c 1 a 1 c c 1 1 2 1 2 1 b 1

18 Knapuram (RV) c a c 1 a 1 c c 1 1 b 1 2 1 2 1

19 Mathura (RV) c 1 c 1 1 1 c c 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

20 Minnie Bay part (RV) a a a a a 1 a c a a c 1 1 1 2 1

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.28 (Contn.) Communication & Transport Facilities in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name of the Village PO* SPO* P&T* T* PCO* MP* IC* PCF* BS* PBS* S/R/FS* BTR* GR* AWR* NW* FP*

21 Mithakhari (RV) a a c 1 a 1 c b 1 1 b 1 1 2 2 1

22 Muslim Basti (RV) c a c 1 a 1 2 c a a 2 1 1 2 2 1

23 North Bay (RV) a a c 1 1 1 a c 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

24 Ograbraij (RV) c 1 c 1 a 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1

25 Pahargaon part (RV) a a b 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 b 1 1 1 2 1

26 Port Mouat (RV) c a c 1 a 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

27 School Line part (RV) a a a 1 1 1 a a 1 1 b 1 2 1 2 1

28 Shore Point (RV) c 1 c 1 a 1 c c 1 a 1 1 1 2 1 1

29 Stewartgunj (RV) a 1 c 1 1 1 2 a 1 1 a 1 1 1 2 1

30 Tusnabad (RV) c 1 c 1 1 1 2 c 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

31 Wimberlygunj (RV) 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

PO-Post Office BS-Public Bus Service *-Status SPO-Sub Post Office PBS-Private Bus Service 1-Availabe P&T-Post And Telegraph Office S/R FS-Sea/River/Ferry Service 2-Not Available T-Telephone (landlines) BTR-Black Topped (pucca) Road PCO-Public Call Office /Mobile (PCO) GR-Gravel (kuchha) Roads a-Facility available at <5 Kms MP-Mobile Phone Coverage AWR-All Weather Road b-Facility available at 5-10 Kms IC-Internet Cafes / Common Service Centre (CSC) NW-Navigable Waterways (River/Canal) c-Facility available at >10 Kms PCF-Private Courier Facility FP-Foot Path

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.29 Other Facilities in the Study Area

Co- NC- Sl.No. Name of the Village ATM* CB* ACS* SHG* PDS* RM* AMS* NC* CC* SF* PL* NP* APS* BDRO* PS* op B* AC* 1 Alipur (RV) b b b c a a 1 c a a a a c c 1 b 2 2 Aniket (RV) c 2 a 2 1 a c 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1

3 Badmash Pahar (RV) a a c c 1 c a a c 1 a a c 1 1 1 1

4 Bindraban (RV) b 1 a a 1 1 a c a 1 1 a b 1 1 a 1

5 Brichgunj (RV) 1 1 a a 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 a b 1 1 c 1

6 Brookshabad part (RV) a a a 2 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 a b 1 1 c 1

7 Caddlegunj (RV) (incl. Sona b 2 a 2 1 a c 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 Pahar & Hazari Bagh 8 Chouldari (RV) a 1 c c 1 1 1 a c a b b c 1 1 c 1

9 Craikabad (RV) a a c c 1 c a a c a b b c 1 1 c 1

10 Dollygunj (RV) a 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 b 1

11 Dundas Point (RV) c a c a 1 1 a a c 1 1 1 c 1 1 c 1

12 Ferrargunj (RV) b 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1

13 Flat Bay (RV) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

14 Govindapuram (RV) a a a a 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 a a 1 1 1 1

15 Hobdipur (RV) b 2 a 2 1 a c 1 b 1 a 1 1 1 1 a 1

16 Hope Town (RV) a a a a 1 1 1 a b 1 1 1 b 1 1 a 1

17 Kadakachang (RV) a a a c 1 1 c 1 b 1 b 1 c a 1 b 1

18 Knapuram (RV) a a a c 1 1 1 c b 1 b 1 c b 1 b 1

19 Mathura (RV) b b b c 1 1 1 c a 1 a 1 c 1 1 b 1

20 Minnie Bay part (RV) b b b 2 1 1 a b 1 a 1 a c a 1 c 1

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 3.29 Other Facilities in the Study Area

Co- NC- Sl.No. Name of the Village ATM* CB* ACS* SHG* PDS* RM* AMS* NC* CC* SF* PL* NP* APS* BDRO* PS* op B* AC* 21 Mithakhari (RV) b 1 a 1 1 1 a b c 1 1 1 c 1 1 c 1 22 Muslim Basti (RV) a 2 a 2 1 a c 1 b a a 1 1 1 1 1 1

23 North Bay (RV) a a a a 1 1 1 a b 1 1 1 b 1 1 a 1

24 Ograbraij (RV) a 2 a 2 1 1 c 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1

25 Pahargaon part (RV) a a a 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 1

26 Port Mouat (RV) 1 2 a 2 a c 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1

27 School Line part (RV) a a a 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 1

28 Shore Point (RV) a a a c 1 a c 1 c 1 a 1 c a 1 a 1

29 Stewartgunj (RV) a a a a 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1

30 Tusnabad (RV) a 2 1 c 1 1 c 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

31 Wimberlygunj (RV) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1

CB-Commercial Bank PL-Public Library *-Status Co-Op B-Cooperative Bank NP-Daily Newspaper Supply 1-Availabe ACS-Agricultural Credit Societies APS-Assembly Polling Station 2-Not Available SHG-Self - Help Group BDRO-Birth and Death Registration Office PDS-Public Distribution System (PDS) Shop PS-Power Supply a-Facility available at <5 Kms RM-Mandis/Regular Market b-Facility available at 5-10 Kms AMS-Agricultural Marketing Society c-Facility available at >10 Kms NC-Nutritional Centres-ICDS NC-AC-Nutritional Centres-Anganwadi Centre CC-Community Centre with/without TV SF-Sports Field

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

available in Port Blair Town and for major ailments, they have to come to Mainland. Tap water supply by APWD is maintained in most of the revenue villages. Most of the Villages are connected by pucca roads and have the bus facilities. Navigable water way is also available in the villages located in the vicinity of bays. Banking facility for most of the villages in the study area is available within 5km distance. All revenue Villages are provided with domestic power supply. Major Commodities includes Paddy, Wooden Furniture, Handicrafts items, Hollow Blocks, Coconut, Bakery Products, Furniture Bamboo Crafts, Arecanut, Cane Furniture, Banana, Copra, etc.

Tourist Places : Andaman and Nicobar Islands have many tourist attractions due to the unpolluted environment, natural beauty, thick forest cover and many natural bays and coves. The important tourist places within the study area are Port Blair town, Cellular Jail (National Memorial), Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Navel Marine Museum, Cottage Industry Emporium, Chatham Saw Mill, Zoological Garden, Dilthaman Tank Water Sports, Mount Harriet, Sipi Ghat Farm, Viper Island, Carbyns Cove South (Beach) and Ross Island.

3.11 Summary

The findings of baseline environmental status of the study area are summarized below :

v The collected meteorological data represented the local weather phenomena. v The monitored ambient air quality in the study area was found to be in compliance with the Revised National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Norms for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas. v Ambient equivalent noise levels (Leq) during day and night times were found to be very well within the MoEF Norms. v The surface waters quality was found to be in compliance with CPCB Norms and ground water quality in compliance with the IS:10500 Norms. v Marine water quality was found to be in compliance with IS:7967 Norms Criteria for Controlling Pollution of Marine Coastal Areas/Harbour Waters. v There is no common sewage treatment plant in Port Blair and the domestic wastewtaers are being discharged into the sea. The absence of/lower levels of Oil & Grease, Phenols, Cyanides, low BOD & COD levels, trace metals below their detectable limits, etc. confirm the fact that adequate buffer is available for restoration of the water quality in the receiving sea. v All plants identified in the area, including the mangroves, are very common in occurrence in the Islands. v There are tourist places and a Historical Monument within the study area.

Thus, there is adequate buffer for the proposed Project in the physical, biological and edaphic environments of the study area.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

4.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The Proposal envisages the following activities : v Extension of existing Wharf of 140 m long (30 m wide for 100 m & 20.5 m wide for 40 m) by size 60 m x 20.50 m founded on bored Cast-in-situ RCC piles of 800 mm dia. v Dredging of 8,400 cu.m in 3,000 sq. m area (100 m x 30 m) to clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessel while berthing alongside.

4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase 4.1.1 Land Environment

The piles of 800 mm dia will be bored to the hard strata and socketed to the hard strata in the Sea. The piles will be with 6 mm thick steel sacrificial casing. Thus, the proposal do not involve any land requirement. No land reclamation (neither through dredged material nor any other means) is proposed. Dredged materials (8,400 m3) will be disposed off into the open sea at around 20-30 m depth.

The Wharf extension is proposed parallel to shore which will ensure minimum hindrance to the marine hydrodynamics of the area. There will be complete free flow of water under the Wharf structure. The entire structure shall be founded on 65 Nos. of RCC (cast-in-situ) piles of 800 mm dia. Thus, the project will not have any adverse impact on the land use during the Construction Phase.

4.1.2 Air Environment

The temporary and insignificant impacts of construction activities on air quality are predicted due to emission of dust during handling of cement, stone chips, etc. and exhaust during operation of winch, mixer machine, etc. used for pile driving and concreting activities. In addition to operations of construction machineries, movement of boats, dredger, etc. would also cause emissions of SO2 and NOx. However, the impact will be for short duration, confined locally and is unlikely to be detectable beyond 50 m radius from the actual site of construction as experienced in earlier Jetty constructions.

Also, the monitored ambient air pollutants levels at the site were found to be very low (mean values: 3 3 3 3 PM2.5-6.5 ug/m , PM10-12.4 ug/m , SO2-6.5 ug/m and NOx-5.9 ug/m ) and very well within the National Ambient Air Quality Norms and adequate buffer is available to accommodate the negligible exhausts from the proposed activities. Thus, the net impact will be insignificant and limited in an extremely small area.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

4.1.3 Noise Levels

Since the baseline ambient noise (Leq) levels are very low (<40 dB), additional 2-3 dB(A) due to construction, piling and dredging activities will hardly have any impact either on terrestrial fauna or human population. Also, because the construction is proposed at the existing Wharf, there will not be any significant impact to the baseline noise status which will be very well within the MoEF&CC Noise Norms of 55 dB(A) during day times and 45 dB(A) during night times for Residential Areas. No blasting is proposed and thus, no vibration or no impacts on aquatic fauna, if any, in the vicinity.

4.1.4 Water Environment

Dredging and disposal of 8,400 m3 will have negative temporary impacts at the disposal area of deep Sea. However, due to deep sea disposal (-20 m to -30 m depth), settlement of the disposed material will be faster leading to minimization of the impact by restricting spread of the dredged material. The disposal area is open sea and devoid of corals.

The existing Wharf is having APWD Water Supply for its daily requirements (maximum 2 cu.m/day). The proposal requires fresh water to the tune of 5 cum/day (average demand) mainly for the construction activity during Construction Phase which will be met from the existing APWD Supply. No ground water drawl and hence, no impact on ground water. The increased supply load of 5 m3/day from the existing supply network will also have a minimum impact. There will be a wastewater generation to the tune of 100 lits./day due to the construction activities which may reach the Sea. However, as there is much dilution available, its impact would also be insignificant.

4.1.5 Biological Environment

Existing Wharf area is devoid of Corals and Mangroves. There is no cutting of trees due to the proposal. No rare and endangered species has been recorded from the area. Also, there is no significant benthos’ population in the vicinity. The species (including fishes) present there are of common occurrence found throughout Andaman Islands. Thus, the construction with piling and dredging will not have any significant impact on terrestrial as well as marine flora and fauna.

4.1.6 Socio-economics

As the construction is proposed in the Jetty area, no adverse impact is anticipated on the local settlements. However, the project would provide direct or indirect employment to 25-50 local persons during the Construction Phase. This is a definite positive impact due to the Project. This is a definite positive impact due to the Project.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

4.2 Impacts during Operation Phase 4.2.1 Land Environment

Since the proposed Wharf is aligned parallel to the water current direction and also completely on smaller diameter (800 mm) piles, the net impact on hydrodynamics will be negligible. The bottom is devoid of silt, hence littoral drift is not seen. Accordingly, it is predicted that Wharf Extension will not create any erosion or accretion phenomena. Also, no solid/hazardous wastes disposal is envisaged from the Wharf operations. Thus, the project will not have any adverse impact on the land use, coastal morphology and soil quality during the project operation period.

4.2.2 Traffic Volume

Hope Town Wharf is located on the northern parts of Port Blair Harbour. The Road connecting Bamboo Flat and Hope Town is the main access to the Wharf by Road. It is also connected with Port Blair through ATR by 40 km distance. The Wharf has dedicated Entry-cum-Exit Gate in the Harbour Complex. For assessing the baseline status, the Traffic Survey based on Indian Road Congress-IRC:106 Norms at the Wahrf Junction was carried out during a Week day (Wednesday; 15.07.2015) and also during the Week end (Sunday; 19.07.2015). Based on the Survey, the existing Traffic Volume in the vicinity is computed and given in Table 4.1.

Table : 4.1 Existing Traffic Volume at Wharf Junction

No. of Vehicles/day Avg. Traffic per day, PCU Factor as No. of vehicles in Type of Vehicle Week Day Week End No. of per IRC:106 PCU/day (15.07.2015; (19.07.2015; Vehicles/day Wednesday) Sunday) Cycles 18 14 17.4 0.4 7.0 2-wheelers 96 120 99.4 0.5 49.7 Autos 84 68 81.7 1.2 98.1 Vans/Tempos 80 44 74.9 1.4 104.8 Cars 44 48 44.6 1.0 44.6 Buses 6 4 5.7 2.2 12.6 Trucks 20 8 18.3 2.2 40.2

Total 348 306 342 - 357

The existing traffic volume in the Project vicinity was found to be 357 Passenger Car Units/day (PCU/day). In the Post-Project Scenario, there will not be any change to the existing traffic volume during the Operation Phase. Thus, the net impact for changed scenario (implementation of project) would be insignificant/limited.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

4.2.3 Air Environment

During Operational Phase of the Project, the visiting ships/boats would cause emissions of SO2 and NOx. As the Proposal is for accommodating bigger LPG Vessels, the No. of Ships visiting the Wharf (for bulk unloading of LPG) will be reduced. Thus, the impact on Air Environment will be limited. Also, it is to be mentioned that the monitored pollutants’ levels in the Wharf area were found to be very well below the permissible NAAQ Norms and the net impact for changed scenario (implementation of project) will be limited and insignificant.

4.2.4 Noise Levels

The visiting ships/boats/vessels may result in increase in the equivalent (Leq) noise levels by 2-3 dB(A) till their departure from the Wharf. The existing Wharf operations do not cause any significant noise to the environment. The monitored Leq Noise Levels in the Wharf Area, <40 dB(A), were found to be well within the permissible Leq Norms of 55 dB(A) during day times and 45 dB(A) during night times respectively for Residential Areas and as such no impact is envisaged.

4.2.5 Water Environment

The existing water demand is 2 cu.m/day and there will not be any increase to it after the Extension. During the Operation Phase, no trade effluent is anticipated from the Wharf operation. The existing domestic sewage generation to the tune of 1.5 cum/day from Wharf Management Office is being treated biologically in a septic tank followed by dispersion trench of adequate size. There is no change in the existing status after Extension.

No effluent is anticipated during Operation of the Wharf, as mainly LPG bulk unloading is being carried out at the Wharf. However, oil sleeks (if any) from the visiting ships/boats/vessels might cause some negligible impact on the receiving sea. However, it can only happen during an accident. In normal operations, there can’t be any discharge/ leakage of oil. The vessels plying in A&N Islands use HSD which will evaporate automatically in event of any accidental spillage. All international safety precautions are taken to avoid any eventuality. Therefore, the impact will be negligible.

4.2.6 Biological Environment

The Wharf is now in operation for bulk unloading of LPG from vessels directly to the nearby Bottling Plant through pipeline. The vessel movements as such do not cause any negative impact on the marine water quality unless something is thrown either accidently or unknowingly. The construction of concrete piers/pillars to support the extended Wharf would encourage the settlement of sedentary organisms to settle upon it. Thus, implementation of the project will enhance the positive impacts on the aquatic environment.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

4.2.7 Socio-economics

In Andaman, fishing vessel size and gear available are not adequate for deep sea fishing. In the Study Area, little fishing activities are ongoing. Since no large trawling vessels are employed in the area, fishermen limit their activities to coastal shallow water areas only. The main method of fishing is gill netting and hook & line, in combination with the largely non motorized fleet of fishing craft. The main area for fishing does not extend past a couple of kilometers from the coast line. Thus, the proposed activity will not disturb the existing fishing activities on the Islands.

Unloading of bulk LPG to the nearby Bottling Plant through pipeline will not generate any additional employment i.e. no change in the existing status. However, the Proposal will increase the instant delivery of the LPG gas cylinders even to the remotest part of the Islands and thus, encouraging the use of LPG and discouraging wood burning in turn to save the environment. There will be additional indirect employment in Transport Sector. Thus, the Proposal has beneficial impacts due to increased infrastructure, transport and overall economy of the region. This would be a long term positive impact due to the Project.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

5.0 Analysis of Alternatives (Technology & Site)

5.1 Technology

The procedure for execution of the project plays an important role in the economic and easy completion of the project within the time. The primary factors to be considered are site condition, availability of men, machinery, materials etc. It is always advantageous to adopt, with modifications if necessary, the procedure and methods already found suitable under similar conditions in other completed projects like Phoenix Bay stage – III jetty and wharf at Hut bay & in Car-Nicobar, construction of Jetty at Shyamkund, Bornial, Construction of vehicle ferry ramps at Long Island, Havelock etc. It is also proposed to execute the project under similar procedure with suitable modifications as per site conditions. This work will be undertaken by ALHW under the Central Sector Plan works of the Ministry of Shipping.

5.2 Alternative Sites Considered

The proposal is for the Extension of existing Wharf. Therefore, site selection has limited alternative.

6.0 Environmental Monitoring Programme

Potable & Marine Air Noise Soil & Sediments Waters PM2.5 Day & Night Leq Noise pH, Turbidity, TSS, Bulk Density PM10 levels dB(A) DO, BOD, COD, Porosity

SO2 Sulphides, Phenols, pH, EC, Na, Cl, NOx Once in a month for the Oil & Grease, Heavy Metals CO entire period of Total Ammoniacal Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, etc.

24-hourly continuously construction Nitrogen (NH2-N), etc. for 2 days/week/ month Once in a month for the entire period Once in a month

The periodical monitoring of the environmental parameters as per Norms will cost about Rs.20.00 lakhs per annum.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

7.0 Additional Studies

7.1 Risk Assessment and Emergency Preparedness Plan

The salient features of Emergency Preparedness Plan followed by IOCL for its existing operations at the Wharf Area is appended for reference :

7.1.1 Estimation of Risk

Risk is a combination of two factors, frequency of occurrence of the accident and the magnitude of the consequence of the accident. The risk levels associated with the facilities are in the following forms: v Individual risk contours which show the geographical distribution of risk to an individual. v Societal risk (=Likelihood x Consequences) - (FN) curves which show the cumulative frequency (F) distribution of accidents causing different numbers (N) of fatalities.

The FN curve therefore indicates whether the societal risk to the facility is dominated by relatively frequent accidents causing small numbers of fatalities or low frequency accidents causing many fatalities.

Based on the above, the major risk contributors to individual risk is only on LPG Feed line rupture-Flash Fire / VCE. The Individual Risk (IR) value for the facility is calculated to be 2.46E-6 per year which falls in ‘As Low as Reasonably Practicable’ - ALARP (Tolerability) region of risk acceptance criteria. The Societal Risk for overall population also falls in the ALARP region. The Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) Analysis Results are given in Table 7.1.

Table : 7.1 MCA Damage Distance

Sl. Damage Distance (m) Scenario Description No. 50% Fatality 1% Fatality 1 Small leak in LPG Feed line - Flash Fire / VCE - 294.97 2 Small leak in LPG Feed line – jet Fire 23.08 25.90 3 LPG Feed line rupture-Flash Fire / VCE - 294.97

7.2 Disaster Management Plan

Disasters are off natural as well as man-made. Natural Disasters include Earthquakes, Floods, Cyclones, Tsunami, River Erosion, Landslides/, Forest Fires, etc. and the Man Made Disasters include Nuclear, Chemical, Mines, Biological, Cyber Terrorism, Environmental Disasters, etc.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

The Andaman & Nicobar Islands Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been prepared by the Administration which captures the measures undertaken and system established for disaster management in A&N Islands. In tune with the Disaster Management Act 2005, A&N Islands Union Territory Disaster Management Authority, A&N Union Territory Disaster Management Executive Committee and District Disaster Management Authorities are also constituted. The Disaster Management Practitioners utilize the DMP to promote collaborative efforts to reduce the disaster risk in the Islands. The Wharf operations is also covered under already developed DMP of the Islands.

Earthquakes : An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth.

Tsunami : A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer.

Volcanoes : A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. By contrast, volcanoes are not usually created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates.

Land Slides : A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.

Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area distinguished by swift and often destructive air circulation. They are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather. The criteria below has been formulated by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), which classifies the low pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea on the basis of the capacity to damage, which is adopted by the WMO.

Type of Disturbances Wind Speed in Km/h Wind Speed in Knots Low Pressure Lees than 31 Less than 17 Depression 31-49 17-27

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Type of Disturbances Wind Speed in Km/h Wind Speed in Knots Deep Depression 49-61 27-33 Cyclonic Storm 61-88 33-47 Severe Cyclonic Storm 88-117 47-63 Very Sever Cyclonic Storm 117-220 63-119 Super Cyclone More than 221 More than 120

They are further divided into the following categories according to their damage capacity.

Cyclone Category Wind Speed in Km/h Damage Capacity 01 120-150 Minimal 02 150-180 Moderate 03 180-210 Extensive 04 210-250 Extreme 05 250 and above Catastrophic

Storm surge : A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system, typically tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones. Storm surges are caused primarily by high winds pushing on the ocean's surface. The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. It is this combined effect of low pressure and persistent wind over a shallow water body which is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. In areas where there is a significant difference between low tide and high tide, storm surges are particularly damaging when they occur at the time of a high tide.

In the case of severely bad weather, the Administration restricts the Vessels/Boats movement in the Harbour.

Arrival and Departure of Vessels/Ships/Boats may result in Vessels Collision. The hazard scenarios were risk ranked using the Risk Matrix (R) shown in Table 7.1. The criteria used to determine the Likelihood of Occurrence (L) and Potential Severity (S) are given in Table 7.2 and Table 7.3 respectively.

Ranking of 2.5 and greater are considered significant/high risks.

Table : 7.1 Risk Matrix (R)

Risk Low Medium High Continuous (1) (2) (3) (4) Major (4) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Potential Moderate (3) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Severity Minor (2) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Negligible (1) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 7.2 Likelihood of Occurrence (L)

Likelihood of Occurrence Description Ranking Continuous Consequence likely to occur once in 1 yr 4 High Consequence likely to occur once in 5 yrs 3 Medium Consequence likely to occur once in 10 yrs 2 Low Consequence likely to occur once in 20 yrs 1

Table : 7.3 Potential Severity (S)

Potential Severity Description Ranking Major More than one fatality 4 Moderate One fatality 3 Minor Loss Time Injury (LTI) 2 Negligible Injury not resulting in loss time 1

The high risk scenario is identified for the Project operation (Table 7.4) as a result of Vessels Collision which may consequentially lead to severe damage to Vessels; potential for fire, personnel injury and environmental impact (spillage of material, fuel oil/diesel, etc.). The risk scenario as a result of Vessels collision; as a result of contamination by the discharge of oil polluted water, etc. Due to the nature of the operations, no likely scenarios could be identified for usage, generation, storage and transport; explosion hazards. Safeguards needed to reduce the level of risk are identified for the scenario and all will be in place.

Table : 7.4 Risk Scenario : Arrival & Departure of Vessels/Ships/Boats

Hazards Material Causes Safeguards S L R Justification Acceleration Vessels 1. Speed restriction (<2 knots) in 4.0 1.0 2.5 Severity: In the event 1.0 Collision with approach/depart the Wharf area. of Vessels collision, other Boats factors such as travel (passenger 2. Equipment for oil spill to water speed; personnel carriers, cargo containment (Emergency onboard; flammable boats, etc.). Response and Safety Plan). material used/stored etc. will determine the Consequences: consequence level. The consequence 1.1. Severe was high due to the damage to fact that collision in Vessels/Boats; this instance could potential for fire, lead to multiple personnel injury, fatalities. environmental Likelihood: Likelihood impact (spillage ranking is determined of material, fuel based on safeguards oil/diesel). identified. Implementation of the 2 identified safeguards will aid in the prevention/ reduction of the likelihood of such an event occurring. Fire LPG & 2.0 Ignition of 1. All Vessels in compliant with 3.0 1.0 2.0 Severity: Flammable Misc. misc. materials. IMO and flag state regulations materials can (Fire-fighting equipment, medical contribute to fires. Consequences: officer and services). The consequence ranking of 3 was 2.1. Severe 2. Communication with Coast based on the fact that

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Hazards Material Causes Safeguards S L R Justification damage to Guard to compliment Fire Fighting in the event of such a Boats; potential operations. fire, there may be one for fire, fatality at most. personnel injury, Likelihood: Likelihood environmental ranking is determined impact (spillage by safeguards of transfer identified. material, fuel Implementation of the oil/diesel). two (2) identified safeguards will aid in the prevention/ reduction of the likelihood of such an event occurring. Leakage LPG, Fuel 3.0 Piping 1. All Vessels in compliant with 2.0 1.0 1.5 Severity: In the Oil and leaks/rupture, IMO and flag state regulations. event of leakage of diesel, corrosion, (Fire-fighting equipment, medical fuel oil and diesel, the sewerage human error. officer and services). greatest consequence will be Consequences: 2. Equipment for oil spill to water lost time Injury if containment (Emergency vessel personnel 3.1. Potential for Response and Safety Plan). were exposed. It was fire, personnel determined that if a injury, 3. Leakage of LPG, if any, will be fire occurred as a Environmental immediately attended. result of leakage, it Impact. would be localised and more manageable thus a consequence ranking of 2 was given. Likelihood: Likelihood ranking is determined based on safeguards identified. Implementation of the 3 identified safeguards will aid in the prevention/reduction of the likelihood of such an event occurring. Contami- Discharge 4.0 Inefficient 1. Oil separation equipment nation of oil separation of oil installed on Vessels/Boats. contami- and water on nated Boat. 2. Boats restricted from water, discharging oily water while at the

bilge Consequences: Wharf (as per MARPOL). water. 4.1. 3. All overboard valves to be Environmental sealed close. impact. Contami- Discharge 5.0 Water from 1. Boats restricted from nation of washing of discharging bilge water while at washings. Vessels/Boats. port (as per MARPOL).

Consequences: 2. All overboard valves to be sealed close. 5.1. Environmental impact.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

7.3 Do's and Dont's

Tsunami v Turn on your radio to learn if there is a Tsunami warning if an earthquake occurs and you are in a coastal area. v Be alert for Early Warnings. v Learn to understand and notice the sea. If there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline become cautious and move away immediately. v Move inland to higher ground immediately and stay there. v Stay away from the beach. v Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until officials say it is safe to return. v Stay Away from debris in the water; it may pose a safety hazard to boats and people. v Save yourself – not your possessions. v Never go down to the beach to watch tsunami come in. If you can see the wave you too close to escape it. Cyclone v Insured. v Turn off gas and electric supply. v Secure door & windows during cyclone warning. v Trim branches hanging over your roof. v Don’t take Shelter near tree & electric line. v Don’t go for sightseeing. Earthquake v Read and learn about Disaster Management. v Earthquakes resistant house. v Attend disaster awareness classes. v Keep your exit rout unblocked. v Practise escape plan. v Stay away from hanging object. v Assist disabled to escape. v Stay away from tall buildings and electrical wires. v Duck cover and hold. v Don’t take shelter near windows or cupboards. v To exit don’t run, walk fast. v Don’t use lift, use staircase to exit. Fire v Repair defecting wiring. v Get a fire extinguisher now. v Cover yourself with blanket when exposed to flame. v On being trapped stuff side gap of the door with cloth. v Keep a first aid kit ready. v Help wire victims. v To extinguish fire, use stand, dust, loose earth or fire extinguisher. v Call 101 for Fire Bridge.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

v In a smoke filled room, don’t walk, crawl. v Don’t throw water on electrical appliance. v Don’t play with fire. v Stop drop drill. Emergency Contact Numbers v State Control Room: 1077 / 234287 v Directorate of Disaster Management: 242697 / 233311 v District Control Room: 238881 / 1070

Other Phone Nos. :

Fire 101 Ambulance 102 Women Care 1091 Child Care 1098 Coast Guard (MRCC) 1093 Doordarshan 233766 All India Radio 230360 / 232540 Govt. Press 229217 / 227201

7.4 Public Hearing & Public Consultation

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

EIA Report and submitted for the Environmental & CRZ Clearance of the Proposal.

Public Hearing Issues, Response/Action Plan

Public Hearing Held on : 21.05.2016 at 14:00 hrs. Venue : Panchayat Hall, Hope Town Panchayat No. of People attended : 46

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

8.0 Project Benefits

The overall impact of the Project will have significant positive impacts due to improvement of LPG Supply, infrastructure, employment, social and cultural development, etc. and the economy of the area with multiplier effect.

9.0 Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost Benefit Analysis as per Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is not carried out as there is no tree cutting or bush clearing is proposed.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

10.0 Environmental Management Plan

10.1 EMP for Construction Phase v It shall be ensured that no change in the hydrology and natural drainage system of the area. v No drilling/blasting shall be undertaken for the dredging work. v Dredged materials shall be disposed off safely at the identified location with adequate depth. v No reclamation shall be undertaken with the dredged materials. v Construction works may be stalled at the time of LPG Bulk unlodding times from the vessels during Contruction Phase. v Exploitation of forests or natural resources by the workforce shall not be allowed strictly. v Carrying of plastic and other nutrient locking materials (if they disposed on land) shall be banned totally. v The construction materials like sand, stone chips, etc. shall be obtained only from approved quarries. v Proper placement of construction machineries shall be ensured to eliminate vibrations and noise. v All machinery items shall be well lubricated to reduce noise. v High Speed Diesel with low sulphur content shall be used for running the machineries. v It shall be ensured that no oil leakage from the construction machineries or visiting boats. v Cement handling shall be supervised properly to check fugitive emissions. v Empty cement bags, debris, etc. shall not be disposed off at the site or inside the sea. They shall be collected and disposed off properly as per Norms/Guidelines. v The labours for the construction works shall be pooled from the local public (as proposed) to avoid transit camps, sewage generation & its disposal, etc. v During Construction, safety provisions and risk reduction measures shall be implemented and supervised effectively. v Appropriate induction safety and operational training shallbe given to the work force engaged in construction activities to avoid personal injuries. v Unsafe conditions and acts shall be minimized/controlled by frequent inspection. v Suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) such as goggles, safety shoes, life jackets, life vest, life belt, helmet, etc. will be provided to personnel engaged in construction activities. v Sea survival equipment such as life jacket shall also be provided. v Periodical monitoring of water quality, turbidity levels, bottom conditions, ambient air quality, noise levels, etc. shall be carried out as per Norms during the construction period.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

Table : 10.1 Proposed EMP Measures

In, IL, Ip Sl. Environmental Abatement of Potential Impacts grade of Action Plan No. Component/Activity Control/EMP Significance Getting polluted. Wastewater Prevention & Control

1 Water Is of Pollution - Increased water Water Conservation requirements Practices Proper Stacks with Better Quality Fuel maintenance of 2 Emission from Boats controlled Is Properly trained staff equipments and emissions engines Proper floor management during Increased loading and unloading. Transportation and 3 transportation and Is - Handling handling operations Harbour Management

Noise control Educated and trained Periodical training 4 Work Force Employment IL People to the staff

10.2 EMP for Operation Phase v On completion of construction, all debris and extraneous materials shall be cleared off and no residuals should be left at the site. v An effective monitoring mechanism shall be evolved to ensure that the environmental safeguard measures have been implemented properly. v Periodical monitoring of environmental parameters shall be carried out as per CPCB Norms to have a cross check and a data base.

10.3 Budget for EMP

The total cost of this project works out to be Rs. 17.49 crores including the EMP Budget of Rs.20.00 Lakhs per annum for implementing the EMP measures and Post-project Monitoring.

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

11.0 Summary and Conclusions

Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&N Islands) are located in the Bay of Bengal at a distance of 1200-1400 km from the mainland India. A&N Islands is one of the Union Territories of India being administered by Andaman & Nicobar Administration (A&N Administration) headed by Lt. Governor. Port Blair is the Head Quarters. A&N islands are connected with main land from Kolkatta, Chennai & Vishakapatnam by air and sea routes. Shipping is the main mode of transportation for passengers and cargo from the Mainland to Port Blair and from there to far flung islands. The shipping services are mainly divided into two categories viz. Mainland-Island Services and Inter-Island Services. Passenger and Cargo Vessels being operated between Mainland and Port Blair come under Mainland-Island Services. Inter-Island Boat Services, Harbour Ferry Services, Foreshore Services come under Inter-Island Services.

Port Blair Harbour includes Phoenix Bay Harbour Complex (PBC), Chatham Jetty, Haddo Wharf, Hope Town Wharf, Junglighat Harbour, etc. The Jetties in different locations of Port Blair Harbour are being utilized for the above mentioned usage in an organised/specified manner. Visiting Tourist or other Foreign Vessels are calling at Haddo Wharf.

Hope Town, a tiny village in hillock, is located in Ferrargunj Tehsil of South Andaman District with a total population of 1,258 (657 males & 601 females) in 297 Households as per Census 2011. The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) had commissioned a 5,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) capacity LPG Bottling Plant at Chunna Bhatta, Hopetown in 2003 and is now translating the LPG to 3,52,112 cylinder refills per year for distribution in A&N Islands. The plant has six storage bullets of 150 tonnes each (900 tonnes storage). It receives bulk LPG through sea-going tankers.

The LPG tankers are being berthed at Hope Town Wharf for unloading bulk LPG from Vessel and direct to the LPG Bottling Plant for bottling and distributing to local needs. Thus, considerable revenue saving to the Government of India is derived as transportation of the LPG gas cylinders from mainland is dispensed with. Instant delivery of the gas cylinders even to the remotest part of the Islands has been made possible, encouraging the use of LPG and discouraging wood burning in turn to save the environment.

Due to shorter length of the Wharf, normal size LPG tankers are unable to berth and IOCL has to put extra efforts to bring smaller tankers by spending extra money towards ocean freight for placing product at Port Blair. Also, IOCL wants to augment the LPG storage facility from existing 900 tonnes to 2,700 tonnes. Due to the constraints on berthing of regular size vessel (13,000 metric tonnes-13 TMT or more)

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

at Hope Town Wharf, IOCL is spending huge money towards ocean freight. The 13 TMT size LPG vessels are in use for positioning LPG imports at other Indian Ports. Moreover, requirement of special size Vessel does not leave the option of diverting any other Vessel in case of variation in demand in A&N Islands or any delay in already planned supplies. Thus, they have requested suitable infrastructures for berthing of 13 TMT parcel size LPG Vessels so as to reduce the financial outgo on higher freight cost and also to ensure availability of LPG in the Islands at all times. IOCL prefers the commonly operated Indian LPG Tankers like Nanga Parbat and Annapurna for berthing at Hope Town Wharf.

To meet to the requirement of berthing of regular LPG Tankers which are 160 m in length, the existing Wharf has to be extended by 60 m, so that final length reaches to 200 m. In confirmation to the requirements as stated above and in the light of the factual position prevailing at site and after hydrographic survey, the project ‘Extension of Hope Town Wharf by 60 m’ has been sanctioned by the Ministry of Shipping on 29th July 2015 for an amount of Rs.17.49 crores. The Proposal broadly, envisages the following components : v Extension of Wharf of Size 60 m x 20.50 m founded on bored Cast-in-situ RCC piles of 800 mm dia. v Dredging of 8,400 cu.m in 3,000 sq. m area (100 m X 30 m) to clear cast-in/cast-off route of the Vessel while berthing alongside.

The Project activities are proposed in the designated Harbour Area of Port Blair, Port Blair Town, Port Blair Tehsil, South Andamans District of Andaman & Nicobar Islands Union Territory. Wharf Extension Site is proposed inbetween 11o41’50.22”- 11o41’50.90” N Latitude and 92o43’24.66”-92o43’26.71” E Longitude and Dredging is proposed inbetween 11o41’49.23”- 11o41’50.51” N Latitude and 92o43’21.11”- 92o43’24.66” E Longitude. The 10-km study area of project site falls in part of Mount Harriet National Park (@ 800 m in north) in South Andaman Reserved Forests. Saithankari Protected Forests, Port Mout Brindraban RF, Jirkatang RF, etc. exist in the study area. There are no eco sensitive areas like Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Elephant Corridor, etc. within 10 km from the site. The National Monument Cellular Jail is at a distance of 3.4 km in southeast from the site. Lohabarrack Salt Water Crocodile Sanctuary is at a distance of 13 km in west and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is at 17 km distance in southwest.

Ensyscon, Chennai-78. Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works Extension of Hope Town Wharf, Port Blair Harbour, A&N Islands

12.0 Disclosure of Consultants

ALHW has entrusted the EIA Study on M/s. Environmental System Consultants & Ambiente Lab Solutions Private Limited (Ensyscon), Chennai. The EIA Consultant has been accredited for the Sectors 1 (Mining), 4 (Thermal Power Plants), 9 (Cement Plants), 31 (Industrial Estates/SEZs), 33 (Ports & Harbours) - Category ‘A’ and Sector 38 (Building Proposals) - Category B by the National Accreditation Board for Education & Training (NABET), Quality Council of India (Sl. No. 51 in the List of Accredited EIA Consultants-5th September 2016). The Experts accreditated and pooled for the Study are :

EIA Coordinator Sl. In-house/ FAE Name (EC) Brief Resume No. Empanelled Sector Cat. Area Cat. 1 (OC) A M.Sc. (Envl Chemistry) AP A 9 A 23 yrs. in EIA Field AQ A 1 Mr. K.Sekar In-house 31 A Clearance under EIA Notif. WP A 33 A 2006 : 76 Projects RH B 38 B CRZ Clearance : 34 Ph.D (Envl. Engg.) 9 A AP A Ex. Senior Deputy Director & 2 Dr. S.D.Badrinath Empanelled 33 A WP A Head, (EIA & SIA Division) 4 A SHW B National Environmental Engg. Research Institute (NEERI) 1 B WP A M.Sc. Envl. Biotech 3 Mrs. G.Kalaiselvi Inhouse 9 B SHW B 12 Years Experience Ph. D MoEF&CC EAC Member 4 Dr. K.Suresh Inhouse - - EB A (Mining) during 2007-10 17 Years Experience Ph. D (Zoology) Retd. Professor-Loyola College; 5 Dr M.Selvanayagam Empanelled - - EB B 36 years Ex EAC Member (M) Ph. D (Land Mgmt.) Professor & Head, Earth 6 Dr.S.Aruchamy Empanelled - - LU A Sciences, Bharathithasan University, Trichy 22 Years Experience Master of Social Works, M.Phil 7 Mr M.Arulraj Inhouse - - SE B Head, Dept. of Social Work- Loyola College; 27 years M.Sc. Geology HG B (Retd. Hydrogeologist 8 Mr M.Radhakrishnan Empanelled - - GEO B Neyveli Lignite Corporn.) 25 Years of Experience B.E (Agri); 3 Years of 9 Mr.K.Veerapandian Empanelled - - SC B Experience

M.A (Sociology), Ph.D Dr Mangalam (Nutrition) 10 Empanelled - - SE A Balasubramanian President and Managing Trustee, Exnora Green Pammal M.Sc. (Geography), M.B.A 11 Jada Srinivasa Rao Empanelled - - LU A 6 Years Experience HG A Bitragunda Rajendra M.Sc., Ph. D (Geo Physics) 12 Empanelled - - GEO A Prasad 40 Years Experience NV A

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Ensyscon, Chennai-78.