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The Jaketown Site: Surface Collections from a Poverty

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The Jaketown Site: Surface Collections from a Poverty Archaeological Report No. 9 THE JAKETOWN SITE SURFACE COLLECTIONS FROM A POVERTY POINT REGIONAL CENTER IN THE YAZOO BASIN. MISSISSIPPI Geoffrey R. Lehmann Mississippi Department of Archives and History Jackson. Mississippi 1982 1 THE JAKETOWN SITE: SURFACE COLLECTIONS FROM A POVERTY POINT REGIONAL CENTER IN THE YAZOO BASIN, MISSISSIPPI FIGURES, PLATES, TABLES ii ABSTRACT iii PREFACE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. THE JAKETOWN SITE 5 A. Description of Site 5 B. History of Investigations 6 C. Date of the Poverty Point Occupation at Jaketown 9 III.RAW MATERIALS 11 A. Chert 12 B. Other Stone 15 IV.CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS 18 A. Projectile Points 18 B. Chipped Bifacial Tools 31 C. Microlith Industry 32 V.GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS 33 A. Roughly Ground Tools 33 B. Ground and Polished Tools 34 C. Miscellaneous Ground and Polished Stone Objects 38 D. Stone Vessels 41 VI. LAPIDARY INDUSTRY 41 VII.OBJECTS OF FIRED CLAY 44 A. Poverty Point Objects 44 B. Clay Tubular Pipes 46 C. Ceramics 47 D. Other Clay Objects 47 VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 48 REFERENCES CITED 52 ii FIGURES 1. Location of the Jaketown site ••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 2 2. The Jaketown site, with selected contour lines in feet •••• 4 3 P'l.umme t decorations 37 4. Gorget decorations 39 PLATES Projectile Point Types 1. Pontchartrain•..•.••• 19 8. Macon•••••••••••.. 24 2. Kent .•....•....•••••. 19 9. Ellis••••••.•••.•. 25 3. Gary ..•••...•......••20 10. Shumla...••••••••• 25 4. Motley...•.••••••.•.•20 II. Marshall•••.•.••.• 27 5. Epps ••••••••••••••••• 21 12. Elam•••.•••••••... 27 6. Delhi 21 13. Marcos •••.•••••••• 29 7. Carrollton•.•••••••.. 24 14. Hale 29 Other Artifacts 15. Pumice Celt ............................................. 35 16. P'lummet s •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 17. Gorgets 40 18. Tubular Beads and Pendants ••••••••••••••...••••••••..•••••40 19. Quartz Objects 42 20. Jasper Effigy Tablet 42 2l. Rectangular Tablets with Narrow Ends •••••••••••••••••.•••• 43 22. Clay Tubular Pipes 43 TABLES 1. Raw material usage at Jaketown•...•••••••..••.•••••.••.•. l0 2. Projectile points by raw material A. Pontchartrain, Kent, Gray, Motley, Epps, Delhi••••... 22 B. Carrollton, Macon, Ellis, Shumla, Marshall, Elam ..•.• 28 C. Marcos, Hale, Palmillas, Fragments, Total••••.••.•••. 30 3. Microlith industry at Jaketown..•.•••.••••....••••••••..•33 4. P'lummet s from Jaketown 38 5. Type frequencies of Poverty Point objects at Jaketown 45 iii ABSTRACT The Jaketown Project recorded a number of private collections from the Jaketown site, a multi-component site in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, noted primarily for its Poverty Point component. The collections represent a large, generalized surface collection and on an average contained about ninety percent Poverty Point-related materials. The collections are described according to artifact class and type and an emphasis is placed on the representation of non-local materials within the various categories. The frequencies both of artifact types and of the materials within each type are noted and compared to other Poverty Point sites. The appearance of non­ . local materials in the preliminary stages of the" lithic reduction sequence and in plummet manufacture suggest procurement of unaltered raw materials, which implies that Jaketown had direct access to source areas. iv PREFACE The Jaketown Project is a product of a grass-roots historic preservation movement. The Humphreys County Historical Society and other interested citizens encouraged their state representatives, Senator Ollie Mohamed and Representative David M. Halbrook, to introduce legislation sponsoring research at the Jaketown site, a well-known pre­ historic archaeological site outside of Belzoni, Mississippi. Their intentions were aimed at the eventual establishment of the Jaketown site as an attraction that would draw in visitors and would hopefully include museum facilities. Funds are in no greater supply in Mississippi than elsewhere, so the development of the Jaketown site would necessarily have to proceed in gradual steps. The initial funding of the project was authorized at $25,000, though later reduced by the Commission of Budget and Accounting to $12,500, to be administered by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. The application of these funds was considered by the Department director Elbert R. Hilliard, Division of Historic Preservation director Robert J. Bailey, and Chief Archaeologist Samuel o. McGahey. They determined that the funds might best be spent in attempting to locate and record as many private collections taken from the site as possible. Recording private collections from archaeological sites is an important source of data, particularly because collectors tend to con­ centrate upon diagnostic tools. Recording private collections from the Jaketown site is especially important because the site is located in an easily accessible cotton field, is a well-known (and marked) site, and contains literally thousands of artifacts made of unusual materials. The fact that many of the collectors are older people who have made no provision for long-term curation of their artifacts or who rely on their memories for the locations from which they were obtained, argues strong­ ly for research designed to record as much of this data as possible before the collections are lost, traded, sold, or simply become "grand­ daddy's old rock collection." Although general surface collections do not provide sufficient context on which to base many important interpre­ tations, recording private collections provides a basic data set and can be done at a relatively low cost. The Jaketown Project, then, was designed as a year-long project aimed primarily at recording as many private collections from the site as possible. Field work ran through three quarters of the year, with report preparation in the final quarter. Although most archaeological research would allot the time for field work and write-up in proportions exactly opposite to this, all basic artifact analyses must occur in the field in this type of project. The result of this project is the following report, though the fieldwork also generated a large number of color slides of the collections, and several donations have provided a limited comparative collection available for future research. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements for cooperation and input into the Jaketown Project are due to a host of organizations and individuals. The Humphreys County Historical Society, State Senator Ollie Mohamed and Representative David M. Halbrook, and the Mississippi Legislature are to be thanked for conceiving and funding the project. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History, its director Elbert R. Hilliard, Division of Historic Preservation director Robert J. Bailey, and Chief Archaeologist Samuel O. McGahey provided support and encouragement. Danny Harrelson, of the Mississippi Bureau of Geology, provided a lot of help in identifying many different materials encountered in the collections. Dr. Marvin Jeter, of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, provided information on the distribution of Tallahatta quartzite in southeast Arkansas. Very special gratitude is due to Mrs. J. O. Fowler, secretary of the Humphreys County Chamber of Commerce, who not only provided office space but warm conversation and refuge from days on the road. Thanks are also due to a number of Delta citizens who, out of no other reason than hospitality, made my research easier and more pleasant. Finally, and most important of all, I extend my gratitude to all of the collectors who shared their collections, time, and interest, for without them I would have nothing to report. These individuals and institutions are listed below by community and in alphabetical order: Belzoni: Mr. Bobby Evans, Mr. Tommy Johnson, Mrs. June Lea, Mr. Bobby Lilly Greenwood: Mr. and Mrs. Frank McCormick, Jr. Cottonlandia Museum: Collections of Mrs. Carrie Avent Jones and Mr. L. B. Jones, Mr. Chris Bryan, Mr. Travis Clarke, Mrs. Sally Humphreys Gwin, Mr. Frank McCormick, Jr., Mr. James Sibley, Dr. Sam Sugg Indianola: Mr. J. D. Allen, Mr. George Chatham, Mrs. Jessie Lee, Mr. Opie Little, Jr., Mr. Bobby Prysock, Mr. Jerry Stevens Inverness: Mrs. J. S. Bell, Mr. Stanley Fitzgerald Isola: Dr. Sam Sugg Jackson: Mr. and Mrs. Jack Dempsey, Mr. Tommy Lilly Sunflower: Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lancaster Ownership of the objects photographed for this report is indicated in the plate captions. THE JAKETOWN SITE SURFACE COLLECTIONS FROM A POVERTY POINT REGIONAL CENTER IN THE YAZOO BASIN. MISSISSIPPI 2 TENNESSEE ---~---~ MISSISSIPPI o 50, miles Figure 1. Location of the Jaketown site in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. 3 INTRODUCTION The Jaketown Project has been a year-long study primarily aimed at recording private collections from the Jaketown site, a large prehis­ toric site about three miles north of Belzoni in Humphreys County, Mississippi (Figure 1). Although every cultural period from Poverty Point through Mississippian is represented at Jaketown, the Poverty Point occupation is the most extensive. This component on this site is generally recognized as representing a regional center of the Poverty Point culture in the Yazoo Basin. The Yazoo Basin is an extremely fertile area within the Lower Mississippi Valley. Several pertinent facts about prehistoric sites in this area should be mentioned. First, a large percentage of the land is under cultivation, making recognition of sites very easy. Second, the Yazoo Basin is extremely flat; consequently artificial
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