The Determination of Load Profiles and Power Consumptions of Home

energies

Article The Determination of Load Proﬁles and Power Consumptions of Home Appliances

Fatih Issi 1,* ID and Orhan Kaplan 2

1 Electronics and Automation Department, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri 18200, Turkey 2 Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-376-213-1195

Received: 26 January 2018; Accepted: 7 March 2018; Published: 9 March 2018

Abstract: In recent years, the increment of distributed electricity generation based on renewable energy sources and improvement of communication technologies have caused the development of next-generation power grids known as smart grids. The structures of smart grids have bidirectional communication capability and enable the connection of energy generated from distributed sources to any point on the grid. They also support consumers in energy efficiency by creating opportunities for management of power consumption. The information on power consumption and load profiles of home appliances is essential to perform load management in the dwelling accurately. In this study, the power consumption data for all the basic home appliances, utilized in a two-person family in Çankırı, Turkey, was obtained with high resolution in one-second intervals. The detailed power consumption analysis and load profile were executed for each home appliance. The obtained data is not only the average power consumption of each appliance but also characterizes different operating modes or their cycles. In addition, the impact of these devices on home energy management studies and their standby power consumptions were also discussed. The acquired data is an important source to determine the load profile of individual home appliances precisely in home energy management studies. Although the results of this study do not completely reflect the energy consumption behavior of the people who live in this region, they can reveal the trends in load demands based on a real sample and customer consumption behavior of a typical two-person family.

Keywords: home appliances; load proﬁle; power consumption; demand management

1. Introduction Smart grids (SGs) that attract intensive attention are reliable power grids having self-healing ability, comprising the consumers producing their own energy based on renewable energy sources with minimum cost and allowing the use of available infrastructure with full capacity [1–4]. In addition, SGs give the opportunity for consumers to operate demand response programs independently so that the optimal matching between source and load can be spread to each region of the horizontal time axis by considering consumer habits. In the beginning, demand response was supposed as a change in normal consumption demand taking into account the decrease or increase of the electrical energy production [5]. Initial demand response programs were used to control loads at peak times in the United States [6]. Demand response programs, considered as a power system resource and an essential part of SGs currently, bring economic beneﬁts to the consumers and utility by spreading the consumption of electrical loads to the time axis, and they also enhance the reliability and sustainability of power grids [6,7]. In many countries, incentives are given directly or indirectly to encourage the use of demand response programs. Dynamic demand response programs were accepted by the European Union as a strategic tool to achieve three main objectives, which are reducing greenhouse gases by 20%,

Energies 2018, 11, 607; doi:10.3390/en11030607 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2018, 11, 607 2 of 18 increasing the energy production based on renewable energy sources by 20%, and increasing energy efficiency by 20% [8]. Although the electricity consumed in buildings varies from country to country, it is equal to 30–40% of the total electricity consumption all over the world [9]. According to the data by the Turkish Statistical Institute, the electricity which is consumed by houses and commercial and government buildings approximately constitutes 45% of overall energy consumption in Turkey [10]. While industrial and commercial buildings make use of demand response opportunities all around the world, the vast majority of residential buildings cannot use these opportunities [11]. It is the opinion that dwelling comfort may be reduced and energy consumption habits are the biggest obstacle for the implementation of demand respond programs at homes [12]. However, intelligent home energy management systems have gained popularity in recent years with the aim of enhancing the dwelling comfort in parallel with the advances in information and internet technologies [13,14]. Therefore, home energy management studies play a crucial role in enabling demand response programs to be used effectively in residences [15]. The determination of residential load profile and electric power consumption has an effect upon the accuracy of demand response studies. Thus, several methods were used to generate the load profile and power consumption of home appliances precisely [16–19]. The bottom-up approach is often used to generate real electricity consumption data of a residence in the literature [20]. The most important disadvantage of the bottom-up approach is that it needs the detailed load consumption data [21]. To date, in many publications, representative data and statistical averages of the consumption of electrical appliances have been used to overcome this problem. Ref. [22] classified the buildings in Singapore based on their energy consumption and built their mathematical models and load profiles using the bottom-up model. Then, the produced load models were compared with real models and they classified the houses by the number of rooms they had. Abeykoon V. et al. described the electrical home appliances using machine learning algorithms with the information gathered from power consumption data of home appliances with fast and high precision [23]. This modeling was accomplished for the vast majority of the devices, but there is a need for more sample consumption and training of the algorithm in order to achieve the same success in the devices that contain complex operating modes. Pipattanasomporn M. et al. specified load profiles based on the power consumption data for the specified home appliances and described the demand management potentials of these loads. Although the major electrical appliances used in the two separate houses were determined as data sources in this study, the number of these appliances can be inadequate as a source for demand response studies. In [17], the monthly power consumption of home appliances was predicted using a multiple regression model. In addition, the effect of seasonal variation on the monthly power consumption was examined. In 2007, the power consumption of home appliances in 72 dwellings was monitored for over two years and the data was recorded in five-minute intervals [24]. The results of the study showed that the energy consumption increased by 4.5% in the second year due to an increase in the appliances that were left in standby mode. Munhaw K. et al. designed a measurement and control system for the power consumption of home appliances [25]. The developed prototype suggests that home appliances can be controlled effectively by pursuing the electricity tariff prices. The results of literary reviews show that the information based on the load profiles and power consumption of home appliances is used extensively in many fields such as demand management, energy efficiency, determination of load usage trends, etc. There are few studies focusing on the data for the power consumption and specific load profiles with high resolution of home appliances which is required in many areas. This is the main reason why the standard load profile and the average electricity consumption of home appliances were used in previous years. With the advent of SGs, more realistic load profiles and power consumption data are needed in the distribution system. The main purpose of this work is to meet the detailed power consumption data and describe load profiles of all operating modes of home appliances with different operating modes. In addition, this study aims to demonstrate demand management opportunities and the impact of standby consumption on energy efficiency by analyzing the obtained data. For this Energies 2018, 11, 607 3 of 18

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The brand, model, efficiency class, and power consumption of the home appliances used in loadthe devices profileTable 1. analysis.used The brand,in the model,home. efficiency class, and power consumption of the home appliances used in load profile analysis. loadID profile analysis.Device Model Efficiency Rating Average Power Ratio SP1 Refrigerator Bosch KDN56AW35N 309 kWh/year TableID 1. The brand,Device model, efficiency Modelclass, and power consumptionEfficiency Rating of the homeAverage appliances Power Ratioused in IDSP2ID DeviceWashingDevice Machine Bosch Model WAT24460TRModel Efficiency Efficiency Rating Rating Average0.70 Average kWh–40 Power Power Ratio°C Ratio loadSP1 profile analysis. Refrigerator Bosch KDN56AW35N 309 kWh/year SP3SP1 DishwasherRefrigerator Bosch SMS43D12TRKDN56AW35N 3091.02 kWh/year kWh SP1SP2 Refrigerator Washing Machine Bosch Bosch KDN56AW35N WAT24460TR 0.70 kWh–40309 kWh/year °C SP4SP2ID WashingDevice Oven Machine Bosch HBN551E1TWAT24460TRModel Efficiency Rating Average0.700.79 kWh–40 Power kWh Ratio°C SP3 Dishwasher Bosch SMS43D12TR 1.02 kWh ◦ SP2 SP5SP3Washing Dishwasher Machine Iron Bosch TefalBosch WAT24460TR Ultimate SMS43D12TR 400 1.0226000.70 kWh Wh kWh–40 C SP4SP1 Refrigerator Oven Bosch HBN551E1TKDN56AW35N 3090.79 kWh/year kWh SP3SP6SP4 Dishwasher Hair Oven Dryer Bosch FakirBosch SMS43D12TR Cosmic HBN551E1T 2000 0.792000 kWh 1.02Wh kWh SP5SP2 Washing Iron Machine TefalBosch Ultimate WAT24460TR 400 0.702600 kWh–40 Wh °C SP7SP5 Kettle Iron ClatronicTefal Ultimate WKS2882 400 24002600 Wh SP4SP6SP3 Oven Dishwasher Hair Dryer Bosch FakirBosch HBN551E1T Cosmic SMS43D12TR 2000 1.022000 kWh 0.79Wh kWh SP8SP6 Range Hair Dryer Hood FerreFakir FMP600Cosmic 2000 2000145Wh Wh SP5SP7SP4 Iron Kettle Oven Tefal ClatronicBosch Ultimate HBN551E1T WKS2882 400 0.792400 kWh Wh 2600 Wh SP9SP7 Toast Kettle Machine ArzumClatronic AR279 WKS2882 18002400 Wh SP6SP8SP5 Hair Range Dryer Iron Hood Fakir FerreTefal Cosmic UltimateFMP600 2000 400 2600145Wh Wh 2000 Wh SP10SP8 LED Range Television Hood LGFerre 47LB670V FMP600 70 kWh/year145Wh SP7SP9SP6 Kettle Toast Hair Machine Dryer Clatronic ArzumFakir Cosmic WKS2882AR279 2000 18002000 Wh 2400 Wh SP9 Toast MachineCase Standard Arzum AR279 1800- Wh SP8SP10SP7 Range LED Hood KettleTelevision Ferre LGClatronic FMP600 47LB670V WKS2882 702400 kWh/year Wh 145Wh SP10SP8 LED Range TelevisionMonitor Hood 1 LGFerre E196047LB670V FMP600 LCD 70 kWh/year145Wh17 Wh SP9SP11 Toast PC Machine Case ArzumStandard AR279 - 1800 Wh MonitorCase 2 LGStandard W2846L LED 28 Wh- SP9 Toast MonitorMachine 1 LGArzum E1960 AR279 LCD 180017 Wh Wh SP10SP11 LED PC Television MonitorSpeaker 1 LG CreativeLG47LB670V E1960 A60 LCD 5.51770 Wh kWh/year SP10SP11 PC LED TelevisionMonitor 2 LG W2846L47LB670V LED 70 kWh/year28 Wh SP12 PrinterMonitor 2 SamsungLG W2846L ML-1610 LED 30028 WhWh CaseSpeakerCase Standard CreativeStandard A60 5.5 -Wh - Speaker Creative A60 5.5 Wh SP12 Monitor PrinterMonitor1 1 LG SamsungLGE1960 E1960 LCD ML-1610LCD 30017 WhWh 17 Wh SP11SP12SP11 PC PC Printer Samsung ML-1610 300 Wh 2.2. ProposedSP12 MeasurementMonitor PrinterMonitor 2 Methodology 2 LG LGSamsungW2846L W2846L ML-1610 LED LED 30028 Wh Wh 28 Wh SpeakerSpeaker Creative Creative A60 A60 5.5 Wh 5.5 Wh 2.2. ProposedA special Measurement measuring Methodology system was designed to obtain the power consumption data of home 2.2. ProposedSP12 Measurement Printer Methodology Samsung ML-1610 300 Wh SP12 Printer Samsung ML-1610 300 Wh appliancesA special with measuring high resolution. system The was designed designed system to obtain consists the powerof an Edimaxconsumption Smart dataPlug ofwireless home A special measuring system was designed to obtain the power consumption data of home appliancespower2.2. Proposed meter with Measurement and high Radxa resolution. MethodologyRockPro The single designed board system computer consists (SBC). of an The Edimax Edimax Smart Smart Plug Plug wireless was appliances with high resolution. The designed system consists of an Edimax Smart Plug wireless 2.2. Proposedpowerconnected meter Measurement to each and deviceRadxa Methodology to RockPro determine single the powerboard consumptioncomputer (SBC). data. The consumedEdimax Smart power Plug value was of powerA specialmeter andmeasuring Radxa systemRockPro was single designed board tocomputer obtain the (SBC). power The consumption Edimax Smart data Plug of home was connectedeach device to was each taken device from to determinethe wireless the power power measurement consumption plug data. monitored The consumed by a Radxapower RockProvalue of Aappliancesconnected special to measuringwith each high device resolution. system to determine wasThe designedthe power system toconsumption obtain consists the data. of power an The Edimax consumptionconsumed Smart power Plug data wirelessvalue of of home eachSBC minicomputerdevice was taken with from Quad the Corewireless ARM power processor, measurement 2GB of plugRAM monitored and 8GB byof astorage Radxa space.RockPro A powereach device meter was and taken Radxa from RockPro the wireless single power board measurement computer (SBC). plug monitoredThe Edimax by aSmart Radxa Plug RockPro was appliancesSBCsoftware minicomputer with based high on resolution. Javawith wasQuad developed TheCore designedARM on processor,the systemminicomputer 2GB consists of RAMand of a an andLinux Edimax 8GB operating of Smartstorage system Plug space. was wireless A connectedSBC minicomputer to each device with toQuad determine Core ARM the power processor, consumption 2GB of RAMdata. Theand consumed 8GB of storage power space.value ofA powerinstalledsoftware meter andwithbased Radxa the on aim Java RockPro of was collecting developed single data board fromon computerthe smart minicomputer plugs. (SBC). The The andblock Edimaxa Linuxdiagram Smartoperating of the Plug implemented system was connected was eachsoftware device based was on taken Java from was the developed wireless onpower the measurementminicomputer plug and monitoreda Linux operating by a Radxa system RockPro was to eachinstalledsystem device and with tothe the determineflowchart aim of collectingof the the powerdeveloped data consumption from software smart are plugs. data.given The in The blockFigures consumed diagram 1 and 2, of respectively. power the implemented value of each SBCinstalled minicomputer with the aim with of collectingQuad Core data ARM from processor, smart plugs. 2GB Theof RAM block and diagram 8GB of thestorage implemented space. A devicesystem was takenand the from flowchart the wireless of the developed powermeasurement software are given plug in monitoredFigures 1 and by 2, arespectively. Radxa RockPro SBC softwaresystem and based the flowcharton Java was of the developed developed on software the minicomputer are given in and Figures a Linux 1 and operating 2, respectively. system was minicomputerinstalled with with the Quad aim of Core collecting ARM data processor, from smart 2GB plugs. of RAM The and block 8GB diagram of storage of the space. implemented A software system and the flowchart of the developed software are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. Energies 2018, 11, 607 4 of 18 based on Java was developed on the minicomputer and a Linux operating system was installed with the aim of collecting data from smart plugs. The block diagram of the implemented system and the

ﬂowchartEnergies 2018 of, 11 the, x FOR developed PEER REVIEW software are given in Figures1 and2, respectively. 4 of 18 Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18

Figure 1. The block diagram of the implemented system. Figure 1. The block diagram of the implemented system.

Figure 2. The flowchart of the developed Java software. Figure 2. The flowchart ﬂowchart of the developed Java software. In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with the smart plug, current and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained values the smart plug, current and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained values are formatted with 2 decimal places. The measured values are divided into sequences and transmitted are formatted with 2 decimal places. The measured values are divided into sequences and transmitted

Energies 2018, 11, 607 5 of 18

In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection withEnergies the 2018 smart, 11, x plug,FOR PEER current REVIEW and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained5 of 18 values are formatted with 2 decimal places. The measured values are divided into sequences and totransmitted a cloud database. to a cloud If database.there is a If table there belonging is a table belongingto that device to that in devicethe database, in the database, the data theis directly data is recordeddirectly recorded in the corresponding in the corresponding table, and table, if andthe table if the belonging table belonging to the to device the device is not is found not found in the in database,the database, a new a new table table is automatically is automatically created. created. The database The database tables tables are named are named according according to the to date the ofdate the of corresponding the corresponding day. The day. recording The recording time timeof the of da theta datais also is added also added to a recording to a recording file and file the and data the recordingdata recording operation operation is completed. is completed. The algorithm The algorithm saves savesthe current, the current, voltage, voltage, power, power, operating operating status ofstatus devices, of devices, clock, clock,date, and date, plug and ID plug number ID number inform informationation in the indatabase the database with 1-sec with 1-secintervals intervals for each for plug.each plug.The flow The diagram flow diagram of the of data the acquisition data acquisition and storage and storage in the in database the database is shown is shown in Figure in Figure 3. The3. Theprepared prepared algorithm algorithm ensures ensures that that very very precise precise da datata of ofpower power consumption consumption can can be be obtained obtained by continuous data recording.

Figure 3. TheThe flowchart ﬂowchart of the monito monitoringring and recording software.

3. Numerical Results In this section, the results of the power consumptionconsumption measurements of the speciﬁedspecified home appliances are discussed in detail for each devicedevice consideringconsidering different operatingoperating modes. The data recorded for three months (from October to Decemb Decemberer 2016) and a detailed detailed assessment assessment was visualized by consumption consumption data data in in November November 2016 2016 and and dealt dealt with with in this in this section. section. The Thepower power consumption consumption data fordata the for remaining the remaining months months except except November November is gi isven given and and the the accuracy accuracy of of the the measurements measurements was veriﬁedverified by the residential electricityelectricity bill.bill. Refrigerator: The refrigerator was dealt with primarily and the daily power consumption of the refrigerator was depicted in detail in Figure4 4.. TheThe refrigeratorrefrigerator waswas operatingoperating forfor coolingcooling atat certaincertain intervals during the day and its energy consumption during a cooling process was determined as approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min. When Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect of the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption of the refrigerator were found as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively.

Energies 2018, 11, 607 6 of 18 approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min. When Figure4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect of the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption of Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18 theEnergies refrigerator 2018, 11, x FOR were PEER found REVIEW as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively. 6 of 18

Figure 4. The daily power consumption of the refrigerator.

To obtainobtain thethe detaileddetailed power power consumption consumption data data taking taking into into account account the the opening opening of theof the door door of the of refrigerator,the refrigerator, the changethe change of power of power consumption consumption was was given given in Figures in Figures4 and 45 and. In Figure5. In Figure5, the 5, time–area the time– ofarea the of refrigerator’sthe refrigerator’s opening opening 5 times 5 times is considered is considered in in detail. detail. On On the the ﬁrst first opening, opening, thethe doordoor ofof the refrigerator was left open for 30 s. After the door was closed again, the refrigerator operated the fan motor for 1 min and expended approximately 4.1 W during this process. When the door was opened for the second time, the duration of opening time was 5 s and the effect on power consumption was measured asas 3.843.84 W/h.W/h. The refrigerator’srefrigerator’s doordoor waswas opened opened for for 15 15 s fors for the the third third times times and and the the effect effect on theon the hourly hourly power power consumption consumption was wa measureds measured as 4.4 as W/h. 4.4 W/h. In the In fourththe fourth and ﬁfthand openingsfifth openings of the of door, the thedoor, power the consumptionpower consumption was determined was determined as 4.02 W/h as and4.02 3.96 W/h W/h, and respectively.3.96 W/h, respectively. It was observed It was that theobserved refrigerator’s that the doorrefrigerator’s was opened door 15 was times opened and for 15 15times s on and an averagefor 15 s on day an in average this home. day Accordingin this home. to theseAccording assumptions, to these dueassumptions, to the opening due to of the the openin door, theg of refrigerator the door, the consumed refrigerator 0.25 consumed W power for 0.25 each W timepower and for this each value time corresponded and this value to corresponded 3.75 W in the to daily 3.75 power W in the consumption. daily power consumption.

Figure 5. The power consumption when the refrigerator door is opened.

Washing Machine: The power consumed by the washing machine, which which has has 8 8 kg capacity, was measured and recorded in different washingwashing programs.programs. The results showed that consumers needed the washing machine using different washing modes th threeree times in a week with full loads. We We firstly ﬁrstly investigated thethe cotton and synthetics wash programs atat 4040 ◦°C.C. The duration of this washing program was 2 h and 6 min,min, and thethe heaterheater of thethe machinemachine worked to raise the water temperature to 40 ◦°CC during 1/4 of of the the washing washing time. time. Using Using the the heater heater during during operation operation time, time, the the power power consumption was determined as 961.09 W and the total power consumption of the machine was recorded as 1064.21 W for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing machine was 506.77 W in washing conditions. It was observed that roughly 90.3% of the power consumption of the washing machine was caused by the water heater. The determination of time period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing modes is indicated in Figure 6.

Energies 2018, 11, 607 7 of 18 determined as 961.09 W and the total power consumption of the machine was recorded as 1064.21 W for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing machine was 506.77 W in washing conditions. It was observed that roughly 90.3% of the power consumption of the washing machine was caused by the water heater. The determination of time period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing modesEnergies 2018 is indicated, 11, x FOR inPEER Figure REVIEW6. 7 of 18

Figure 6.6. The power consumption of the washing mach machineine for the cotton and synthetics washing ◦ programs at 4040 °C.C.

Afterwards, we examined the mixed washingwashing programprogram atat 3030 ◦°C.C. In this option, the washing time lasted 11 h h and and 1 min,1 min, and and the totalthe total power power consumed consumed by the by machine the machine during theduring washing the waswashing measured was asmeasured 286.19 W. as The 286.19 large W. part The of large the power part of consumption the power consumption was constituted was by constituted the heater toby raise the theheater water to temperatureraise the water to 30temperature◦C, similar to the30 previous°C, similar operation to the previous mode. In operation this operation mode. program, In this theoperation power consumedprogram, the by power the heater consumed was determined by the heater as was 234.46 determined W. This rate as 234.46 corresponded W. This rate to 81.9% corresponded of the total to power81.9% of consumption. the total power Figure consumption.7 shows the Figure power 7 shows consumption the power curve consumption of the washing curve process of the washing for the 30process◦C mixed for the washing 30 °C mixed program. washing program.

Figure 7. The power consumption of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 30 ◦°C.C.

The last washingwashing programprogram preferredpreferred by by consumers consumers in in a a week week was was the the mixed mixed washing washing program program at 40at 40◦C. °C. The The washing washing time time lasted lasted for for 1 1 h h and and 6 6 min. min. DuringDuring thisthis washingwashing process,process, thethe totaltotal power consumed by by the the machine machine was was measured measured as 713.11 as 713.11 W. The W. amount The amount of power of power consumed consumed in the heating in the heatingprocess processwas determined was determined as 650.97 as 650.97 W and W andthis thispower power constituted constituted 91.2% 91.2% of of the the total total power consumption. Figure Figure 88 depictsdepicts thethe powerpower consumptionconsumption curvecurve ofof thethe washingwashing processprocess forfor thethe 4040 ◦°CC mixed washing program.

Figure 8. The power consumption of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 40 °C.

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 18

Figure 6. The power consumption of the washing machine for the cotton and synthetics washing programs at 40 °C.

Afterwards, we examined the mixed washing program at 30 °C. In this option, the washing time lasted 1 h and 1 min, and the total power consumed by the machine during the washing was measured as 286.19 W. The large part of the power consumption was constituted by the heater to raise the water temperature to 30 °C, similar to the previous operation mode. In this operation program, the power consumed by the heater was determined as 234.46 W. This rate corresponded to 81.9% of the total power consumption. Figure 7 shows the power consumption curve of the washing process for the 30 °C mixed washing program.

Figure 7. The power consumption of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 30 °C.

The last washing program preferred by consumers in a week was the mixed washing program at 40 °C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the total power consumed by the machine was measured as 713.11 W. The amount of power consumed in the heating process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the total power consumption. Figure 8 depicts the power consumption curve of the washing process for the 40 °C Energies 2018, 11, 607 8 of 18 mixed washing program.

◦ EnergiesFigure 2018, 118. ,The x FOR power PEER consumption REVIEW of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 40 °C.C.8 of 18

Dishwasher: TheThe frequency frequency of of use of the dishwasher and the total power consumptionconsumption was determined. When When the the usage usage samples samples of of the the dish dishwasherwasher were examined, it was found that two washing programs were generally preferred in the home.home. The ﬁrstfirst washing program was the 55 ◦°CC economy program in which dishes were washed for a long time. The washing time of this program was 33 hh and and 11 11 min. min. The The dishwasher dishwasher consumed consumed 871.97 871.97 W of W power of power throughout throughout this program. this program. The water The heatingwater heating cycle cycle lasted lasted for a for total a total of 22 of min22 min and and consumed consumed approximately approximately 774.33 774.33 W W forfor the heating. The ratio of the energy consumed in the heating cycle to the total energy was calculated as as 88%. 88%. Figure9 9 demonstrates demonstrates thethe powerpower consumption consumption curve curve of of the the 55 55 ◦°CC economy program.program.

◦ Figure 9. The power consumption of the dishwasherdishwasher for the 55 °CC economy program.

The other washing program was the 65 ◦°CC power mode program. In this program, the washing time took 56 min. This operation time was shorter than the 55 °C◦C economy economy program program by about 3 times, times, and thethe waterwater temperaturetemperature reached reached the the desired desired temperature temperature in in 31 31 min. min. The The amount amount of energyof energy used used for waterfor water heating heating increased increased considerably, considerably, because because the waterthe water temperature temperature was increasedwas increased in a shortin a short time comparedtime compared to the to 55 the◦C 55 economy °C economy program. program. The amountThe amount of power of power consumed consumed during during the heating the heating time wastime measured was measured as 1113.46 as 1113.46 W and W the and total the amount total am ofount power of consumed power consumed by the dishwasher by the dishwasher was recorded was asrecorded 1125.2 W.as 1125.2 When W. the When obtained the obtained data was data evaluated, was evaluated, 98.9% of 98.9% the power of the was power spent was for spent water for heating. water Theheating. energy The consumption energy consumption curve of thecurve dishwasher of the dishwa in thesher 65 ◦inC the power 65 °C program power isprogram shown inis Figureshown 10in. WhenFigure Figures 10. When9 and Figures 10 are 9 compared, and 10 are Figurecompared, 10 shows Figure that 10 theshows water that heating the water consumption heating consumption is too much despiteis too much the washing despite the time washing being much time shorter.being much It can shor be explainedter. It can bybe theexplained fact that by water the fact has that to heat water 10 degreeshas to heat more 10 indegrees power more mode in in power a period mode 3 times in a period shorter 3 than times the shorter economy than mode. the economy mode.

Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 65 °C power program.

Oven: Another home appliance that plays a significant role in energy consumption in the home is an oven. When the usage samples of the oven were examined, it was observed that the household needed to cook with the oven for three times at 180 °C and once at 150 °C on average within a week. The power consumption curve of the oven is shown in Figure 11, if the consumer chooses the 180 °C temperature for baking, taking 1 h and 2 min. When the oven was operated, the heating resistor remained on for a long time and then it was switched off when the oven temperature reached an adequate level. Therefore, the power consumption was very high. While the heating resistor did not operate, the oven only needed power to perform lighting. The heating resistor was switched on

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

Dishwasher: The frequency of use of the dishwasher and the total power consumption was determined. When the usage samples of the dishwasher were examined, it was found that two washing programs were generally preferred in the home. The first washing program was the 55 °C economy program in which dishes were washed for a long time. The washing time of this program was 3 h and 11 min. The dishwasher consumed 871.97 W of power throughout this program. The water heating cycle lasted for a total of 22 min and consumed approximately 774.33 W for the heating. The ratio of the energy consumed in the heating cycle to the total energy was calculated as 88%. Figure 9 demonstrates the power consumption curve of the 55 °C economy program.

Figure 9. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 55 °C economy program.

The other washing program was the 65 °C power mode program. In this program, the washing time took 56 min. This operation time was shorter than the 55 °C economy program by about 3 times, and the water temperature reached the desired temperature in 31 min. The amount of energy used for water heating increased considerably, because the water temperature was increased in a short time compared to the 55 °C economy program. The amount of power consumed during the heating time was measured as 1113.46 W and the total amount of power consumed by the dishwasher was recorded as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power was spent for water heating. The energy consumption curve of the dishwasher in the 65 °C power program is shown in Figure 10. When Figures 9 and 10 are compared, Figure 10 shows that the water heating consumption is too much despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact that water Energies 2018, 11, 607 9 of 18 has to heat 10 degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times shorter than the economy mode.

◦ Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasherdishwasher for the 65 °CC power program.

Oven: Another home applianceappliance thatthat playsplays a a signiﬁcant significant role role in in energy energy consumption consumption in in the the home home is anis an oven. oven. When When the the usage usage samples samples of of the the oven oven were were examined, examined, itit waswas observedobserved thatthat thethe household needed to cook with the oven for three times at 180 °C◦C and once at 150 °C◦C on on average average within within a a week. week. The power consumption curve of the oven is shown in Figure 1111,, ifif thethe consumerconsumer chooseschooses thethe 180180 ◦°CC temperature for baking, taking 1 h andand 22 min.min. When the oven was operated, the heating resistor remained on for a long time and then it was switchedswitched off when the oven temperature reached an adequateEnergies 2018 level. level., 11, x FORTherefore, Therefore, PEER REVIEW the the power power consumption consumption was was very very high. high. While While the theheating heating resistor resistor did9 of didnot 18 notoperate, operate, the theoven oven only only needed needed power power to toperform perform lighting. lighting. The The heating heating resi resistorstor was was switched on occasionally until the cooking process was completed,completed, keeping the temperature of the oven at the desired value.value. TheThe heatingheating resistorresistor remained remained active active for for 24 24 min min and and 50 50 s in s thisin this cooking cooking process process and and the totalthe total power power consumption consumption of the of heating the heating resistor resistor was measured was measured as 947.49 as W947.49 during W theduring baking the interval. baking Theinterval. sum The of the sum time of whenthe time the when heating the resistor heating was resi notstor inwas operation not in operation was obtained was obtained as 38 min as and 38 27min s. Theand power27 s. The consumed power consumed by the oven by for the lighting, oven for fan, lighting, and other fan, electronic and other components electronic wascomponents calculated was as 104.96calculated W with as 104.96 the heating W with resistor the heating switched resistor off. swit Theched total off. amount The total of poweramount that of power the oven that spent the oven was measuredspent was asmeasured 1052.45 Was during1052.45 the W cookingduring the period. cookin If lightingg period. and If lighting other energy-consuming and other energy-consuming components werecomponents considered were to considered be in operation to be duringin operation heating, during the heating heating, resistor the heating consumed resistor approximately consumed 842.53approximately W of power, 842.53 which W of equaled power, towhich 80.05% equale of thed to total 80.05% power of the consumed. total power consumed.

Figure 11. The power consumption curve of the ovenoven for cooking at 180 ◦°CC temperature.

Iron: An iron with three temperature scales for th thee ironing of different clothscloths was analyzed, and the consumerconsumer generallygenerally preferred preferred to to use use it it at at the the temperature temperature level level 2. The 2. The average average time time for ironingfor ironing was measuredwas measured as 38.5 as min38.5 a min day a per day week. per week. If Figure If Figu12 depictingre 12 depicting the power the consumptionpower consumption curve of curve the iron of isthe examined, iron is examined, the heating the and heating standby and cycles standby can cycl be seen.es can Considering be seen. Considering an ordinary an ironing ordinary time, ironing it was observedtime, it was that observed the heating that worked the heating for about worked 15 min for and about waited 15 min for 23and min. waited The totalfor 23 power min. consumed The total inpower this ironingconsumed period in this was ironing 486.3 W.period was 486.3 W.

Figure 12. The power consumption curve for one ironing period in the operating mode level 2.

Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the hair dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power consumption curve of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period.

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18 occasionally until the cooking process was completed, keeping the temperature of the oven at the desired value. The heating resistor remained active for 24 min and 50 s in this cooking process and the total power consumption of the heating resistor was measured as 947.49 W during the baking interval. The sum of the time when the heating resistor was not in operation was obtained as 38 min and 27 s. The power consumed by the oven for lighting, fan, and other electronic components was calculated as 104.96 W with the heating resistor switched off. The total amount of power that the oven spent was measured as 1052.45 W during the cooking period. If lighting and other energy-consuming components were considered to be in operation during heating, the heating resistor consumed approximately 842.53 W of power, which equaled to 80.05% of the total power consumed.

Figure 11. The power consumption curve of the oven for cooking at 180 °C temperature.

Iron: An iron with three temperature scales for the ironing of different cloths was analyzed, and the consumer generally preferred to use it at the temperature level 2. The average time for ironing was measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption curve of the iron is examined, the heating and standby cycles can be seen. Considering an ordinary ironing Energiestime, it2018 was, 11 observed, 607 that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23 min. The10 total of 18 power consumed in this ironing period was 486.3 W.

Figure 12. The power consumption curve for one ironingironing period in the operating mode level 2.

Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the hair to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an hair dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power consumption curve of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period. consumptionEnergies 2018, 11, curvex FOR PEER of the REVIEW hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period. 10 of 18

Figure 13. The power consumption curve of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode.

Kettle: AnotherAnother home home appliance appliance evaluated evaluated was was a kettle a kettle needed needed frequently frequently in the kitchen. in the Although kitchen. theAlthough kettle hadthe kettle the ability had tothe heat ability the to total heat two the liters tota ofl two water, liters it wasof water, observed it was that observed the investigated that the householdinvestigated utilized household it to utilized heat up it to to 0.5 heat liters up of towater 0.5 liters generally. of water The generally. kettle boiled The kettle 0.5 liters boiled of water0.5 liters in approximatelyof water in approximately 1 min 53 s and 1 min in this 53 durations and in thethis consumed duration the power consumed was 66.56 power W. In was addition, 66.56 W. when In theaddition, amount when of water the amount in the kettle of water was in 1 Lthe and kettle 1.5 L,was the 1 timeL and needed 1.5 L, the to boil time the needed water to was boil recorded the water as 3was min recorded 17 s and as 4 3 min min 30 17 s,s and respectively. 4 min 30 s, The respectively. power consumed The power for consumed these processes for these was processes measured was as 104.84measured W and as 104.84 155.06 W W, and respectively. 155.06 W, Figure respectively. 14 depicts Figure the power14 depicts consumption the power curve consumption of the kettle curve used of withthe kettle different used amounts with different of water. amounts of water.

Figure 14. The power consumption curve of the kettle for (a) 0.5 L water, (b) 1 L water, and (c) 1.5 L water.

Range Hood: One of the major devices in the kitchen is a range hood. In the home where the energy analysis was done, the range hood with 3 different fan speeds was operated under the fan speed level 3 generally. The operation time of the range hood using the fan speed level 3 was determined as 3 h 11 min in total in a week. The power consumption data and the operation times for the different fan speeds of the range hood in a week were determined. The range hood whose fan speed was adjusted at level 1 was run two times in a week for about 34 min without lighting, and its average power consumption was measured as 41.79 W per run. When the fan speed of the range hood was at level 2, it was detected to be used for 18 min once a week and the power consumption was measured as 24.82 W. At level 3, the highest level of fan speed, the range hood was utilized for an average of 18 min, 5 times a week, and it consumed 32.88 W of power for each use. The hourly consumption values of the range hood were determined as 73.76 W for fan speed level 1, 82.75 W for level 2, and 93.95 W for level 3. The range hood consumed 0.96 W of power per min and 58.15 W of power per hour for lighting. Figure 15 shows the power consumption graphs for different fan speeds of the range hood with and without lighting.

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

Figure 13. The power consumption curve of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode.

Kettle: Another home appliance evaluated was a kettle needed frequently in the kitchen. Although the kettle had the ability to heat the total two liters of water, it was observed that the investigated household utilized it to heat up to 0.5 liters of water generally. The kettle boiled 0.5 liters of water in approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed power was 66.56 W. In addition, when the amount of water in the kettle was 1 L and 1.5 L, the time needed to boil the water was recorded as 3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed for these processes was measured as 104.84 W and 155.06 W, respectively. Figure 14 depicts the power consumption curve of Energiesthe kettle2018 used, 11, 607 with different amounts of water. 11 of 18

Figure 14. 14. TheThe power power consumption consumption curve curve of theof kettle the for kettle (a) 0.5 for L (water,a) 0.5 ( Lb) water;1 L water, (b) and 1 L (c) water; 1.5 L andwater. (c) 1.5 L water.

Range Hood:Hood: OneOne of of the the major major devices devices in thein the kitchen kitchen is a rangeis a range hood. hood. In the In home the wherehome thewhere energy the analysisenergy analysis was done, was the done, range the hoodrange with hood 3 differentwith 3 different fan speeds fan speeds was operated was operated under theunder fan the speed fan levelspeed 3 level generally. 3 generally. The operation The operation time of the time range of hoodthe range using hood the fan using speed the level fan 3 speed was determined level 3 was as 3determined h 11 min in as total 3 h in11 amin week. in total The powerin a week. consumption The power data consumption and the operation data and times the foroperation the different times fanfor the speeds different of the fan range speeds hood of the in range a week hood were in determined.a week were Thedetermined. range hood The range whose hood fan speedwhose was fan adjustedspeed was at adjusted level 1 was at level run 1 two was times run two in a times week in for a aboutweek for 34 minabout without 34 min lighting,without lighting, and its average and its poweraverage consumption power consumption was measured was measured as 41.79 W as per 41. run.79 W When per run. the fanWhen speed the of fan the speed range of hood the wasrange at levelhood 2,was it was at level detected 2, it was to be detected used for to 18 be min used once for a 18 week min and once the a powerweek and consumption the power was consumption measured aswas 24.82 measured W. At levelas 24.82 3, the W. highestAt level level 3, the of highest fan speed, level the of rangefan speed, hood the was range utilized hood for was an utilized average for of 18an min,average 5 times of 18 a min, week, 5 andtimes it a consumed week, and 32.88 it consumed W of power 32.88 for W each of power use. Thefor each hourly use. consumption The hourly valuesconsumption of the rangevalues hood of the were range determined hood were as determin 73.76 Wed for as fan 73.76 speed W for level fan1, speed 82.75 level W for 1, level82.75 2,W and for 93.95level 2, W and for 93.95 level 3.W Thefor level range 3. hood The range consumed hood 0.96consumed W of power 0.96 W per of minpower and per 58.15 min W and of 58.15 power W per of hourpower for per lighting. hour for Figure lighting. 15 shows Figure the 15 power shows consumption the power consumption graphs for different graphs for fan different speeds of fan the speeds range hoodofEnergies the withrange 2018,and 11 hood, x withoutFOR with PEER and lighting. REVIEW without lighting. 11 of 18

Figure 15. TheThe power power consumption consumption curve curve ofof the the range range hood hood forfor fanfan speed speed (a) level (a) level 1, (b 1;) level (b) level 2, and 2; and(c) level (c) level 3. 3.

Toast Machine:Machine: Another home appliance analyzed in terms of powerpower consumptionconsumption and usage frequency waswas aa toast toast machine. machine. The The results results of of the th measurementse measurements show show that that the the consumers consumers utilized utilized the toastthe toast machine machine 14 times 14 times in a in month a month at the at highestthe highest heating heating level. level. It was It was seen seen that that the toast the toast machine machine was was used for an average of 13 min and it only consumed power during 7 min 44 s for each use. During the working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The power consumption of the toast machine was calculated as 2932.58 W monthly. Figure 16 depicts the average power consumption curve of the toast machine for each use.

Figure 16. The power consumption curve of the toast machine for the obtained sample case.

Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television watching habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was different on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min during the weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change cases affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control only, the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel closed. From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed 18.69 W for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58 W per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total consumption. Figure 17 illustrates the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 18

Figure 15. The power consumption curve of the range hood for fan speed (a) level 1, (b) level 2, and (c) level 3.

Toast Machine: Another home appliance analyzed in terms of power consumption and usage Energies 2018, 11, 607 12 of 18 frequency was a toast machine. The results of the measurements show that the consumers utilized the toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine usedwas used for an for average an average of 13 of min 13 min and and it only it only consumed consumed power power during during 7 min 7 min 44 s 44 for s eachfor each use. use. During During the workingthe working period, period, the total the energy total consumptionenergy consum wasption measured was measured as 209.47 W.as The209.47 power W. consumption The power ofconsumption the toast machine of the toast was machine calculated was ascalculated 2932.58 Was 2932.58 monthly. W monthly. Figure 16 Figure depicts 16 thedepicts average the average power consumptionpower consumption curve of curve the toast of the machine toast machine for each for use. each use.

Figure 16. The power consumption curve of the toast machine for the obtained sample case.

Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load proﬁle and power consumption was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television watching watching habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was different different on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min during the during the weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change cases cases affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control only, only, the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel closed. closed. From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed 18.69 W 18.69 W for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58 for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58 W W per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total consumption. Figure 17 illustrates the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend. consumption.Energies 2018, 11, x Figure FOR PEER 17 illustratesREVIEW the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.12 of 18

Figure 17. The power consumption curve of the television.

Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and one we analyzed in terms of energy utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD monitors, oneone 19”19” and and the the other other one one 24”. 24”. The The power powe consumedr consumed by theby the computer computer in standby in standby mode mode was measuredwas measured as 5.09 as W5.09 per W hour per andhour never and never taken totaken sleep to mode.sleep mode. It was calculatedIt was calculated that this that value this caused value 110.79caused W 110.79 per day W per of power day of consumption power consumption and 3323.7 and W 3323.7 per month W per of month power of consumption power consumption in standby in mode.standby The mode. average The average hourlypower hourly consumption power consumptio of then computer of the computer during operationduring operation and total and power total power consumption for one day of use were measured as 173.48 W and 387.4 W, respectively. The computer consumed a total of 14,946.6 W power per month and about 22% of this power was depleted while the computer was in standby mode. Figure 18 depicts the power consumption curve of the computer throughout the utilization time.

Figure 18. The power consumption curve of the desktop computer during one day utilization.

Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W daily on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded to 7 min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19. The remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If the printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the energy used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal to about 2858.2 W per month.

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

Figure 17. The power consumption curve of the television.

Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and one we analyzed in terms of energy utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD monitors, one 19” and the other one 24”. The power consumed by the computer in standby mode was measured as 5.09 W per hour and never taken to sleep mode. It was calculated that this value Energies 2018, 11, 607 13 of 18 caused 110.79 W per day of power consumption and 3323.7 W per month of power consumption in standby mode. The average hourly power consumption of the computer during operation and total consumptionpower consumption for one for day one of use day were of use measured were measur as 173.48ed as W 173.48 and 387.4 W and W, respectively.387.4 W, respectively. The computer The consumedcomputer consumed a total of 14,946.6a total of W 14,946.6 power W per power month per and month about and 22% about of this22% powerof this power was depleted was depleted while thewhile computer the computer was in standbywas in standby mode. Figure mode. 18 Figure depicts 18 thedepicts power the consumption power consumption curve of the curve computer of the throughoutcomputer throughout the utilization the utilization time. time.

Figure 18. The power consumption curve of the desktopdesktop computer during one day utilization.utilization.

Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W daily consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded to 7 daily on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19. The to 7 min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19. remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby The remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If the the printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the energy energy used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal to about to about 2858.2 W per month. 2858.2Energies W2018 per, 11, month. x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18

Figure 19. The example power consumption curve for the laser printer.

4. Assessment of Energy Consumption After the power consumption values of the home home a appliancesppliances were were recorded recorded with high high resolution, resolution, the evaluation evaluation of of the the data data was was made. made. The usage The usage frequency frequency of each of device each was device recorded was recorded daily, weekly, daily, weekly,and monthly and monthly and their and utilization their utilization ratios ratios in Table in Table 2 were2 were determined determined considering considering the operatingoperating frequencies ofof thesethese devicesdevices forfor November.November.

Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.

Total Average Total Device Mode Duration Power Usage Density Consumption Additional Info per Run (Monthly) (−18 °C) Defrosting Refrigerator 24 h 782.83 W All Time 23,469 W 17.8% (+4 °C) Power Ratio 30 °C Mix 1 h 1 min 286.19 W 81.9% Washing Heating Power 40 °C Mix 1 h 8 min 650.97 W 1 per week 8005.48 W 91.2% Machine Ratio 40 °C Synthetic 2 h 6 min 1064.21 W 90.3% 55 °C Economy 3 h 11 min 871.97 W 6 per month 5231.82 W Heating Power 88% Dishwasher 65 °C Power 56 min 1125.2 W 2 per month 2250.4 W Ratio 98.9% 150 °C 50 min 933.62 W 1 per week Resistor Power Oven 16,363.88 W 80.02% 180 °C 1 h 2 min 1052.45 3 per week Raito Heating Time Iron Level 2 38.5 min 486.3 W 1 per week 1945.2 W 63.8% Ratio High Heating Hair Dryer 43 min 1263.77 W 1 per week 5055.08 W - - & Blowing 0.5 L 1 min 53 s 66.56 W 2 per day Kettle 1 L 3 min 17 s 104.84 W 6 per week 6864.2 W - - 1.5 L 4 min 30 s 155.06 W 1 per week Level 1 34 min 41.79 W 2 per week Additional Range 0.96 Level 2 18 min 24.82 W 1 per week 1091.2 W Lightning Hood W/min Level 3 21 min 32.88 W 5 per week Power Toast Level 3 13 min 209.47 W 14 per month 2932.58 W - - Machine Total Printing 7 min 53 s 44.05 W 16 per month Printer 23 h 52 2858.2 W Stand By Power 3 W/h Stand-By 3 W min Weekday 4 h 17 min 245.39 W 22 per month Shutting Down Television 8413.7 W 3.11 W Weekend 6 h 33 min 376.89 W 8 per month Power On Power 2 h 14 min 387.43 W 5.09 PC 21 h 46 Everyday 14,946.6 W Stand By Power Stand By 110.79 W W/h min

TOTAL 99,427.34 W

As the measurement periods have one-second resolution, the total working time of each device is taken as seconds and the total amount of power consumed in each usage based on the hourly power consumption data is found. The monthly power consumption of each device can be calculated using Equation (1) considering their usage frequency and power values.

Energies 2018, 11, 607 14 of 18

Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.

Total Average Total Device Mode Duration Power Usage Density Consumption Additional Info per Run (Monthly) (−18 ◦C) Defrosting Refrigerator 24 h 782.83 W All Time 23,469 W 17.8% (+4 ◦C) Power Ratio 30 ◦C Mix 1 h 1 min 286.19 W 81.9% Washing Heating Power 40 ◦C Mix 1 h 8 min 650.97 W1 per week 8005.48 W 91.2% Machine Ratio 40 ◦C Synthetic 2 h 6 min 1064.21 W 90.3% 55 ◦C Economy 3 h 11 min 871.97 W 6 per month 5231.82 W Heating 88% Dishwasher 65 ◦C Power 56 min 1125.2 W 2 per month 2250.4 WPower Ratio 98.9% 150 ◦C 50 min 933.62 W 1 per week Resistor Oven 16,363.88 W 80.02% 180 ◦C 1 h 2 min 1052.45 W 3 per week Power Raito Heating Time Iron Level 2 38.5 min 486.3 W 1 per week 1945.2 W 63.8% Ratio High Heating Hair Dryer 43 min 1263.77 W 1 per week 5055.08 W - - & Blowing 0.5 L 1 min 53 s 66.56 W 2 per day Kettle 1 L 3 min 17 s 104.84 W 6 per week 6864.2 W -- 1.5 L 4 min 30 s 155.06 W 1 per week Level 1 34 min 41.79 W 2 per week Additional Range 0.96 Level 2 18 min 24.82 W 1 per week 1091.2 W Lightning Hood W/min Level 3 21 min 32.88 W 5 per week Power Toast Level 3 13 min 209.47 W 14 per month 2932.58 W - - Machine Total Printing 7 min 53 s 44.05 W 16 per month Stand By Printer 2858.2 W 3 W/h Stand-By 23 h 52 min 3 W Power Weekday 4 h 17 min 245.39 W 22 per month Shutting Television 8413.7 W 3.11 W Weekend 6 h 33 min 376.89 W 8 per month Down Power On Power 2 h 14 min 387.43 W Stand By 5.09 PC Everyday 14,946.6 W Stand By 21 h 46 min 110.79 W Power W/h TOTAL 99,427.34 W

P (ID) P = ∑12 Measured Duration(ID) × (Density(ID)) (1) Monthly id=1 3600

In the Equation (1), PMeasured (ID), Duration (ID), and Density (ID) represent the amount of hourly power, the total operating time, and the usage frequency of devices, respectively. The usage frequency was categorized daily, weekly, and monthly for each device and their usage density was found by using Equation (2).  daily; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 30  Density(ID) = weekly; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 4 (2)  monthly; Density(ID) = Usage Count

In addition, it was discovered that some devices consumed energy in the standby mode, and the amount of unnecessary energy was calculated by using Equation (3) per month.

12 PStand−By(ID) = ∑id=1(24 − Duration(ID)) × PMeasured−StandBy(ID) (3) Energies 2018, 11, 607 15 of 18

where PMeasured-StanBy (ID) stands for the power consumption value in the standby mode. The total power consumption of the home appliances is approximately calculated at 99.4 kW for November. The electricity bill in November 2016 showed that the actual power consumption of the dwelling was 124.4 kW and this result proved the measurement accuracy. The difference between the real consumption and the measurement results represents the power needed by lighting, combi boiler, and low-power devices which was excluded. Table3 shows the total power consumption of the home appliances for three months. Table4 shows how the power consumption of each home appliance impacts total power consumption from October to December.

Table 3. The total power consumption of home appliances from October to December.

Device October (Watt) November (Watt) December (Watt) Refrigerator 24,803.68 23,469.00 23,120.41 Washing Machine 9827.95 8005.48 9127.25 Dishwasher 6486.34 7482.22 9603.37 Oven 5939.47 16,363.88 19,192.35 Iron 2001.68 1945.20 2601.76 Hair Dryer 3787.19 5055.08 5120.20 Kettle 5098.33 6864.20 8106.64 Range Hood 622.31 1091.20 982.55 Toast Machine 793.64 2932.58 3871.99 Printer 944.74 2858.20 2657.86 Television 4968.59 8413.70 9627.10 PC 8684.56 14,946.60 14,183.56 Other 17,367.52 24,991.66 40,304.96 Total 91,330 124,420 148,500

Table 4. The energy consumption ratios of each home appliance from October to December.

Device October November December Refrigerator 27.16% 18.86% 15.57% Washing Machine 10.76% 6.43% 6.15% Dishwasher 7.10% 6.01% 6.47% Oven 6.50% 13.15% 12.92% Iron 2.19% 1.56% 1.75% Hair Dryer 4.15% 4.06% 3.45% Kettle 5.58% 5.52% 5.46% Range Hood 0.68% 0.88% 0.66% Toast Machine 0.87% 2.36% 2.61% Printer 1.03% 2.30% 1.79% Television 5.44% 6.76% 6.48% PC 9.51% 12.01% 9.55% Other 19.02% 20.09% 27.14% Total 100% 100% 100%

Printer 1.03% 2.30% 1.79% Television 5.44% 6.76% 6.48% PC 9.51% 12.01% 9.55% Other 19.02% 20.09% 27.14% Total 100% 100% 100%

When the results from Table 3 were analyzed, the monthly power consumption was calculated as 121.41 kW on average for the family comprising two persons. In addition, to determine how much energy the consumers use at what time of day, a day was allocated 3 parts according to the energy tariff policy applied in Turkey. Considering this classification, the hours between 06.00 am and 17.00 pm were the daylight tariff part, the hours between 17.00 pm and 22.00 pm were the peak tariff part, and the hours between 22.00 pm and 06.00 am were the night tariff part. When the home energy consumption was classified according to the three mentioned parts, it was seen that the daytime consumption amount for November and December was higher than the others and the amount of Energiesdemand2018 consumption, 11, 607 for October was more than the other energy tariff times. In addition,16 peak of 18 usage of the three months took place in December. This result can be attributed to increased combi boiler usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table 5 indicates ofhow the often three power months is used took in place energy in December. tariff periods This for result each canmonth. be attributed to increased combi boiler usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table5 indicates how often power is usedTable in energy 5. The amount tariff periods of power for consumption each month. according to energy tariff.

MonthTable Day 5. The Time amount (kW) of powerDemand consumption Time (kW) according Night Time to energy (kW) tariff. Total (kW) October 32.35 33.83 25.14 91.33 Month Day Time (kW) Demand Time (kW) Night Time (kW) Total (kW) November 48.40 41.05 34.97 124.42 October 32.35 33.83 25.14 91.33 December 68.10 49.40 30.99 148.50 November 48.40 41.05 34.97 124.42 DecemberTotal (kW) 68.10 148.85 124.28 49.40 91.1 30.99 364.25 148.50 Total (kW) 148.85 124.28 91.1 364.25 Finally, the home appliances that consume energy in standby mode were investigated to improveFinally, energy the home efficiency. appliances It thatwas consumedetermined energy that in standbythe computer, mode were television, investigated printer, to improve oven, energydishwasher, efﬁciency. and washing It was determinedmachine consumed that the energy computer, in standby television, mode. printer, Figure oven, 20 shows dishwasher, the ratio and of washingtotal andmachine standby consumedpower usage energy for November in standby mode.2016. Standby Figure 20 energy shows use the for ratio that of month total and was standby up to power4.7% of usage the total for Novemberenergy. 2016. Standby energy use for that month was up to 4.7% of the total energy.

Figure 20. The total and standby power consumption of the household appliances for November.

5. Assessment of Demand Side Opportunities In the triple time electricity tariff, which is one of the two tariff options offered by electricity distribution companies for residences in Turkey, the unit energy price varies according to the hours of the day. In this section, the possibility of using the home appliances at another time of the day is evaluated without sacrificing dwelling comfort in the case of the household using the triple time electricity tariff. Therefore, the home appliances were classified into two groups according to the dwelling comfort. The first group comprised washing machine, dishwasher, and iron deferrable electrical loads, and the second group undeferrable electrical loads, such as television, computer, refrigerator, and others. The results of the classification of the home appliances are given in Table6. The classification of the electrical loads may vary considering consumer priorities. When Table6 is examined, approximately 15% of the total power consumption in a month is at the deferrable loads and the consumers can easily plan its usage time without sacrificing dwelling comfort. Energies 2018, 11, 607 17 of 18

Table 6. The classiﬁcation of home appliances.

Device Deferrable Undeferrable Refrigerator Washing Machine Dishwasher Oven Iron Hair Dryer Kettle Range Hood Toast Machine Printer Television PC

6. Conclusions In this study, home appliances’ realistic load profiles and power consumption data needed by SG studies were constituted with high resolution. For this purpose, the special measurement system, including a wireless smart plug for power measurement and minicomputer, was designed. The power consumption data of 12 different home appliances employed by a two-person family living in Çankırı, Turkey was recorded for three months. By evaluating and observing the obtained data, the working cycles of each home appliance are determined in detail. Energy consumption behavior and power consumption analysis were performed and detailed load profile data for each home appliance was given on a website at http://profil.guctakip.com. To increase energy efficiency, energy-consuming devices in standby mode were detected and their energy consumption was investigated by comparing overall consumption rate. In addition, according to the energy tariff periods employed in Turkey, all consumption data was evaluated. It was determined that about 15% of the total load at home can be shifted taking energy tariffs into account. The main contribution of this study is to create a realistic load profile and power consumption data which can be used by researchers interested in SG studies and power distribution companies. This data educates consumers about energy efficiency by revealing standby power consumption of a real home. It is expected that residential consumers take the opportunities of demand side management and available resources can be employed with optimum capacity.

Author Contributions: Fatih Issi and Orhan Kaplan proposed the main idea, performed the measurements, and wrote the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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