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Universite De La Reunion Ufr Sciences Et Technologies UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION U.F.R. SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES LABORATOIRE D’ECOLOGIE MARINE THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LA REUNION - Discipline: Ecologie Marine Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 06 Juin 2006 Par Lionel BIGOT LES COMMUNAUTÉS DE MACROFAUNE BENTHIQUE DES SÉDIMENTS CÔTIERS EN ZONE TROPICALE NON RÉCIFALE: DIVERSITÉ ET RÉPONSES AUX MODIFICATIONS DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT MARIN À LA RÉUNION (OCÉAN INDIEN) Jury Pr. Chantal CONAND, Directrice de thèse Dr. Jean Michel AMOUROUX, Directeur de thèse Dr. Antoine GREMARE, Rapporteur Pr. Jacques CLAVIER, Rapporteur Pr. Henrich BRUGGEMANN, Examinateur Pr. Nardo VICENTE, Examinateur Dr. Jean Pascal QUOD, Invité Thèse de Doctorat – macrofaune benthique 2006 Remerciements Ce document est le résultat d’un travail initié, il y a longtemps, …. 12 ans déjà … et qu’il me tenait à cœur de finaliser. Il a débuté en 1994, à l’ARVAM, où j’ai commencé à travailler en arrivant à La Réunion, et où je suis resté pendant 10 ans. Une partie de mon expérience professionnelle liée au « macrobenthos de substrat meuble » a été développée grâce à l’ARVAM, et aux travaux que nous avons réalisé, ensemble, pour le compte de nombreux partenaires locaux, industriels, services de l’Etat, et collectivités qui sont indirectement les bailleurs de fonds de ce travail. Dès 1996, nous avons envisagé de valoriser, dans le cadre d’une thèse, une partie des travaux d’expertises faits dans ce domaine encore inédit à La Réunion, à travers un partenariat scientifique entre le laboratoire ECOMAR, l’ARVAM et le laboratoire Océanologique de Banyuls, qui m‘a accompagné dans cette grande aventure. Il se concrétise aujourd’hui, grâce à l’aide de tous : J’adresse mes sincères remerciements au professeur Chantal CONAND, qui m’a fait confiance dès le début de cette aventure en m’accueillant au sein du laboratoire ECOMAR, et qui n’a pas désespéré, en voyant les années passer, …. les unes ….. après les autres … sans rien voir venir … en me voyant toujours un peu plus débordé par mes activités professionnelles. Finalement, à force de persévérance, Chantal a réussi à me pousser dans « mes derniers retranchements » et à m’accompagner au quotidien durant les derniers instants de la rédaction de ce manuscrit. Merci Chantal. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Jean Michel AMOUROUX, avec qui j’ai eu dès le début de mon parcours, un très grand « feeling » et qui a su me faire partager sa passion et ses compétences sur la systématique du macrobenthos. Ce travail n’aurait pu être initié s’il ne m’avait pas formé en ce domaine et accompagné au quotidien dans les déterminations faunistiques. En 1994, je ne me doutais pas encore …. de l’énormité de la tâche qui m’attendait en terme de systématique, et cela m’effraie encore parfois actuellement … même si je sais que le plus gros est fait … et que de nouvelles « bêtes » fantastiques nous attendent ! Merci Jean-Michel. J’adresse mes remerciements à Antoine GREMARE, qui a véritablement réussi à me « booster » lorsqu’il a fallu commencer à traiter les données et rédiger les publications. Que ce fut dur ! Je lui suis reconnaissant de sa prise en charge, qu’il a réalisé sans compter, en me considérant comme un de ces étudiants, et ceci malgré son énorme charge de travail au quotidien. Sans son aide, je n’y serais probablement pas arrivé. Un grand merci Antoine. J’adresse mes remerciements aux autres membres du Jury : messieurs les professeurs Jacques CLAVIER, Henrich BRUGGEMANN, Nardo VICENTE, pour avoir accepté de juger ce manuscrit. Merci à Nardo VICENTE, qui même si nos routes se sont séparées il y a quelques années, a toujours été présent à mes côtés, et ceci depuis le premier jour où, à Marseille, il m’a donné une chance de faire mes preuves en océanographie. Merci à Henrich BRUGGEMANN, qui a aussi su faire confiance à « ce vieil étudiant, totalement atypique », dès son arrivé à la direction du laboratoire en 2003. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à l’ARVAM et plus particulièrement à Jean Pascal QUOD car ce travail n’aurait pu être initié si l’ARVAM ne m’avait pas accueilli et soutenu. Mes remerciements sont en fait bien peu de choses par rapport aux sentiments que j’éprouve en regardant le chemin parcouru et nos formidables expériences communes. Merci à tous les collègues qui m’ont aidé lors des (dures !!) campagnes de terrain, Jean TURQUET, Rémi GARNIER, Eric TURPIN et à ceux que j’oublie. Je voudrais aussi remercier différents industriels de la filière sucrière à La Réunion, notamment : la Distillerie de Savanna et plus particulièrement Laurent BROC et son équipe ; le Groupe Quartier Français et plus particulièrement Dominique GIRARDOT et son équipe. Merci à ces partenaires, pour le compte de qui, j’ai travaillé avec un immense plaisir depuis ces 10 dernières années (ce n’est qu’un début .. !), et qui m’ont autorisé à valoriser les données issues des travaux effectués ensemble. Je remercie également les services de l’Etat (DIREN, DRIRE), les Collectivités (Région Réunion, Département de La Réunion) et l’Union Européenne (FEDER) pour leur appui et leur participation financière aux études techniques faites avec l’ARVAM. 1 Thèse de Doctorat – macrofaune benthique 2006 A Pascale CHABANET, la « Plume » du bout du monde, … qui quelque part, si elle n’était pas partie, ne m’aurait pas permis de mener à bien cette thèse…. Merci Plume et reviens vite, nous avons quelques missions de retard !! A Emmanuel TESSIER, un autre « papy thésard » qui ne l’est plus depuis Décembre 2005. Bravo Manu, et merci encore pour ton appui et tes encouragements permanents. Bon, quand passe-t-on l’HDR ! A Jean Claude GAERTNER, qui m’a très souvent conseillé sur les choix les plus judicieux et les plus pertinents à adopter lors du traitement statistique des données. La rigueur avec laquelle j’ai pu travailler lors du maniement de ces outils parfois délicats à manipuler, je te la doit, merci Jean-Claude. A toute l’équipe du laboratoire ECOMAR, Patrick FROUIN, mon partenaire local « benthos » de tous les instants en espérant qu’ils soient encore plus nombreux à l’avenir ; Dorothée TADDEI, qui a partagé les durs moments de la rédaction d’un manuscrit de thèse, en rédigeant …la sienne en même temps que moi (allez Doro!!!) ; Karine POTHIN, pour ses conseils de « jeune doctoresse ayant passée le cap » et qui cherche à franchir le suivant (allez Karine !!!); à Sylvie GAUDRON, pour son petit coup de pouce final de traduction dans la « langue de Shakespeare ». Mes remerciements aussi à Nicky, Chloé, Pascale, Mireille, Mathieu, Gael, sans oublier mes collègues de l’IRD, Marc SORIA qui m’a conseillé et a été « dans mon dos » tous les jours, et Jean BLANCHOT, grand amateur des bonnes choses de la vie !! Toutes mes excuses enfin aux nombreuses personnes qui ont participé à ce travail, m’ont rendu services, et que j’ai dû oublié de citer …. sur le papier uniquement !! ************* 2 Thèse de Doctorat – macrofaune benthique 2006 A tous les miens … pour tout … A mes Parents, A Magali, A Marine, A Paul, 3 Thèse de Doctorat – macrofaune benthique 2006 Résumé La Réunion est une île volcanique jeune des Mascareignes. Son plateau continental est étroit et les habitats souvent constitués par des fonds sédimentaires répartis sur une grande partie du littoral abritent des communautés diversifiées de macrofaune. L’anthropisation croissante ces 20 dernières années est source de différentes pollutions. Les zones côtières non-récifales et le benthos des substrats meubles sont peu connus. La structure de ces communautés est décrite essentiellement pour le nord et l’est de l’île et détermine les modalités de leur fonctionnement, notamment en réponse aux perturbations. Un premier inventaire des espèces benthiques trouvées entre 20 et plus de 140 m de profondeur a été réalisé. L’étude de la macrofaune et des principales variables environnementales a mis en évidence le rôle déterminant de la bathymétrie. La granulométrie des sédiments et l’hydrodynamisme sont importants, notamment en zone littorale, où le macrobenthos est soumis aux perturbations naturelles (cyclones et dépressions) et anthropiques. La réponse du macrobenthos à des perturbations dues à des activités industrielles a été suivie pendant plusieurs années sur deux secteurs de l’est de l’île où les rejets en mer se font différemment. Elle s’est traduite par un impact croissant des rejets sur le milieu, et une réponse de la macrofaune selon un schéma-type de succession secondaire de communautés, impliquant des espèces originales bio-indicatrices de perturbation, les polychètes Eunicidés Diopatra cuprea, des Spionidés et des Capitellidés. Un outil de diagnostic de la santé de ces écosystèmes côtiers tropicaux a été mis adapté au contexte local ; il est basé sur le calcul d’un indice biotique intégrateur de la qualité de milieu prenant en considération toute la communauté benthique. Il répond aux exigences de la Directive Européenne Cadre sur l’Eau. La macrofaune sédimentaire constitue donc un outil pertinent, complémentaire pour ces analyses, tant en terme de biodiversité, que de suivi des pollutions, et s’intègre dans la gestion intégrée des littoraux tropicaux insulaires. Mots-clés : communautés macrobenthiques, perturbations, biodiversité, La Réunion, tropical, indices biotiques, DCE, gestion intégrée Abstract Reunion Island is a young volcanic tropical island from Mascareignes. Its continental shelf is narrow and its habitats are often constituted by soft bottoms expanding throughout the coast where a diverse macrobenthic communities live. Since twenty years, anthropogenic activities arise involving diverse pollution sources. Little is known on soft bottom non-reefal coastal areas. Composition of these benthic communities was studied essentially for the North and the East of the Island and revealed how these communities responded to disturbance.
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