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Involuntary Sterilization: the Shadow Ofa Shameful Eugenicpast 53 A Reflection on The Legal Status ofSterilization in Contemporary Canada By Clémentine Sallée Institute ofComparative Law McGill University Montréal, Canada A thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster ofLaws © Clémentine S. H. Sallée, 2002 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisisitons et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A DN4 Ottawa ON K1A DN4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-85915-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-85915-0 The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Abstract In light of its past eugenic use, and its often irreversible nature, non-therapeutic sterilization, the result of which is to deprive an individual of his/her capacity to procreate, has always enjoyed a particular status and its use and legal status engendered debate, discussion and controversy. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine under which conditions non-therapeutic sterilization can lawfully be performed under Canadian law. Whereas the legality of non-therapeutic sterilization when voluntarily consented to by a competent individual is today established in all Canadian provinces, it appears that Quebec is the only province to allow non-therapeutic sterilization to be performed on an individual lacking through age and/or disability the necessary capacity to consent, common law provinces denying any beneficial aspects to the procedure. The law on involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization however lacks clarity, certainty and consistency, a legislative reform is therefore advocated. En raison de l'utilisation à des fins eugéniques qui en a été faite, et de son irréversibilité de principe, la stérilisation non-thérapeutique, privant l'individu de ses capacités reproductrices, bénéficie d'un statut particulier et, sa légalité fait l'objet de discussions, débats et controverses. Le propos de cette discussion consiste en la détermination des conditions sous lesquelles une stérilisation non-thérapeutique peut être légalement effectuée sous l'empire du droit canadien. Alors qu'aujourd'hui la légalité de la stérilisation non-thérapeutique volontaire ne fait plus de doute, Québec semble être l'unique province à accepter qu'une stérilisation non­ thérapeutique soit effectuée sur un individu mineur et/ou handicappé incapable d'y consentir. Les provinces de common law refusent en effet de reconnaître tout caractère bénéfique à un tel acte. Aux vues du manque de clarté, de l'imprécision et de l'inconsistance des règles juridiques relatives à la stérilisation non-thérapeutique involontaire, une réforme du droit canadien sur cette question semble requise. À Mamita et Pépito, À ma mère et mon père, À Marion, Louise et Matthieu, Je vous dédie ces lignes avec tout mon amour et ma gratitude. REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d'abord et tout particulièrement à remercier Mme le Professeur Margaret A. Somerville pour avoir accepté la tâche d'être mon guide éclairé au cours de ces longs mois de recherche et de rédaction, pour m'avoir permis d'enrichir ma réflexion au moyen de commentaires et conseils judicieux, pour m'avoir inspiré de sa plume. Je tiens également à exprimer ma gratitude envers le Gouvernement de Canada, qui, par la bourse octroyée, m'a donné la possibilité de venir étudier au Québec et de passer des moments inoubliables à Montréal. Mes sincères remerciements à la Faculté de Droit de l'Université de McGill qui m'a ouvert les portes d'un système juridique unique. Merci également à Tracey Nicholls qui, par son aide linguistique, m'a donné l'illusion d'un bilinguisme parfait. Marylena, et Thuy, sans votre irremplaçable amitié mes premiers balbutiements ne seraient restés que soupirs, et mes pages désespérément blanches. Mes amis de toujours, Camilo, Marieke et Ana Maria qui, malgré la distance, ont réussi à m'apporter de nombreux rayons de soleil papier et internet. Toute la gang de Thomson House, et plus particulièrement Amy, votre joie de vivre, votre folie douce, vos discussions, vos cocktails ont été des soutiens inattendus et appréciés dans les moments d'angoisse et d'essoufflement. Enfin, Elise, du fond de mon cœur, je te remercie pour tout et encore plus, pour ton amitié si douce, pour tes fous-rire, pour m'avoir écouté et apporté ton soutien quand le tunnel semblait sans issue, pour avoir partagé ma vie, mes espoirs, mes peurs et mes joies. Finalement, je voudrais remercier tout spécialement ma famille, cocon rassurant quand la vie se fait ouragan, support émotionnel inconditionnel. Denis, toi qui me suis pas à pas, Tatie, toujours présente, mon père et mon frère pour votre attention particulière. Mes grands parents adorés pour votre tendresse. Pépito, sans ton précieux ordinateur, ton soutien, j'aurais été perdue, sans tes coups de téléphone j'aurais été moins confiante, sans tes encouragements je me serais sentie plus seule~ Mamita, parce que ton épanouissement artistique, ta joie de vivre, ton franc parler, ton aide depuis que toute jeune je pianotais les premières notes d'une mélodie de Béla Bartok, m'ont permis de croire que tout est possible. Maman, pour ton exemple, ta rigueur intellectuelle, ton ouverture d'esprit, tu m'as permis de penser autrement, d'affirmer haut et fort ce que je n'osais penser tout bas~ mais aussi pour tout ton amour, je ne peux t'exprimer toute ma gratitude. Enfin, à mes deux sœurs, Marion et Louise, mes complices de toujours, merci, merci, merci, merci pour avoir toujours cru en moi, pour m'avoir remonté les bretelles, pour être et avoir été toujours là. Table ofContents Introduction. ................................................................................ 1 Part One: Canadian law on voluntary non-therapeutic sterilization. ............ 12 Chapter I: The Legality ofvoluntary non-therapeutic sterilization in Canadian law. .................................................... 12 A. Sterilization and Canadian criminallaw.. ............................... 12 B. Voluntary non-therapeutic sterilization andprovinciallaw 18 1) Common law provinces. ............................................ 18 2) Quebec 20 Chapter II: Sterilization, a medical act: the law ofconsent to treatment briefly outlined 24 A. The necessity ofa consent 24 B. The necessary elements for a consent to be legally valid 28 1) Common law: the necessity ofa voluntary and informed consent 29 a) Voluntariness 29 (i) Coercion, undue influence andfear 30 (ii) Misrepresentation 31 b) Informed consent 32 2) Quebec: the necessity ofa free and enlightened consent 34 a) Care required by the patient's state ofhealth 37 b) Care not required by the patient's state ofhealth 37 3) Capacity 38 a) Adults with a disability and the assessment of competence 39 b) Spousal consent .40 c) Minors and the assessment ofcompetence 41 (i) Legislation 42 (ii) Common law 43 4) Specificity 45 C. The exception to the needfor a consent or an informed one 45 1) Medico-legal emergencies .46 2) Therapeutic privilege 47 D. The legal consequences ofa lack ofconsent or an informed one 48 1) Common law: the distinction between battery and negligence actions affirmed 49 2) Civillaw: the preponderance ofcontractualliability 50 Part Two: Canadian law on involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization 53 Chapter III: Involuntary sterilization: the shadow ofa shameful eugenicpast 53 A. The eugenic sterilization acts ofAlberta and British Columbia 55 1) Alberta 55 2) British Columbia 57 B. The discriminatory administration ofthe statutes and the criticisms voiced against them 58 1) The administration ofthe acts 58 2) Criticisms expressed against the statutes 59 C. The statutes' late repeal 60 Chapter IV: The Legality ofinvoluntary non-therapeutic sterilization in Canadian Law 63 A. Involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization and the criminallaw 63 B. Consent to treatmentfor those who through age and/or disability are unable to consentfor themselves 65 1) Adults with a disability 66 a) Common law 66 b) Legislation 68 (i) Court-appointed representatives 68 (ii) Nearest relatives 72 2) Parental consent 75 3) Parens patriaejurisdiction 80 a) Historical origins ofthe jurisdiction 80 b) Scope ofthejurisdiction 82 (i) Rationepersonae 82 (ii) Ratione materiae 84 c) The parens patriae jurisdiction: a common law prerogative? 85 C. Involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization and Canadian provinciallaw 87 1) Involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization and Quebec: the theoreticallegality 88 a) The Civil Code ofLower Canada 88 (i) Adults 88 (ii) Minors 90 b) The 1990 amendments to the Civil Code 91 c) The Civil Code ofQuebec 92 2) Involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization and Common law Provinces: the proclaimedprohibition,
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