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The Oxford Survey of the British Empire II (^orttEU Intttecaitg ffilibrarg 3tt;aca, SJem $ottt BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 5ws when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. .... HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall All borrowers mxist regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four wsek limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time Borrowers should,not use their library privileges for the benefit of other person^. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 087 992 727 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924087992727 THE OXFORD SURVEY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE VOLUME V OXFOED UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YOBK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHEEY MILFORD M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY 1321.5 — BATHY-OROGRAPHICAL. IftO loO B II N i: Jc'>irL"BaFthoiTiEeii'& Co. nko Hdiljbm?^!. CTJo^apliicaj InstitTite » —BATHY'OROGRAPHICAL AND POLiTICAL. IHm Hilinlmggli. Geogt-nplrioal Insta jQi™Bai.t:fiolomew& Co- THE OXFORD SURVEY OF THE BKITISH EMPIRE AUSTRALASIA INCLUDING AUSTRALIA, NEAV ZEALAND, THE WESTERN PACIFIC & THE BRITISH SECTOR IN ANTARCTICA With 40 Photographs, 3 Coloured Maps, and 70 Figures in text Edited by A. J. herbertso:n^, M.A., Ph.D. Professor of Geography in the University of Oxford and O. J. R. HOWARTH, M.A. Assistant Secretary of the British Association for the Advancement of Science OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1914 f\A^^L.<2>06 PREFACE The object of this series is to furnish a survey of the British Empire and its constituent parts in their geographical and allied aspects, together with their economic, administrative, and social conditions, at the present time. History has not been included as an integral part of the scheme, except for the inclusion of a general historical summary in the General Volume ; for the rest, historical references have been included only in so far as they were found desirable for the explana- tion of existing conditions. The history of the Empire has been brought under review elsewhere, notably in the Oxford Historical Geography, edited by Sir Charles Lucas. The series is in six volumes, and the subject- matter is thus distributed : I. The British Isles and Mediterranean terri- tories (Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus). II. Asiatic territories. III. African territories (with adjacent islands, Mauritius, &c., St. Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha). IV. American territories (with the Falkland Islands and dependencies). V. Australasian territories (including islands in the Pacific Ocean and the British sector in Antarctica). VI. General. s vi AUSTRALASIA The Editors have been in close consultation throughout as to the general plan and details of the work. They have shared between them the arrangements with the contributors, for whose collaboration they express their thanks. Professor Herbertson has undertaken the major part of the work connected with the maps ; Mr. Howarth has carried out the greater part of the editorial work in its later stages, has dealt with the illustra- tions (in the five topographical volumes), and has seen the volumes through the press. It is desired to acknowledge Mrs. Howarth' collaboration in the work of indexing, and Mr. 0. Brilliant's assistance in the compilation of the gazetteer references in the topographical volumes. Notes in the text enclosed in square brackets are editorial. CONTENTS AUSTRALIA CHAPTER ' PAGE I. Introductory Survey and Government . 1 By the Right Hon. Sir G. H. Reid, P.C, G.C.M.G., High Commissioner for the Commonwealth. II. Physical Features and their Efebct on Settlement ...... 34 By Griffith Taylor, B.Sc, B.E., B.A., Physio- grapher, Commonwealth Weather Service. III. Climate and Weather . .91 By H. A. Hunt, Commonwealth Meteorologist, and Griffith Taylor, B.Sc, B.E., B.A., Physio- grapher, Commonwealth Weather Service. IV. Animals and Plants ..... 140 By Geoffrey W. Smith, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford. V. Economic Conditions and Industries . 167 By H. S. Gullett, London Correspondent of the Sydney Daily Telegraph. VI. Mining and Economic Geology . 216 By Griffith Taylor, B.Sc, B.E., B.A., Physio- grapher, Commonwealth Weather Service. VII. Communications ...... 267 By H. S. Gullett, London Correspondent of the Sydney Daily Telegraph. VIII. The People of Australia .... 281 By P. Evans Lewin, Librarian of the Royal Colonial Institute, London. IX. Tasmania 331 By T. Dunbabin, B.A., Geographical Scholar in the University of Oxford, 1908. X. Papua 360 By J. H. P. Murray, Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Judicial Officer. viii AUSTRALASIA ZEALAND NEW PAGE CHAPTER XL Physical Geography, Geology, Climate, ^'^ Vegetation, Fauna . of By Professor P. Marshall, M. A., D.Sc, Professor Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Otago. XII. Economic Conditions 408 By the Hon. Sir Bobert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., Chief Justice, and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. XIII. Population and Government . 425 By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., Chief Justice, and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. XIV. The Western Pacific ..... 462 By Basil Thomson, formerly of the Colonial Civil Service in Fiji, Tonga, and Papua. XV. The Defence oe British Australasian Terri- tories .... ... 507 XVI. Antarctica, the British Sector . 518 By Griffith Taylor, B.Sc, B.E., B.A., Physio- grapher, Commonwealth Weather Service, Member of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910. Gazetteer of Towns ...... 539 Statistics ........ 549 By Harold Macfarlane, F.S.S. Index . 572 LIST OF PLATES Av,stralia. PLATE FACING PAGE I. Sheep-farming downs in Victoria 14 II. Palmerston, Northern Territory- 15 Ill. In the North Coast District, New South Wales 50 IV. Grose Valley, Blue Mountains . 51 V. Cloud preceding Southerly Burster . 134 ' VI. Bush ' at Healesville, Victoria 135 VII. In the Lake Eyre region 156 VIII. (a) Gibber country in Central Australia 157 (6) Interior Plateau, Queensland, and Peak Eange IX. Tree ferns ....... 166 X. Felling eucalyptus trees ..... 167 XI. Yanco Experimental Farm, N.S.W. 204 XII. An upper tributary of the Murray River . 205 XIII. Hawkesbury Eiver from the Northern Railway 330 XIV. New Norfolk, Tasmania ..... 331 XV. {a) Inner Harbour, Port Moresby, Papua | 372 (6) Aird River from Aird Hill, Gulf of Papua j " New Zealand. XVI. Mount Cook . 373 XVII. [a) Whangaroa Heads | 386 (6) Waiau River I (a) Manawatu Gorge 1 XVIII. 387 (6) Lake Manapouri J XIX. (a) Ngauruhoe Volcano 400 (6) Whangarei Falls XX. Lake Wakatipu 401 (a) Milford Sound XXI. ] 424 (h) Mitre Peak ) XXII. [a) Otira Gorge 425 (6) Wanganui River XXIII. Waitakeri Fall 460 Western Pacific and Antarctica. XXIV. Serua,Fiji 461 XXV. {a) Fishermen on reef, Fiji 484 builder (6) Kadaru, Fiji. A canoe 485 XXVI. Gilogilo, Fiji. Natives fishing 504 XXVII. {a, 6) Fanning Island X AUSTRALASIA PLATE ITACING PAGE glacier entering sea-ice XXVIII. (a) Antarctica. New ) gog (5) Antarctica. Ice flood floor, and summer tarn ) XXIX. Northern boundary of Wilson Piedmont Glacier, Antarctica ........ 532 XXX. Mount Erebus and Cape Evans .... 533 The names of the authorities or individuals who have supplied photographs are stated on each plate. The Editors desire to express their thanks, for the loan of photographs, to the High Commissioners for the Commonwealth of Australia and for the Dominion of New Zealand, to Professor J. W. Gregory, Mr. Basil Thomson, Sir Everard F. im Thurn and Mr. Geoffrey Smith, and to Mr. Griffith Taylor and Commander Evans of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910. They have also to thank Sir Charles Lucas for valuable advice. COLOURED MAPS Australasia, Bathy-orographical .... Beginning of vol. South-Eastern Australia, Bathy-orographical and Political ...... New Zealand and Tasmania, Bathy-orographical and Political Facing p. 375 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS IN TEXT Australia. FIG. PAGE 1. Main Trend-lines of Australia ...... 35 2. Belation of natural to political divisions 38 3. The granite areas and later volcanoes of Eastern Australia 40 4. Section across Queensland .... 43 5. Queensland and Artesian basin .... 45 6. Section across central New South Wales 47 7. Chief Coal-fields of Australia 49 8. Elvers and valleys of the Blue Mountain Plateau 51 9. Section across southern New South Wales . 55 10. Federal Territory ..... 57 11. Evolution of Australian lowlands 62 12. South Australia Products, — &c. 72 13. Section across the Rift Valley of South Australia 73 14. The Western Plateau .... 76 16. South-west temperate region of Western Australia 18 AUSTRALIA Methoda One of the main factors in the profitable cultivation of wheat yielding such a small average crop, tion"^*'^^ from land especially in a country where wages are high, is economy in putting in and taking ofE the crop. In the big wheat areas in every state it is usual to plough the land with multifurrow ploughs, to drill in the seed (of which less than half the amount usual in England is sown to each acre) with a machine which distributes artificial fertilizers at the same time, and to gather the wheat by means of a ' stripper ' or ' combined harvester '.
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