Richard Wright Newsletter

Volume 6, Number 1 Fa IllWinter, 1997-98

A Richard Wright Bibliography Supplement

by

Keneth Kinnamon © K.K.

No portion of this text may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. a RICHARD WRIGHT BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1988

BY

Keneth Kinnamon

The year 1988 was extraordinarily productive for Wright studies. For sheer number of items (349), it exceeded any year since 1977. Four of these were books: two collections of essays, a biography, and a bibliography.

Harold Bloom's Richard Wright's Native Son contains two important original essays as well as the customary reprinted material; C. James Trotman's uneven

Richard Wright: Myths and Realities collects papers from a 1985 symposium.

Margaret Walker's long awaited biography, Richard Wright: Daemonic Genius, is subjective and controversial. Keneth Kinnamon's a Richard Wright

Bibliography: Fifty Years of Criticism and Commentary. 1933-1982 is useful.

As usual, Native Son is the favorite topic in 1988: Joseph Bodziock treats the gothic element, Susanne Bullock-Kimball strains in comparing the novel to classical myth, Alan France fashionably but implausibly claims that sexism is as important as racism, Barbara Johnson makes interesting observations on the ransom note but generalizes too broadly from scant evidence, and Willene Taylor reworks familiar material on the blindness motif .

The strongest article on Native Son is clearly Joseph Skerrett's excellent psychological study, written several years ago for a collection that never materialized.

The shorter fiction was well served this year. John Lowe is convincing on narrative strategies in Uncle Tom's Children, as is Tracy Webb on water imagery. Robbie Jean Walker applies Barthes to "Fire and Cloud," Thomas

Larson analyzes race and radicalism in "Bright and Morning Star," and Stephen

Soitos relates "The Man Who Lived Underground" to the Orpheus myth. Among the

\ other contributions on Wright's fiction, Jane Davis is rather obvious on the theme of self-hatred; Yoshinobu Hakutani carefully relates Wright to American naturalism; Linda Hamalian is quite good on epigraphs in Lawd Today and Savage

Holiday; Alison Rieke treats polemics in Native Son, The Outsider, and "The

Man Who Lived Underground"; and Nagueyalti Warren predictably finds Wright's depiction of females unfavorable .

Turning to Wright's nonfiction, one thinks first of Black Boy. William

L. Andrews takes a fresh approach by comparing it to autobiographies of three other Mississippians, Elizabeth J. Ciner emphasizes Wright's struggle with the paternal principle, Lucinda H. MacKethan is hardly original in relating Black

Boy to Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and Marjorie Smelstor contrasts Black Boy and American Hunger. Writing on other works , of nonfiction includes the novelist David Bradley's highly laudatory preface to a new edition of 12 Million Black Voices, Elliott Butler-Evans's semiotic approach to "Blueprint for Negro Literature," Gerald Early's brilliant discussion of the three Joe Louis articles, and another solid contribution on Black Power by

Jack B. Moore.

Wright had international interests other than Africa, of course, as Toru

Kiuchi reminds us with his article on the Asian connection, while Robert Tener follows suit with a highly informative examination of Wright's interest in, and practice of, haiku.

With apologies to those inadequately praised or ignored altogether in this preface, I conclude by noting new dissertations on our author by Bruce

Dick, Sybil Dunbar, and Virginia Whatley Smith. Wright scholarship thrives .

2 1988 Wright, 'The Man Who Was Almost a Man,'" in his Instructor's Guide to 1. Aaron, Daniel. "Literary Scenes Accompany The Heath Introduction to and Literary Movements," in Columbia Literature. Third Edition. Literary History of the United Lexington, Mass. : D. C. Heath , p . States. Ed. Emory Elliott. New York: 27. Columbia University Press, pp. 733- Two discussion questions and 757. answers. Notes that W was on the Federal Writers' Project (p. 752). 8. Als, Hilton. "Fathers and Sons . " The Village Voice (12 January 1988), 2. Abcarian, Richard, and Marvin pp. 35, 39 . Klotz. Instructor's Manual to Quotes from "Alas, Poor Richard" Accompany Literature: The Human and applies James Baldwin's Experience. New York: St. Martin's remarks on W to Baldwin himself. Press, pp. 63-64. Contains two analytical 9 . Andrews, William L. "In Search of paragraphs on "Between the World a Common Identity: The Self and the and Me." South in Four Mississippi Autobiographies." The Southern . 3. Adams, Anne. "Straining to Make Review, 24 (Winter), 47-64. Out the Words to the 'Lied': The Compares BB, William Alexander German Reception of Toni Morrison," Percy's Lanterns on the Levee, in Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Willie Morris's North Toward Ed. Nellie Y. McKay. Boston: G. K. Home, and Anne Moody's Coming of Hall, pp. 190-214 Age in Mississippi. All four Mentions W briefly (p. 202). autobiographers depict an effort to achieve personal coherence, 4. Adams, Katherine H., and John L. but caste impedes them. Adams. "Questions," in their The Accomplished Writer: Observing. 10. Angelou, Maya, and Rosa Guy . Judging. Reflecting. Englewood "Maya Angelou Talking with Rosa Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, p. Guy," in Writing Lives : 220. Conversations Between Women Writers . Seven study questions to Ed . Mary Chamberlain. London: Virago accompany "The Ethics of Living Press, pp. 1-23 . Jim Crow . " Guy acknowledges. the influence and importance of W (pp. 8-9). 5. Alexander, Sandra Carlton. "Ann Reprinted: 1989 Petry," in Afro-American Writers. 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and 11. Anon. Arts ~ Humanities Citation Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, Index 1987 . Vol . 2. Philadelphia: pp. 140-147. Institute for Scientific Mentions W briefly (p. 143). Information, pp. 11026-11027 . Lists forty-six items s.v. WRIGHT 6. Allen, Samuel. "[Review of Song R, not all on W. of Solomon)," in Critical Essays Q!l Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y. McKay. 12. Anon . Bibliographic Guide to Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 30-32 . Black Studies: 1988 . Boston: G. K. Reprint of 1978 Hall, pp.385-386. Lists three primary and three 7. Allen, William Rodney. \ "Richard secondary items concerning W in

3 the New York Public Library, New York: Harper & Ro w, p . 3 . supplementing the Dictionary Publisher's announcement of a Catalog of the Schomburg paperback edition. Collection of Negro Literature and History. 22. Anon. "Other Books by Richard Wright . " in Literature and Language . 13. Anon . "The Black Scholar New York: Harper & Row, p. 6. Publishers Listing of Black Interest Publisher's listing of paperback Books." The Black Scholar, 19 editions of AH , BB, Q, and UTC. (November/December), 45-57. Contains notices of paperback 23 . Anon . "Richard Wright: Daemonic editions of the TMBV and EM (p. Genius , Margaret Walker." Publishers 52) Weekly, 234 (14 October), 54 . Favorable notice claiming that 14. Anon . "Contributors." Modern "this excellent , flesh-and-b1ood Fiction Studies, 34 (Spring), 2. portrait gets closer to the inner The note on Craig Werner mentions man than any previous volume." W briefly. 24. Anon. "Spring Titles from 15. Anon. Howard University Press Thunder's Mouth Press . " Black Books 1988. Washington: Howard American Literature Forum, 22 University Press, pp. 2, 20, 21 . (Summer), 226 . Mentions W briefly. Contains an announcement of the paperback edition of TMBV . 16. Anon. Index to Black Periodicals: 1986. Boston: G. K. 25. Anon. "Spring Titles from Hall, pp. 208-209. Thunder's Mouth Press." The Black Lists twelve items on W. Scholar, 19 (July-October), 113 . Contains a publisher's notice of 17. Anon. Index to Black the paperback edition of TMBV. Periodicals: 1984. Boston: G. K. Hall, p. 180 . 26. Anon . ."Spring Titles from Lists four items on W. Thunder's Mouth Press . " The Nation, 246 (28 May), 749. 18. Anon. Index to Black Contains a publisher's notice of Periodicals: 1987. Boston: G. K. the paperback edition of TMBV . Hall, pp. 152-153. Lists two items on W. 27. Anon. "Valerie Smith on Richard Wright," in Eminent 19. Anon. "Iowa." The Black Scholar, Scholars/Teachers Video Lecture 19 (January-February), 8. Series. Detroit: Omnigraphics, p. Publisher's notice of Joyce A. 11. Joyce's Richard Wright's Art of Publisher's notice . Tragedy with a blurb from Choice. 28. Anon. "Wright R," in Social 20. Anon. Index to Black Sciences Citation Index : 1987 Periodicals: 1985. Boston: G. K. Annual. Part 2. Philadelphia: Hall, p. 209. Institute for Scientific Lists five items on W. Information, p. 15967. Lists fifty items, most of them 21. Anon. "The Long Dream. Richard not on W. Wright." Literature and Language.

4 29. Atkinson, Michael. "Richard 36. Battle , Thomas C. "The Moorland­ Wright's 'Big Boy Leaves Home' and a Spingarn Research Center , " in Afro­ Tale from Ovid: A Metamorphosis American Writers. 1940-1955 . Ed. Transformed," in Richard Wright: Trudier Harri s and Thadious M. Myths and Realities. Ed. C. James Davis. Detroit: Gale, pp. 237 - 242 . Trotman. New York: Garland, pp. 43- Mentions W briefly (p . 242) . 57. Reprint of 1987.34. 37 . Baughman, Ronald . "Finales: How American Writers Died; Where They're 30. Awkward, Michael. "Race, Gender, Buried; Epitaphs and Last Words, " in and the Politics of Reading." Black American Literary Almanac from 1608 American Literature Forum, 22 to the Present . Ed . Karen L. Rood . (Spring), 5-27. New York: Facts on File , pp . 335- Mentions W briefly (p. 8). 375. Sketches circumstances of W's 31. "Roadblocks and death (p. 350). Relatives: Critical Revision in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye," in 38. Bellei, S~rgio Luiz Prado . Critical Essays Qll Toni Morrison. "American Culture in Brazil : The Ed. Nellie Y. McKay. Boston: G. K. Search for Strategies for Reading ." Hall, pp. 57-68. American Studies International , 26 Discusses Morrison's (October), 3-9 "refigurations of Baldwin's Comments on W's discussion of the discussion of Wright in 'Many "frog perspective" and quotes Thousands Gone' . . . " (p. 58). from WML (p. 7).

32. Baker. Houston A., Jr. Afro­ 39. Bennett, Joy, and Gabriella American Poetics: Revisions of Hochmann, Simone de Beauvoir: An Harlem and the Black Aesthetic. Annotated Bibliography. New York: Madison: The University of Wisconsin Garland, p. 43 . Press, pp. 52, 116, 149, 178. Contains an entry on 1982.51. Reprints 1974. , 1977. 1985. , and quotes from BB in 40. Bigsby , C. W. E. "The Divided the concluding chapter. Mind of James Baldwin," in Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Ed . Fred L. 33. . "The Embattled Craftsman: Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Boston: An Essay on James Baldwin," in G. K. Hall, pp. 94-111. Critical Essays Qll James Baldwin. Reprint of 1980 Ed. Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 62-77. 41. Bishop, Rand. African Reprint of 1977 Literature. African Critics : The Forming of Critical Standards. 1947- 34. Baldwin, James. "From 'Many 1966. Westport, Conn .: Greenwood Thousands Gone,'" in Twentieth­ Press, pp . 48, 126 , 132. Century American Literature. Ed. Mentions W's assistance to Harold Bloom. Vol. 7. New York: Pr~sence Africaine and Alexandre Chelsea House, pp. 4498-4501. Biyidi's unfavorable comparison Partial reprint of 1951.129. of Camara Laye's L'Enfant noir to BB (see 1954.79), and quotes M. 35. Barrax, Gerald. "Uniforms." S. Eno Belinga's comparison of Callaloo, 11 (Summer), 451-452. Peter Abrahams to W. Poem with epigraph frqm TMBV.

5 42. Bloom, Harold. "Editor's Note," Powe r of Books," in her Instructor's in his Richard Wri~ht's Native Son. Manual Th e Essay Connection: New York: Chelsea House, pp. vii­ Readin~s for Writers . Second viii. edition. Lexington, Mass .: D. C. Provides brief summary statements Heath, pp. 81-84 . about the eleven essays collected Pedagogical notes on an excerpt in the volume. from BB s. v . "Content," "Strategies/Structures," and 43. "Introduction," in his "Language." Richard Wri~ht's Native Son. New York: Chelsea House, pp. 1-4. 49. Bodziock, Joseph . "Richard Reprint of the first two of three Wright and Afro-American Gothic," in sections of 1987.54. Richard Wri~ht : Myths and Realities. Ed. C. James Trotman . New York: 44. "Richard Wright," in his Garland, pp . 27-42 . Twentieth-Century American Analyzes W's use of the gothic Literature, Vol . 7. New York: mode in NS . With the American Chelsea House, p. 4493. gothic of Poe and Hawthorne, W Biographical headnote. evokes psychosexual fears and phobias to achieve the special 45. , ed. Richard Wri~ht's horror needed to shock readers Native Son. New York: Chelsea House, into confronting the racist viii + 174 pp. reality of American society. Includes an introduction , chronology, and brief 50. Bone, Robert. Down Horne: Ori~ins bibliography by the editor as of the Afro-American Short Story. well as essays or book excerpts New York: Columbia University Press, by Dan McCall, Roger Rosenblatt, xxviii + 328 pp . Joel Roache, Michael G. Cooke, Reprint of 1975.27 with a new Joyce Ann Joyce, Louis Tremaine, preface mentioning briefly Valerie Smith, Barbara Johnson, Ellison's "Richard Wright's Joseph T. Skerrett, Jr., and . Blue s " (p. x). David Bradley. 51. Booth, Wayne C., and Marshall W. 46. , ed. Twentieth Century Gregory . "Questions for Discussion," American Literature. Vol. 8: in their The Harper ~ Row Reader. Bibliographical Supplement and Second edition. New York : Harper & Index. New York: Chelsea House, pp. Row, p . 232. 4658, 4717. Five questions to accompany an Lists W's books and four excerpt from BB. secondary sources. 52. "Richard Wright," in 47. Bloom, Lynn Z. "Richard Wright," their The Harper ~ Row Reader. in her The Essay Connection: Second edition. New York: Harper & Readin~s for Writers. Second Row, pp. 224-225. edition. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Headnote to "The Library Card," Heath, pp. 325-337. an excerpt from BB . Reprints an excerpt from BB with headnote, study questions, and 53. ___ . "Suggested Essay Topics," suggestions for writing. in their The Harper ~ Row Reader. Second edition. New York: Harper & 48. "Richard Wright, The Row, pp. 232-233.

6 Two topics to accompany an 59 . Branch , Taylor . Pa r t in ~ t h e excerpt from BB . Wa t e r s : America i n t he Kin~ Years. 1954- 63. New Yo rk : Simon and 54. Boozer, William . "Faulkner in Schuster , p . 250 . Venezuela . " Faulkner Newsletter, 8 Mentions Mart i n Luther King's (October-December), 1 , 2, 3-4. visit with W in Paris in 1959. On a visit to Venezuela in April 1961 Faulkner was asked a 60. BrBck , Sabine . De r question about W: entkolonisierte KBrper : Die "His tragedy was his Protagonistin in der color . .. something his soul Afroamerikanischen weiblichen couldn't stand. As we all do, in Erz~ltradition der 30er bis 80er Black Boy he wrote of the human Jahre. Frankfurt/ Main : Campus being in the human dilemma. Verlag , pp . 81- 82. "But he gradually lost the Quotes from an article on Wand concept of the tragedy of the Hurston by GUnter Lenz . human being (by putting emphasis on) the human being in a social 61 . Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth. The i r condition; in my opinion, that's Place Q!} the Sta~e: Black Women when his work began to go down." Playwri~hts in America . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press, pp. 3, 113 . 55. Bradbury , Malcolm. "Neorealist Mentions briefly NS . Fiction," in Columbia Literary History of the United States. Ed. 62 . Bryant , Jerry H. "From 'The Emory Elliott . New York: Columbia Violence of Native Son, ' " in University Press, pp. 1126-1141. Twentieth-Century American Mentions Q briefly (p . 1139) . Literature. Ed . Harold Bloom , Vol . 7 . New York: Chelsea House , pp . 56. Bradley , David. "David Bradley 4506-4510. on Native Son by Richard Wright, Partial reprint of 1981.29 . 1940," in Introducin~ the Great American Novel. Ed . Anne Skillion. 63. [Budd , Louis J . ] . "Brief New York: Morrow, pp . 195-207 . Mention." American Literature , 60 Reprint of 1986 . 20. (October), 514-527 . Includes a notice of a Richard 57. "On Reading Native Son," Wri~ht Biblio~raphy (p. 524) . in Richard Wri~ht's Native Son. Ed . Harold Bloom. New York : Chelsea 64. Buhle, Paul . ~ ~ ~ James: The House, pp . 143-153 . Artist as Revolutionary . London: Revised reprint of 1986 . 20. Verso , pp . 68, 106 , 117. Mentions W briefly . 58. "Preface," in 12 Million Black Voices. By Richard Wright. New 65. Bullock-Kimball, Susanne . "The York: Thunder's Mouth Press, pp. v­ Modern Minotaur: A Study of Richard xvii. Wright's Native Son." Notes Q!} Reviews the history of the Great Mississippi Writers, 20, No . 2, 41- Migration and sketches W's early 48 . career. Among W's works, TMBV Offers an interpretation of NS "stands out as a work of poetry, "from the my tho-metaphoric of passion, of lyricism and of perception. " Bigger is the love" (p . xvii). Minotaur, Mr . Dalton "a modern Minos," Marya sacrifice to the

7 beast, Bessie "the Ariadne­ Aesthetic. Motivated by W's figure," and the police "the radical politics, the essay collective Theseus . " NS persuades emphasized an oppositional its readers "that Bigger is part cultural stance. of us." 71. Byrd, Rudolph P. "Living Qy the 66. Burnette , R. V. "Rescuing the Word. Alice Walker." MELUS, 15 Past: Black Theory and Black (Spring), 109-115 . Research." The CEA Critic, 50 Comments briefly on "Blueprint (Winter-Summer), 105-114. for Negro Writing" (p. 113). Disputes Houston Baker's claim that "Wright is a product of 72. Cain, William E. "Review: black culture" (p. 109). Literature, History, and Afro­ American Studies . " College English, 67. Burns, Landon C., Elizabeth 50 (February), 190-205 . Buckmaster, and Janet P. Alwang. Mentions W briefly (pp. 191, "The Fourteenth Supplement (1987) to 203) . a Cross-Referenced Index of Short Fiction Anthologies and Author-Title 73. Callahan, John F. In the Listings." Studies in Short Fiction, African-American Grain: The Pursuit 25 (Spring), 175-246. of Voice in Twentieth-Century Black Lists one item on "Big Black Good Fiction. Urbana : University of Man" and three items on "The Man Illinois Press, pp. 113, 165, 187, Who Was Almost a Man" (p. 246) . 256-257, 264. Mentions W briefly and comments 68. Butler, Robert . "Down from on a passage in NS (pp. 256-257). Slavery: Invisible Man's Descent Into the City and the Discovery of 74. Carr, Virginia Spencer. Self." American Studies, 29 (Fall), "Fiction: The 1930s to the 1960s," 57-67. in American Literary Scholarship: An Comments on W's attitude toward Annual/1986. Ed . David Nordloh. the city (p. 58). Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, pp . 259-282. 69. ___ . "Making a Way Out of No Comments on Joyce Ann Joyce's Way: The Open Journey in Alice Richard Wright's Art of Tra~edy Walker's The Third Life of Gran~e and six articles on W. Copeland." Black American Literature Forum, 22 (Spring), 65-79. 75. Ch6netier, Marc. "Foreign Comments on the journey motif in Scholarship: French Contributions," LD, mentioning also Bigger in American Literary Scholarship: An Thomas, Fred Daniels, and Cross Annual/1986 . Ed . David J . Nordloh. Damon (p.67) . Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, pp. 414-427 . 70. Butler-Evans, Elliott. Mentions Michel Fabre's essay "Constructing and Narrativizing the "Frantz Fanon and Richard Wright" Black Zone: Semiotic Strategies of (p.426). Black Aesthetic Discourse." The American Journal of Semiotics, 6 76. Ciner, Elizabeth J. "Richard (Winter), 19-35. Wright's Struggles with Fathers," in Discusses "Blueprint for Negro Richard Wri~ht : Myths and Realities . Literature" as semiotic Ed. C. James Trotman. New York: background of the Black Garland, pp. 125-136 .

8 Asserts that "the struggle of the 81. Cleveland, Jim. "World Interest individual for self-possession, in Southern Culture . " The Southern which is a struggle to be fully Register , 6 ( Summer ), human and free, is the strongest In an photograph accompanying unifying element in Wright's this article, NS and BB are among work" (p . 125). The struggle in books being sent to Bulgarian BB is with the family, especially universities . the paternal principle in all its manifestations. 82. Clift-Pellow, Arlene. "Literary Criticism and Black Imagery," in 77. Claridge, Henry. "Chicago: 'The Images of Blacks in American Classical Center of American Culture: b Reference Guide to Materialism'," in The American City: Information Sources. Ed. Jessie Literary and Cultural Perspectives. Carney Smith. Westport, Conn .: Ed . Graham Clarke. London: Vision, Greenwood Press, pp . 139-189 . pp. 86-104. Bibliographical essay mentioning Comments on W's "nightmarish," W frequently. deterministic depiction of Chicago. Mentions LT and NS (p . 83 . Colaiaco , James A. Martin Luther 101). King, Jr.: Apostle of Militant Nonviolence. New York: St Martin's 78. Clark, Edward D. "Richard Press, p. 162. Wright," in Afro-American Writers. Notes W's use of the term "Black 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris. Power . " Dictionary of Literary Biography, Reprinted : 1993 Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, pp. 199-221. Biographical-critical essay with 84. Coles, Robert A. "Richard discussions of all of W's books, Wright's Synthesis." CLA Journal , 31 illustrations, and primary and (June), 375-393. secondary bibliographies. Examines W's early work Concludes that "Richard Wright is (especially NS and the poetry) undeniably one of the most and career as an effort to important American writers of the synthesize literary forms, to twentieth century." unite art and social science, and to merge the black and white 79. Clary, Fran~oise. L'espoir de dispossessed in order to effect vivre: violence et sexualit~ dans Ie social change. roman afro-am~ricain de Chester Himes! Hal Bennett. Berne: Peter 85. Cooke, Michael G. "The Lang, pp . 42, 72, 207, 342, 364. Beginnings of Self-Realization," in Mentions briefly W, TMBV, and NS, Richard Wright's Native Son. Ed. and lists nine of W's books in Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea the bibliography. House, pp. 57-65. Reprint of 1984.35 . 80. Clayton, John J. "Richard Wright (1906 [sic]-1960)," in his The Heath 86. Crouch, Stanley . "The Rage of Introduction to Fiction. Third Race." The Village Voice (12 edition. Lexington, Mas~.: D. C. January), pp. 35, 38-39. Heath, p. 530. Comments on James Baldwin's Headnote to "Bright and Morning appraisal of W in "Princes and Star." Powers." Reprinted: 1990

9 87. D., T. B. "Book Marks." Essence, University dissertation defending 18 (March) , 24 . the expatriate works , especially Contains a descriptive review of the nonfiction and LD . Margaret Walker's Richard Wright : Daemonic Genius , which "is sure 93 . Diedrich , Maria . "George S. to arouse controversy." Schuy ler's Black No More--The Black Conservative's Sociali st Past . " The 88. Dance, Daryl Cumber. "'Learn It Western Journal of Black Studies, 12 to the Younguns' : Passing on Folk (Spring), 55-60 . Wisdom," in From Folklore to Mentions W briefly (p . 56). Fiction: ~ Study of Folk Heroes and Rituals in the Black American Novel. 94. Dietzel, Susanne, and Maryemma Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, Graham . "Self-Discovery and pp. ix-xii . Authority in Afro-American Quotes briefly from "Blueprint Narrative . By Valerie Smith. " for Negro Writing." Legacy, 5 (Spring), 59 - 60. Review with critical comments on 89. . "You Can't Go Home Again : Smith's treatment of W. Mentions James Baldwin and the South," in briefly NS and BB . Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 54-62. 95 . Diggins, John Patrick. The Reprint of 1974 . 54. Proud Decades: America in War and Peace, 1941-1960. New York: Norton, 90. Davis, Jane. "Self-Hatred in the pp. 171, 275, 276 . Novels of Richard Wright." The Comments on W's rejection of Literary Griot, 1 (Fall), 75-97. communism . Examines "self-hatred and rejection of one's identity as a 96. Dodson , Howard . "The Schomburg consequence of being successfully Center for Research in Black inferiorized" (p. 77) in LT, NS, Culture," in Afro-American Writers, and LD. W exemplifies Du Boisian 1940-1955. Ed . Trudier Harris and double consciousness. Thadious M, Davis . Detroit : Gale, pp . 242-255 . 91. Deutsch, Leonard J. "Ralph Notes that W used the Schomburg Ellison," in Afro-American 'Writers, Collection in the forties (p. 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and 244) and that it now contains Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, manuscripts by W (p. 247). pp. 37-56. Comments on Ellison's early 97. Donald, David Herbert. Look friendship with W (p. 40); Homeward : ~ Life of Thomas Wolfe. discusses W's life, New York : Ballantine Books, p. 179 . autobiography, NS, and "The Man Reprint of 1987 . 85 . Who Lived Underground" as sources for Invisible Man (pp. 47-48); 98.Donaldson, Scott. John Cheever: ~ and mentions W elsewhere. Biography. New York: Random House, p. 75. 92. Dick, Bruce Allen. "Struggle Mentions W as a member of the New toward global humanism: The later York Writers' Project. works of Richard Wright." Dissertation Abstracts International 99. Douglas, Robert L. "Religious 49 (December), l455A. Orthodoxy and Skepticism in Richard Abstracts a 1988 Florida State Wright's Uncle Tom's Children and

10 Native Son," in Richard Wright: Journal of Mississippi History, 50 Myths and Realities. Ed. C. James (February), 29-35. Trotman. New York : Garland, pp. 79- Notes the gift by Ellen and Julia 88. Wright to the University of Reprint of 1987 . 87. Mississippi of W's letter accepting the Spingarn Medal. 100. Doyle, Mary Ellen, SCN. "Ernest Gaines' Materials: Place, People, 105 . Early, Gerald . "The Black Author." MELUS, 15 (Fall), 75-93 . Intellectual and the Sport of Mentions W briefly (pp. 87, 90) . Prizefighting . " The Kenyon Review, 10 (Summer), 102-117 . 101. Duberman, Martin Bauml. Paul Discusses W's three articles on Robeson. New York: Knopf, pp. 197, Joe Louis, as well as W's 225, 243, 626, 633, 642-643, 692. interest in popular culture as Records the opinion of C. L. R. shown in NS, BB, BP, CC, LT, and James that W was more political AH (pp. 109, 111-113) . and radical than Robeson, quotes from Robeson's foreword to the 106. Ellison, Ralph. "Richard English edition of UTC, notes Wright's Blues," in Twentieth­ that Robeson served with W on the Century American Literature. Ed . board of the Negro Playwrights Harold Bloom . Vol. 7 . New York: Company, mentions "King Joe," Chelsea House , pp. 4493-4498. quotes a letter from Waldo Frank Reprint of 1945.890. pra~s~ng W, states that Robeson and Van Vechten liked UTC but 107. Ensslen, Klaus. "Fictionalizing that Robeson liked and Van History: David Bradley's The Vechten disliked NS, and mentions Chaneysville Incident." Cal1aloo, 11 W's political disapproval of (Spring), 280-296. Robeson in 1949. Mentions briefly BB and UTC.

102. Dunbar, Sybil J. "William 108 . Fabre , Michel. "Franc;:oise Faulkner and Richard Wright: Two Grellet. An Introduction to American perspectives of the South, the Literature." Afram Newsletter, No. female as focal point." Dissertation 26 (January), 61. Abstracts International 49 (August), Review noting that W is included 253A. in this anthology-history . Abstracts a 1987 University of Kentucky dissertation finding 109. . "From ' Introduction, ' " many similarities between in Twentieth-Century American Faulkner and W, especially in Literature. Ed. Harold Bloom. Vol. their treatment of women. 7 . New York: Chelsea House, pp. 4501-4506 . 103. Duval, Elaine I. "Reasserting Partial reprint of 1978.93. and Raising Our History, An Interview with Amiri Baraka." 110. . "Melvin Dixon. Ride Out Obsidian ll, 3 (Spring), 1-19. the Wilderness: Geography and The interviewer mentions W Identity in Afro-American briefly (p.3). Literature." Afram Newsletter, No. 26 (January), 58-59. 104. Eagles, Brenda M. "Recent Favorable review mentioning the Manuscript Accessions at Mississippi treatment of W. College and University Libraries."

11 Ill. . "Michael Thelwell. Soy inka: The Problem of Duties. Pleasures, and Conflicts: Authenticity." Black American Essays in Struggle." Afram Literature Forum , 22 (Fall) , 555 - Newsletter, No. 26 (January), 52. 575 . Review mentioning briefly Wand Quotes W on his estrangement from "Bright and Morning Star." Senghor (p . 560) .

112. . "Pontheolla T. Williams. 118 . Fleming, Robert E. "Willard Robert Hayden, ~ Critical Analysis Motley , " in Afro -American Writers, of His Poetry." Afram Newsletter, 1940-1955. Ed . Trudier Harris and No. 26 (January), 55. Thadious M. Davis . Detroit : Gale, Review noting W's influence on pp. 113-l2l. Heart-Shape in the Dust. Mentions W on the Writers' Project (p. 115) and notes 113. ___ " "Preface," in L' Espoir comparisons of Motley's Knock Qll de vivre: Violence et sexua1it~ dans Any Door to NS (p. 117). Ie roman afro-am~ricain de Chester Himes ! Hal Bennett by Fran~oise 119. Forrest, Leon. "In the Light of Clary. Berne: Peter Lang, pp. 5-7. the Likeness--Transformed," in Mentions W briefly. Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series. Ed. Mark Zadrozney. Vol. 7. 114 . Farnsworth, Robert M. "Melvin B Detroit: Gale, pp . 21-35 . Tolson," in Afro-American Writers, Mentions briefly W (p. 32) and 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and "The Man Who Lived Underground" Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, (p . 33). pp.164-172. Reprinted: 1994 Notes that Tolson visited W in Paris in 1956 (p. 170). Quotes 120 . Fraden, Rena . "The Cloudy Tolson that "even in the violence History of Big White Fog: The of Richard Wright there is Federal Theatre Project , 1938 . " something that lifts you. There American Studies, 29 (Spring), 5-27. is no despair" (p. 171). Includes comments on Wand the Southside Writer's Club (pp. 11, 115. Ferguson, SallyAnn H. "Dorothy 26) and mentions Wand NS West," in Afro-American Writers, elsewhere. 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, 121. France, Alan W. "Misogyny and pp. 187-195. Appropriation in Wright's Native Notes W's connection with West's Son." Modern Fiction Studies, 34 magazine, where "Blueprint for (Autumn), 413-423. Negro Writing" was published (p. In this feminist and 193). poststructuralist reading of the novel the repressed absence, 116. Ferris, William. "Director's sexism, is a theme as important Column." The Southern Register, 6 as the authorial theme of racism. (Spring), 2. Bigger engages in "the struggle Notes that Michel Fabre taught a to appropriate (and thus graduate seminar on W at the dehumanize) women by reducing University of Mississippi in the them . .. to property, valuable fall semester, 1987. only to the extent they serve as objects of phallocentric status 117. Feuser, Willfried F. "Wole conflicts" (p. 414). To support

12 this thesis, France examines the 127. Garrow , David J. Bearing the killing of the rat, the "symbolic Cross: Martin Luther King, ~ and rape-slaying of Gus, the the Southern Christian Leadership partially effected rape and the Conference. New York: Vintage, p . murder of Mary Dalton, and the 113 . overt rape-killing of Bessie Reprint of 1986.60 . Mears" (p . 416) . 128 . Gates, Henry Louis , Jr. The 122. Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred Signifying Monkey : A Theory of Afro­ A. Moss, Jr. From Slavery to American Literary Criticism. New Freedom: A History of Negro York : Oxford University Press, pp. Americans. Sixth edition. New York: ix, xxvii, 96-100, 105-107, 111-112, Knopf, pp. 374-375, 483. 115, 118-121, 122, 181-184, 192. Reprint of 1956.158 . Comments on signifying in Wand quotes examples from LT and "Big 123. Fromm, Harold. "Real Life, Boy Leaves Home," discusses Literary Criticism, and the Perils Ellison's parodying of NS and of Bourgeoisification." New Literary "The Man Who Lives Underground" History, 20 (Autumn), 49-64. in Invisible Man, criticizes W's Quotes Joyce A. Joyce mentioning attitude toward his "black W (p. 57). textual antecedents, " and contrasts narrative voice in W 124. GAllego, CAndido Perez. and Hurston. Historia de la literatura norteamericana. Madrid: Taurus, pp. 129. Gaudet, Marcia, and Carl 235, 321, 323 . Wooton. "Talking with Ernest J. Comments favorably on Wand Gaines." Callaloo, 11 (Spring), 229- mentions most of his works. PS is 243. "una valiente disecci6n de la Gaines discusses the influence of vida espanola en la epoca Wand other black writers on his franquista" (p . 321). literary development. Reprinted : 1995 125 . Gallup, Donald. Pigeons Qll the Granite: Memories of ~ Yale 130 . Govan, Sandra Y. "Black Women Librarian. New Haven, Conn.: The as Cultural Conservators: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Biographers and Builders of Our Library, Yale University, p. 79. Cultural Heritage." The Langston Quotes from a letter dated 11 May Hughes Review, 7 (Fall), 1-14. 1946 from Gertrude Stein Mentions briefly BB (p. 2) and mentioning that W arrived in comments on W's work on New Paris "yesterday." Challenge (p. 11).

126. Garren, Samuel B. "William 131 . Graham, Maryemma. Attaway," in Afro-American Writers, "Introduction," in her Complete 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and Poems of Frances ~ ~ Harper . New Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, York : Oxford University Press, pp . pp. 3-7. xxxiii-Ivii. Mentions Attaway's friendship Mentions briefly BB (p. 1vi). with W (p. 4) and compares Big Mat in Blood Qll the Forge to 132. Grant, Robert. "Absence Into Bigger Thomas (p. 6). Presence: The Thematics of Memory and 'Missing' Subjects in Toni

13 Morrison's Sula ," in Critical Essays Ill . : Scott, Foresman, p. 481. QD Toni Morrison . Ed. Nellie Y. Reprint of 1979 . 121. McKay. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 90- 103. 139 . Halsey, William . "Signify(cant) Mentions briefly UTC (p. 90) and Correspondences." Black American NS (p . 91). Literature Forum, 22 (Summer), 257- 26l. 133 . Greenspon, Joanna , ed . Notes some correspondences Humanities Index April 1987 to March between works by Henry Dumas and 1988. New York: Wilson, p. 929. "B etween the World and Me" and NS Lists two items on W. (p . 259) .

134. Guereschi, E. "Wright , Richard. 140. Hamalian, Linda . "Other Voices, Eight men: stories . " Choice, 26 Other Looms : Richard Wright's Use of (July-August), 1696-1697. Epigraphs in Two Novels." Obsidian Mixed notice of the new edition 11, 3 (Winter), 72-88 . of EM with a foreword by David On the premise that epigraphs are Bradley. an author's interpretive clues to the reader, Hamalian relates the 135. Hakutani , Yoshinobu . "No Name epigraphs of LT (Van Wyck Brooks, in the Street : James Baldwin's Image Waldo Frank, and T. S . Eliot) and of the American Sixties , " in their contexts in the original Critical Essays QD James Baldwin . source to the novels, after which Ed. Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. she does the same with the Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall , pp . 277- epigraphs in SH (Oscar Wilde, 289 . Job, Exodus , Sandor Ferenczi, Mentions briefly BB (p. 277). Freud, Nietzsche, Theodore Reik , Goethe , Euripides, Corinthians, 136. "Richard Wright and and Christopher Marlowe). American Naturalism." Zeitschrift fUr Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 36, 141 . Hamill, Pete. "Breaking the 217-226. Silence : A Letter to a Black After an exposition of Friend . " Esquire , 109 (March), 91- conflicting views of literary 94, 96, 98, 100 , 102 . naturalism,' Hakutani posits the Mentions W briefly (p. 98). tensions between individual will and social determinism as 142 . Harding, Vincent. "Toward a characteristic of the best Darkly Radiant Vision of America's American versions. NS is Truth : A Letter of Concern, An analyzed as a success in this Invitation to Re-Creation," in regard, LT as a failure . Community in America : The Challenge of Habits of the Heart. Ed . Charles 137. Hall, Donald, and D. L. Emblen . H. Reynolds and Ralph V. Norman. "Considerations," in their A Berkeley and Los Angeles: University Writer's Reader. Fifth edition. of California Press, pp . 71-72 . Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman , pp. Quotes and comments on a passage 489-490. from TMBV. Reprint of 1979.120 . 143 . Harris, Norman . "Preface . " 138. ___ . "Richard Wright, 'The Modern Fiction Studies, 34 (Spring) , Library Card,'" in their A Writer's 3-4. Reader. Fifth edition. Glenview, The editor of a special issue on

14 modern black fiction comments on that "Native Son's the only sure­ Tracy Webb's essay on W. as-hell existentialist novel we ever wrote over here. Don't 144. Harris, Trudier. "Foreword," in anyone read Dick Wright anymore?" her and Thadious M. Davis's Afro­ (p. 246). American Writers. 1940-1955 . Detroit: Gale , pp. xi-xiii. 151 . Holte, James Craig. The Ethnic Contains a paragraph on W, "the ~ 6 Sourcebook for Ethnic-American dominant voice in Afro-American Autobiography. Westport, Conn.: fiction in the 1940s." Greenwood Press, pp. 196-201. Contains a biographical sketch of 145. Hatch, James V. "Owen Dodson ," W, a summary of BB, quotations in Afro-American Writers. 1940-1955. from three critics (Butterfield, Ed. Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Kinnamon, Margolies), and a Davis. Detroit : Gale, pp. 30-36. primary and secondary 'Notes that W was among Dodson's bibliography of twelve primary friends (p . 31) . Mentions W and twenty-five secondary briefly elsewhere (p. 35). sources .

146. Hawthorne, Evelyn. "On Gaining 152 . Horne , Gerald. Communist the Double-Vision: Tar Baby as Front?: The Civil Rights Congress. Diasporean Novel." Black American 1946-1956 . Rutherford , Madison , Literature Forum , 22 (Spring), 97- Teaneck, N. J .: Fairleigh Dickinson 107. University Press, pp . 88 , 173. Mentions W briefly (p. 99) . Quotes Cedric Belfrage on W's protest against the execution of 147. Hemenway, Robert E. "Most Willie McGee. Quotes from an Public of Poets, Most Private of unpublished letter from William Men." Ca11aloo, 11 (Summer), 636- Patterson to W expressing 642. appreciation for "the many fine Review of the first volume of things you said about [The Man Arnold Rampersad's The Life of Who Cried] Genocide," and hope Langston Hughes mentioning that W will say them publicly. briefly NS (p. 638). 153. Hubbard, Linda S., ed. Notable 148. Hirsch, E. D., Jr . The Americans: What They Did. from 1620 Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. to the Present . Fourth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 139 . Detroit: Gale, p. 56. Contains an entry on W. Lists W as a winner of the Spingarn Medal. 149. Hodges, J. O. "Smith , Valerie. Self-discovery and authority in 154. Hug, W. J. "Richard Wright's Afro-American narrative." Choice, 26 Art of Tragedy . By Joyce Ann Joyce ." (September) , 125 . Southern Humanities Review, 22 Mentions briefly NS. (Summer), 301-303 . Favorable review of Joyce's New 150. Holmes, John Clellon. "Arm: A Critical approach to NS with Memoir," in his Representative Men: summaries of her prologue and The Biographical Essays. four chapters. "She offers a Fayetteville: The University of convincing case for Richard Arkansas Press, pp. 243-262. Wright as a careful craftsman of Reports that Nelson Algren stated modern tragedy."

15 155. Huggins, Nathan Irvin. "'Here Joyce Ann . Richard Wright's Art of to Stay.'" The Nation, 247 (10 Tragedy . " Journal of Modern October), 316-320 . Literature, 15 ( Fall/W inter) , 425- Review of the first volume of 426 . Arnold Rampersad's biography of Favorable notice with some Langston Hughes, mentioning reservations: "an arguable Hughes's envy of W's success and reading of a central text." his distaste for NS. Reprinted: 1995 162. Jacoby, Jay. "Book Review." Obsidian 11, 3 (Winter), 141-149 156. . "Modernism and the Comments briefly on Boris Max in Harlem Renaissance . " Americana: NS (p. 142) . Tijdschrift voor de Studie Y£n Noord-Amerika, 2, No. I, 62-70. 163 . ___ ' "Harap, Lewis . Dramatic Mentions Wand "Blueprint for Encounters in Twentieth-Century Negro Writing . " American Drama, Poetry, and Humor Reprinted: 1995 and the Black-Jewish Literary Relationship." Obsidian 11, 3 157. Hughes, Langston. "From Harlem (Winter), 141-149. to Paris," in Critical Essays .Q!l Comments on Harap's treatment of James Baldwin. Ed. Fred L. Standley NS and BB (p . 142) . and Nancy V. Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 225-226 . 164. Jay, Paul, ed . The Selected Reprint of 1956 . 205. Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981. New York: 158. Hunt, Douglas. "Richard Wright Viking, pp. 262-263. (1908-1960) The Library Card," in In a letter dated 9 March 1944 his The Riverside Anthology of Cowley discusses sin and Literature. Boston: Houghton retribution, rather than crime Mifflin, pp. 374-382. and punishment, in Dostoevsky, Reprints an excerpt from BB and NS, and Arthur Koestler's appends an excerpt by Ellison Darkness at Noon . from 1961.143. 165. Johnson, Barbara. "The Re(a)d 159. Jackson, Jacquelyn. "William and the Black," in Richard Wright's Gardner S~ith," in Afro-American Native Son . Ed. Harold Bloom. New Writers. 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier York : Chelsea House, pp. 115-123. Harris and Thadious M. Davis. Analyzes Bigger's ransom note in Detroit: Gale, pp. 158-163. relation to W's effort to combine Mentions W briefly (p. 158) and Marxist vision with black notes that Smith met W in Europe. experience as prescribed in "Blueprint for Negro Writing" 160. Jackson, Jocelyn Whitehead. (the red and the black). "The Problem of Identity in Selected Comparing the scene of the ransom Early Essays of James Baldwin," in note in NS, in which Bessie Critical Essays .Q!l James Baldwin. infers that Mary has been killed, Ed. Fred V. Standley and Nancy V. to the scene in BB in which W Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 250- reads his story of the death of 267. an Indian maiden to a black Reprint of 1978 woman, Johnson argues that "the figure of the black woman as 161. J[ackson], P[aul] R. "Joyce, reader in his work is

16 fundamental" (p. 123). 173. Kent, George E. "Gwendolyn Brooks," in Afro-American Writers. 166. Johnson, Eloise McKinney. 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and "Remembering Langston Hughes: Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, Memories of a Langston Hughes pp. 11-24. Class." The Langston Hughes Review, Notes W's favorable 7 (Spring), 35-37 . prepublication response to a Mentions W briefly as a "social Street in Bronzeville. poet" (p. 36). 174. King, Richard. "Politics and 167. Jones, Carolyn M., and Julia M. Literature: The Southern Case." The Hardy. "From Colonialism to Virginia Quarterly Review, 64 Community: Religion and Culture in (Spring), 189-201. Charles H. Long's Significations." Comments briefly on W (pp. 193- Callaloo, 11 (Summer), 582-596. 194, 197). Long comments briefly on W. 175. Kinnamon, Keneth, with the help 168. Jones, Norma R. "Robert of Joseph Benson , Michel Fabre, and Hayden," in Afro-American Writers. Craig Werner. a Richard Wright 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and Bibliography: Fifty Years of Thadious M. Davis . Detroit: Gale, Criticism and Commentary. 1933-1982. pp. 75-88. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, Mentions briefly Wand Bigger xiv + 983 pp . Thomas (p. 85). "This book is a bibliography of 13,117 annotated items published 169. Joyce, Joyce A. "The Aesthetic from 1933 to 1982 pertaining to of E. Ethelbert Miller." Occasional Richard Wright." Items are Paper ftQl. Washington, D.C.: The included from more than fifty Institute for the Preservation of countries and in many languages. African American Writing. "The arrangement of entries is Mentions briefly Wand his chronological by year. Within misunderstanding of Hurston. each year items are numbered and Reprinted: 1994 alphabetized by author . " The format is double column with 170. ___ . "The Tragic Hero," in small but readable type. The Richard Wright's Native Son. Ed. uncommonly full index (209 pp .) Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea uses asterisks to indicate items House, pp. 67-87. of special importance. Partial reprint of 1986.98. 176. [ __ 1. "a Richard Wright 171. Juneja, Om P. "Afro-American Bibliography: Fifty Years of Critical Theory: A Bricolage." Criticism and Commentary. 1933- Indian Journal of American Studies, 1982," in Black Studies . Westport, 18 (Winter), 41-47. Conn .: Greenwood Press, p. 6. Mentions W briefly (p. 41). Publisher's announcement .

172. Kaufman, Jonathan. Broken 177. [ 1. "a Richard Wright Alliance: The Turbulent Times Bibliography: Fifty Years of Between Blacks and Jews in America. Criticism and Commentary. 1933- New York: Touchstone, pp. 36-37. 1982," in Literature 1988. Westport, Quotes the passage from BB about Conn.: Greenwood Press, p. 6. black anti-Semitism. Publisher's announcement.

17 178. Kiuchi, Toru . "Richard Wright 183. Lenz, GUnter H. "Symbolic and Asia." Chiba Review, 10, 35-42. Space, Communal Rituals, and the Traces W's expanding knowledge of Surreality of the Urban Ghetto: Asia from LT and Daily Worker Harlem in Black Literature from the journalism through Q and CC to 1920s to the 1960s." Callaloo, 11 the haiku he wrote at the end of (Spring), 309-345. his life. Mentions briefly Wand NS (pp. 332, 333). 179. Kreyling, Michael. "Southern Literature: Consensus and 184 . Lester , Julius. "Some Tickets Dissensus." American Literature, 60 Are Better: The Mixed Achievement of (March), 83-95. James Baldwin," in Critical Essays Mentiqns W briefly. QD James Baldwin. Ed . Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt . Boston: 180. Larson, Thomas. "A Political G. K. Hall, pp. 244-250. Vision of Afro-American Culture: Reprint of 1986.109. Richard Wright's 'Bright and Morning Star,'" in Richard Wright: Myths and 185. [Levitt, Morton P.] . "Regional, Realities. Ed. C. James Trotman. New National, and Ethnic Literatures." York: Garland, pp. 147-159. Journal of Modern Literature, 15 Analyzes the relation between (Fall/Winter), 192-211. race and radicalism in W's story . Lists two articles treating W He wishes to show the Party how (pp. 207, 208) . it must recognize, respect, and use black cultural patterns. The 186 . . "Richard Wright." story's success "directs us Journal of Modern Literature, 15 within Afro-American life to the (Fall/Winter), 425-426. place where the different paths Lists seven items on W. of its religious-centered culture, its conditioned 187 . Lewis , Felice F. "Literary deference to whites, and its need Censorship in America," in American for a working-class political Literary Almanac from 1608 !Q the vision can meet" (p. 158). Present . Ed . Karen L. Rood. New York: Facts on File, pp. 221-230. 181. Lee, A. Robert. "Harlem on My Mentions briefly BB (p. 230). Mind: Fictions of a Black Metropolis," in The American City: 188. Littlefield, Daniel, Houston A. Literary and Cultural Perspectives. Baker, Jr., Henry Louis Gates, Jr . , Ed. Graham Clarke. London: Vision, and Gloria Naylor. "The Afro­ pp. 62-85. American Writer and the South," in Mentions W, NS, and protest The "Southern Review" and Modern fiction (p. 72). Literature: 1935-1985. Ed . Lewis P. Simpson, James Olney, and Jo 182. Leitch, Vincent B. American Gulledge. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Literary Criticism from the Thirties State University Press, pp. 131-151. to the Eighties . New York: Columbia The point of departure of this University Press , pp. 3, 340, 344, wide-ranging discussion is the 349, 363. last paragraph of "How 'Bigger' Mentions W briefly, mainly in a Was Born." The consensus is that chapter entitled "Black the South means more than Aesthetics . " "horror" to black writers.

18 189. Ljungquist, Kent P . "Poe," in literature . American Literary Scholarship : An Annual/1986. Ed. Davi d J. Nordloh . 194 . MacKe than , Lucinda H. "Black Durham, N. C. : Duke University Boy and Ex -Coloured Man: Version Press, pp. 41-52. and Inversion of the Slave Mentions W briefly (p . 45). Narrator's Quest for Voice." CLA Journal , 32 (December), 123-147 . 190. Longest, George C., et al. "A Argues t hat "Wright used the Checklist of Scholarship on Southern model of the slave nar rati ves Literature for 1987." The [especially Narrati ve of the Life Mississippi Ouarterly , 41 (Spring) , of Fre der ick Douglass ] in shaping 199-371. his version of quest for a voice Lists nine items on Wand cross­ with which to announce and references to twenty-two other confirm his struggle for freedom" items dealing partially with W. (p. 124).

191. Lowe, John. "Wright Writing 195 . Maini , Darghan Singh . The Reading: Narrative Strategies in Spirit of Amer i can Literature . New Uncle Tom's Children." Journal of Delhi: Sterling Publishers, p . 16 . the Short Story in English, 10 Mentions W briefly . (Autumn), 49 - 71 . Finds three interrelated 196. Marov itz, Sanford E. "Images of strategies in the 1940 UTC: "the American-Jewish Fiction, " in re-historicizing, through Handbook of American-Jewish fiction, of the black Literature. Ed . Lewis Fried. experience . . . the use of biblical Westport, Conn . : Greenwood Press , narrative patterns in the service pp . 315-356 . of Communism . .. a narrative Mentions W briefly (p . 325) . ~tructure that dramatizes and interrelates theses [sic] two 197. Marr, David. American Worlds systems, Wright's compelling Since Emerson . Amherst : The appropriation of the structures University of Massachusetts Press , of torture." Thus W uses folk p. 192. material to enhance his art and Mentions W briefly in a chapter advocate his political ideology. on Ellison.

192. Lynch, Michael. "The Journey 198. Martin, Reginald. "New Ideas Toward Self and Community in Gloria for Old: New Black Aesthetic." The Naylor's The Women of Brewster Place CEA Critic, 50 (Winter-Summer), 90- and Linden Hills. The Literary 104 . Griot, 1 (Fall), 98-113 . Comments on W's high reputation Mentions briefly NS (p. 98). among the black aesthetic critics (pp. 100-101). 193. Lyra, F. "Foreign Scholarship : East European Contributions," in 199. Martin-Ogunsola , Dellita L. American Literary Scholarship : An "Ambivalence as Allegory in Langston Annual/1986. Ed. David J. Nordloh. Hughes's 'Simple' Stories." The Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press , Langston Hughes Review, 7 (Spring), pp. 403-414 . 1-8. Mentions Tamara Denisova's Mentions briefly Bigger Thomas treatment of W in her book on (p . 1). existentialism in American

19 200. Masilela, Ntongela . "Sterling Bookman's Pr i ce Index . Vol. 34 . A. Brown: The Last of the Harlem Detroit : Gale , p. 852 . Renaissance Greats." Pr~sence Lists BB at $100, NS at $450, NS Africaine, No . 148 (Fourth Quarter), at $150, TMBV at $100, and UTC at 170-175. $600. Mentions W briefly (p. 171). 207 . ed . Bookman's Price 201. Mason, Theodore 0., Jr. Index . vol . 35. Detroit: Gale , p . "Between the Populist and the 776. Scientist: Ideology and Power in Lists NS at $175 and UTC at $250 . Recent Afro-American Literary Criticism or, 'The Dozens as 208 . e d. Bookman's Price Scholarship.'" Callaloo, 11 Index. Vol . 36 . Detroit : Gale, p. (Summer), 606-615 . 940 . Mentions briefly W's underground Lists Bright and Morning Star at man (p. 613). $100 and UTC at $150.

202. . "Performance, History, 209. ed . Bookman's Price and Myth: The Problem of Ishmael Index . Vol 37. Detroit: Gale, p . Reed's Mumbo-Jumbo." Modern Fiction 96l. Studies, 34 (Spring), 97-109. Lists TMBV at $100 and NS at Criticizes Henry Louis Gates's $145 . elevation of Hurston and Ellison at the expense of W (pp. 105- 210 . McKay, Nellie Y. 106). "Introduction," in her Critical Essays QD Toni Morrison. Boston: G. 203. Matsumoto, Noboru. "Baldwin's K. Hall, pp. 1-15. Flight." Kokushikan Daigaku ~ Mentions briefly NS (p. 4) and W Ronshu [Journal of Kokushikan (p. 8) . University School of General Education], 26 (January), 33-40. 211 . "Introduction," in The Examines Baldwin's relationships Narrows by Ann Petry . Boston: Beacon to his father David, W, and black Press, pp . vii-xx. Americans in light of his ten­ Includes comparison of The Street year exile in Europe and return . and NS, contrasting Lutie Johnson [Y . H . and T. K. ] to Bigger.

204. Mayfield, Julian. "A Love 212 . Mcquade , Donald. "Intellectual Affair with the United States," in Life and Public Discourse," in Critical Essays QD James Baldwin. Columbia Literary History of the Ed. Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. United States. Ed. Emory Elliott. Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 226- New York: Columbia University Press, 228. pp.715-732. Reprint of 1961 Mentions briefly W, NS, and BB ( pp . 72 6 - 72 9) . 205. McCall, Dan. "The Bad Nigger," in Richard Wright's Native Son . Ed. 213. McSweeney, Kerry, Invisible Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea Man: Race and Identity. Boston: House, pp. 5-22. Twayne, pp. xii, 5-6, 16, 19. Partial reprint of 1969.172. Comments on the question of W's influence on Ellison, mentioning 206. McGrath, Daniel F., ed. NS, BB, and "The Man Who Lived

20 Underground." secretary , .whom W also interviewed. Their r e collections 214. Merriam, Allen H. "Literature vary in several ways from W's as Window: Developing Interracial version of events in BP. Understanding Through Fiction." Journal of Black Studies, 19 220 . "Richard Wright's Art of (September), 61-69. Tragedy, by Joyce Ann Joyce." The Mentions W briefly (pp . 62 , 69). Mississippi Quarterly, 41 (Winter), 94-99 . 215. Meserole, Harrison T. "A Favorable review emphasizing Selected, Annotated List of Current Joyce's interpretation of Bigger Articles on American Literature." Thomas as a tragic hero of American Literature, 60 (October), dignity and stature . Disagrees 528-536. with Joyce's belittling view of Mentions W briefly (p. 528). Boris Max, but generally praises her ability to display W's genius 216. Mitgang, Herbert. Dangerous "in a new and bright light" (p. Dossiers: Exposing the Secret War 99) . Against America's Greatest Authors. New York: Donald I. Fine, pp. 100, 22l. ___ . "Richard Wright's Art of 155, 157. Tragedy, Joyce Ann Joyce." Afram Mentions briefly UTC and NS but Newsletter , No. 26 (January), 41-46 . does not report on the FBI's Reprint of 1988 . 212 . dossier on W. 222 . Mullen , Edward J. "The Dilemma 217. Moffett, James. Storm in the in Selecting Representative Mountains: ~ Case Study of Scholarship on Langston Hughes." The Censorship. Conflict. and Langston Hughes Review, 7 (Fall), Consciousness. Carbondale and 43-48. Edwardsville: Southern Illinois Quotes from an essay on W by University Press, p. 29. Jerry Ward, Jr . (p. 43) and Mentions W briefly (p. 29) . mentions elsewhere NS (p. 46).

218. Monroe, Sylvester , and Peter 223 . Muller, Gilbert H. "Questions," Goldman. Brothers. New York: William in his The McGraw-Hill Reader. Third Morrow, p. 11. edition. New York : McGraw-Hill, p . Mentions W briefly. 240 . Reprint of 1982 219. Moore, Jack B. "Black Power Revisited: In Search of Richard 224. . "Richard Wright, The Wright . " The Mississippi Quarterly, Psychological Reactions of Oppressed 41 (Spring), 161-186. People," in his The McGraw-Hill Reports on 1971 interviews in Reader . Third edition. New York: Ghana with James Moxon, a white McGraw-Hill, p . 236. former Englishman who was Ghana's Reprint of 1982 Director of Information Services and made most of W's arrangements 225. Nadel, Alan . Invisible for travel in the country; Hannah Criticism: Ralph Ellison and the Kudjoe, Propaganda Secretary for American Canon . Iowa City: the Convention People's Party, University of Iowa Press, p . 154 . whom W interviewed; and Kofi Mentions W briefly. Boako, Nkrumah's political

21 226. Nakajima , Yoshinobu . "In Memory York: Garland, pp , 137 - 146 . of James Baldwin . " Kikan Shin Eibe i Reports that NS over many years Bungaku Kenkyo [Quarterly of New has elicited a stronger response English and American Literary from his university students than Studies], 19 (May), 46-47, 50 . any other book he teaches. The Nakajima summarizes Baldwin's reason is the confrontation of literary career and considers his the students' sense of fairness relationship with W. [Y .H. and and civic responsibility with T.K.] "the horror of Negro life in the United States." 227. Naylor, Gloria. "Love and Sex in the Afro-American Novel." The 233 . Nielsen, Aldon Lynn. Reading Yale Review, 78 (Autumn), 19-31. Race: White American Poets and the Mentions NS as a "classic" (pp . Racial Discourse in the Twentieth 26, 30). Century . Athens: University of Georgia Press , pp . 21 , 57, 132. 228. "The Myth of the Mentions briefly "The Man Who Matriarch." Life , 11 (Spring), 65 . Lived Underground," BB, and W's Comments on and quotes from "Man relation to Gertrude Stein. of All Work." 234 . Norris, Jerrie. Presenting Rosa 229. Nazareth, Peter. "Arnold Guy. Boston: Twayne, pp. 32, 33. Rampersad. The Life of Langston Notes W's influence on Guy, who Hughes . ~ 1902-1941 : ~ Too , Sing considers him and Dreiser "two of America." World Literature Today, 62 America's great writers." (Summer) , 132-133. Review mentioning W briefly. 235 . O'Meally, Robert G. "Johnson, Charles. Being and race : black 230. . "Valerie Smith . Self- writing since 1970 . " Choice, 26 Discovery and Authority in Afro­ (N ovember) , 489. American Narrative." World Mentions W briefly . Literature Today, 62 (Autumn), 662. Review mentioning Wand BB. 236 . O'Neale , Sondra A. "Fathers, Gods , and Religion : Perceptions of 231. Nelson, Cary. "The Diversity of Christianity and Ethnic Faith in American Poetry," in Columbia James Baldwin," in Critical Essays Literary History of the United on James Baldwin. Ed. Fred L. States. Ed. Emory Elliott . New Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Boston: York: Columbia University Press, pp . G. K. Hall , pp . 125-143. 913-936. States that in an interview David Mentions W's "Whitmanesque Baldwin recalled the "benignly catalogues and broadsides of discourteous" treatment given by protest," such as "I Have Seen W to James Baldwin (p. 139). Black Hands," "We of the Street O'Neale also notes W's unhappy [sic]," "I am a Red Slogan," and experience with religion (p. "Child of the Dead and Forgotten 143) . Gods." 237. Ostendorf, Berndt . "Ralph Waldo 232. Newlin, Paul, "Why 'Bigger' Ellison: Anthropology , Modernism, Lives On : Student Reaction to Native and Jazz," in New Essays Q!l Son," in Richard "Wright : Myths and Invisible Man. Ed. Robert O'Meally. Realities. Ed . C. James Trotman . New New York: Cambridge University

22 especially in SH; and discusses white male collaborators. The Allison Davis's psychological final step, possible but never study of W in Leadership, Love, realized, is reintegration into and Aggression . society .

252. Reckley, Ralph. "Chester 258. Riis, Thomas. "Blacks on the Himes," in Afro-American Writers. Musical Stage," in Images of Blacks 1940-1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and in American Culture: b Reference Thadious M. Davis . Detroit: Gale, Guide to Information Sources. Ed. pp. 89-103. Jessie Carney Smith. Westport, Mentions briefly Wand NS (pp. Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp. 29-50. 95, 98) . Comments on the play NS (p. 41).

253. Reed, Ishmae1. "Hyped or Hip?" 259. Roache, Joe1. '''What Had Made in his Writin' ~ Fightin': Thirty­ Him and What He Meant' : the Politics Seven Years of Boxing QTI Paper. New of Wholeness in 'How 'Bigger' Was York: Atheneum, pp. 123-131 . Born , " in Richard Wright's Native Reprint of 1986 . 147. Son , Ed . Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, pp. 39-55. 254. "Killer Illiteracy," in Reprint of 1976 . 160. his Writin' Is Fightin': Thirty­ Seven Years of Boxing on Paper . New 260. Rollyson, Carl. Lillian York: Atheneum, pp . 183-194. Hellman : Her Legend and Her Legacy . Reprint of 1987 New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 159 . 255. ___ . "Soyinka Among the Quotes from a letter of Hellman Monoculturalists ." Black American to W about PM. Literature Forum, 22 (Winter), 705- 709 . 261. Rood, Karen L. "Schooldays," in Mentions briefly NS (p. 708). her American Literary Almanac from 1608 to the Present. New York: Facts 256. "300 Years of 1984," in on File, pp. 45-152. his Writin' ~ Fightin': Thirty­ Notes that Theodore Morrison Seven Years of Boxing QTI Paper. New invited W to lecture at the Bread York: Atheneum, pp. 57-75. Loaf Writers' Conference (p. 86). Mentions briefly SH (p. 60) and Also sketches W's education and calls NS a "great work of art" early literary career (p. 152). (p. 74) . 262 . Rosenblatt, Roger . "Bigger's 257 . Rieke, Alison. "Articulation Infernal Assumption," in Richard and Collaboration in Richard Wright's Native Son . Ed . Harold Wright's Major Fiction," in Richard Bloom . New York: Chelsea House, pp . Wright: Myths and Realities. Ed. C. 23-37. James Trotman. New York: Garland, Reprint of 1974.153. pp. 111-123. Examines the role of polemics in 263. Rowell , Charles H. the narrative structure of NS, Q, "'Inscription at the City of Brass': and "The Man Who Lived An Interview with Romare Bearden." Underground." In these stories Callaloo, 11 (Summer), 428-446. fear leads the protagonist to Includes brief discussion of W violence followed by concealment, and NS (p. 437). then articulation, which involves

24 264. Sanders, Leslie Catherine. The 270. Seamon, Roger. "Naturalist Development of Black Theater in Narratives and Their Ideational America: From Shadows to Selves. Context : A Theory of Naturalist Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Fiction." The Canadian Review of University Press, pp . 5, 16, 164, American Studies, 19 (Spring), 47- 186. 64 . Brief mentions of NS. Quotes James Baldwin and Michel Fabre on W (pp. 50, 57). 265. Sasse, Mary Hawley. "Literature in a Multiethnic Culture," in 271. Seelye, John. "If at First You Literature in the Classroom: Don't Secede, Try, Try Again: Readers, Texts, and Contexts. Ed. Southern Literature from Fenimore Ben F. Nelms. Urbana, Illinois: Cooper to Faulkner." Proceedings of National Council of Teachers of the American Antiquarian Society, English, pp. 167-178. 98, Part 1, 51-68. Mentions briefly "Bright and Notes W's use of Poe in NS. Morning Star" (p . 175) , 272 . Shaw , Brenda R. "An Interview 266. Sato, Hiroko, "Foreign with Richard K. Barksdale ." CLA Scholarship: Japanese Journal, 31 (June) 400-411. Contributions," in American Literary Barksdale mentions W briefly (p. Scholarship: An Annual/1986. Ed . 405) . David J. Nordloh. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, pp. 472-479. 273. Showalter , Elaine. "Women Mentions an article on NS by Writers Between the Wars," in Hiroyuki Koguchi (p. 478). Columbia Literary History of the United States . Ed. Emory Elliott. 267 . Schaub, Thomas. "Ellison's New York: Columbia University Press, Masks and the Novel of Reality," in pp. 822-84l. New Essays on Invisible Man. Ed. Mentions W in relation to Robert O'Meally. New York: Cambridge communism and to Zora Neale University Press, pp. 123-156. Hurston. Notes W's early stimulus to Ellison's literary career, and 274. Shrodes , Caroline, Harry discusses how Ellison's differed Finestone, and Michael Shugrue. from W's kind of fiction (pp. "Richard Wright," in their The 123, 134-135). Conscious Reader . Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan , p . 707. 268. Schultz, Elizabeth A. "The Reprint of 1974.157. Illumination of Darkness: Affinities Between Moby-Dick and Invisible 275. ___ . "Richard Wright The Man." CLA Journal, 32 (December), Ethics of Living Jim Crow ," in their 170-200. The Conscious Reader. Fourth Mentions W briefly (p, 171). edition. New York: Macmillan, p. 707 . 269. Schwartz, Lawrence H. Creating Reprint of 1985 Faulkner's Reputation: The Politics of Modern Literary Criticism. 276 . ___ . "Suggestions for Knoxville: University of Tennessee Discussion, Suggestions for Press, pp. 3, 101, 109-110. Writing," in their The Conscious Mentions W briefly. Reader. Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan, p. 716.

25 264 . Sanders, Leslie Catherine . The 270. Seamon , Ro ger. "Naturalist Development of Black Theater in Narratives and The i r I dea t ional America : From Shadows to Selves . Cont ext : A Theory of Na turalist Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Ficti on ." The Canadian Rev iew of University Press , pp . 5, 16, 164, Am erican Studies , 19 ( Sp r ing), 47- 186. 64 . Brief mentions of NS. Quotes J ames Ba l dwin and Mi chel Fabre on W (pp . SO, 57). 265. Sasse, Mary Hawley . "Literature in a Multiethnic Culture," in 271 . Seelye , John. " If at First You Literature in the Classroom: Don't Secede, Try , Try Again: Readers. Texts, and Contexts. Ed. Southern Literature from Fenimore Ben F. Nelms. Urbana , Illinois: Cooper to Faulkner . " Proceedings of National Council of Teachers of the American Antiquarian Society , English, pp. 167 - 178 . 98, Part 1, 51-68 . Mentions briefly "Bright and Notes W's use of Poe in NS . Morning Star" (p . 175) . 272 . Shaw , Brenda R. "An I nterv iew 266. Sato, Hiroko . "Foreign with Richard K. Barksdale . " CLA Scholarship: Japanese Journal , 31 (June) 400-411 . Contributions," in American Literary Barksdale mentions W briefly (p . Scholarship : An Annual/1986 . Ed , 405) . David J. Nordloh . Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press , pp. 472-479 . 273 . Showalter, Elaine. "Women Mentions an article on NS by Writers Between the Wars," in Hiroyuki Koguchi (p. 478). Columbia Literary History of the United States . Ed. Emory Elliott . 267. Schaub , Thomas . "Ellison's New York: Columbia University Press , Masks and the Novel of Reality," in pp . 822-841. New Essays QD Invisible Man . Ed . Mentions W in relation to Robert O'Meally. New York: Cambridge communism and to Zora Neale University Press , pp. 123-156 . Hurston . Notes W's early stimulus to Ellison's literary career, and 274. Shrodes, Caroline , Harry discusses how Ellison's differed Finestone , and Michael Shugrue. from W's kind of fiction (pp . "Richard Wright , " in their The 123, 134-135) . Conscious Reader . Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan, p . 707 . 268. Schultz, Elizabeth A. "The Reprint of 1974.157 . Illumination of Darkness : Affinities Between Moby-Dick and Invisible 275 . ___ ' "Richard Wright The Man." CLA Journal, 32 (December), Ethics of Living Jim Crow," in their 170-200. The Conscious Reader . Fourth Mentions W briefly (p. 171). edition. New York : Macmillan, p. 707 . 269. Schwartz, Lawrence H. Creating Reprint of 1985 Faulkner's Reputation: The Politics of Modern Literary Criticism. 276. ___ ' "Suggestions for Knoxville: University of Tennessee Discussion, Suggestions for Press, pp. 3, 101, 109-110. Writing," in their The Conscious Mentions W briefly. Reader. Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan, p. 716.

25 Reprint of 1974 . 157 . and narrative voice, as well as themes of education, self­ 277. Sims-Wood, Janet. "The Black creation, the journey , and Female: Mammy , Jemima, Sapphire, and purification through destruction. Other Images," in Images of Blacks in Musical Culture : b Reference 281. Smith, Valerie . "Alienation and Guide to Information Sources . Ed . Creativity in Native Son," in Jessie Carney Smith . Westport, Richard Wright's Native Son . Ed. Conn.: Greenwood Press , pp. 235-256. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea Mentions Gloria Wade-Gayles's House , pp. 105-114. treatment of Mrs. Thomas in NS in Reprint of 1987.244. a 1980 article. 282 . Smith, Virginia Whatley. 278. , et al. "Studies in Afro- "Richard Wright's Tarbaby Series." American Literature: An Annual Dissertation Abstracts Annotated Bibliography, 1987." International , 48 (February), 2063A. Callaloo, 11 (Fall), 720-771. Abstracts a 1988 Boston Lists seven items on Wand University dissertation of mostly crosslists twelve additional unpublished material that items touching on W. reflects the four periods of Tarbaby's life. "The history and 279. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr. composition of the Tarbaby Series "Composing Bigger: Wright and the is discussed in detail," and Making of Native Son," in Richard reading texts with apparatus are Wright's Native Son. Ed. Harold provided for "Tarbaby's Dawn" and Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, pp. "Tarbaby's Sunrise." 125-142. Psychological approach arguing 283. S . [mith], W. R. raymond]. that the novel "objectified, in "Richard Wright Th e Library Card," symbolic terms," W's own in Instructor's Guide to the "conflicts and passions" (p. Riverside Anthology of Literature by 126). These center around his Melody Richardson Daily, Douglas rebellious nature, his rejection Hunt, and W. Raymond Smith. Boston: of family, women, religion, Houghton Mifflin, pp. 93-95. society, and finally the Questions and answers concerning Communist Party. Like W, Bigger autobiographical verisimilitude, Thomas must create his own relation of autobiography and values. fiction, and polemic ism in an excerpt from BB . 280. Smelstor, Marj orie. "Richard Wright's Beckoning Descent and 284. [Snell, Susan] . "Black Ascent," in Richard Wright: Myths Studies ." The Society for the Study and Realities. Ed. C. James Trotman. of Southern Literature News-Letter, New York: Garland, pp. 89-109. 21 (April), 24-26. Considers BB and AH, the first Notes the reissue of TMBV. poetic and the second polemic. A complex autobiography, the total 285. . "Books." The Society for work "is blues and testimonial; the Study of Southern Literature it is Aristotelian and Longinian; News-Letter, 21 (November), 18-30 . it is product and process" (pp . Lists Margaret Walker's biography 92-93). Smelstor considers such of Wand the reissue of EM. matters as structure, imagery,

26 286. . "Fall 1988 Conferences ." James Baldwin . Ed . Fred L. Standley The Society for the Study of and Nancy V. Burt . Boston: G. K. Southern Literature News-Letter, 21 Hall, pp. 43 - 54. (November), 7-8. Reprint of 1970.329. Reports a symposium on W at Jackson State University "led by 292. , and Nancy V. Burt. scholars Jerry Ward, Eugene "Introduction," in their Critical Redman [sic] and Gloria Gayles . " Essays on James Baldwin. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp . 1-33. 287. ___ . "People , Proj ects, Etc." Discusses Cleaver's essay on The Society for the Study of Baldwin and W (pp . 9, 10) and Southern Literature News-Letter, 21 mentions W elsewhere (pp. 3, 14, (November), 10-11. 17 ) . Notes that Virginia Whatley Smith is working on W. 293 . Steiner, Wendy. "The Diversity of American Fiction," in Columbia 288. Soitos, Stephen. "Black Orpheus Literary History of the United Refused: A Study of Richard Wright ' s State. Ed . Emory Elliott. New York: The Man Who Lived Underground," in Columbia University Press, pp. 845- Richard Wright: Myths and Realities . 872 . Ed. C. James Trotman. New York : Mentions W's residence in Paris, Garland, pp. 15-25. his editorship of New Challenge , Interprets W's novella "as a NS, and BB . synthesis of Eurocentric myth and Afro-American sensibilities" (p. 294 . Stepto, Robert B. "Afro­ 15). W weaves into the myth of American Literature ," in Columbia Orpheus racial themes Literary History of the United constituting an indictment of States . Ed . Emory Elliott . New York: white American society. Columbia University Press, pp . 785- 799 . 289 . Spofford, Tim. Lynch Street: Mentions W frequently, mainly in The May 1970 Slayings at Jackson relation to canonical issues. State College. Kent, Ohio: The Kent Mentions also NS, UTC, and BB . State University Press, pp . 9, 33, 104, 187. 295. Stewart , Leisha . "Painful Notes that W lived on Lynch Truths of a SAMLA Convention." Sage: Street in Jackson, uses a ~ Scholarly Journal on Black Women, quotation from BB as an epigraph 5 (Summer), 71-72 . to the third chapter, and states Reports on a paper by Virginia that W was discussed in black Whatley Smith comparing BB and schools in Jackson in the 1960s . Mark Mathabane's Kaffir Boy.

290. Standley, Fred L. "James 296. Subryan , Carmen . "Circles: Baldwin as Dramatist," in Critical Mother and Daughter Relationships in Essays QTI James Baldwin. Ed. Fred L. Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon. " Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Boston: Sage : ~ Scholarly Journal QTI Black G. K. Hall, pp. 298-302. Women,S (Summer), 34-36. Reprint of 1981 Mentions briefly NS and BB .

291. . "James Baldwin: The 297 . Sullivan, Sally . Vision and Artist as Incorrigible Disturber of Revision : The Process of Reading and the Peace," in Critical Essays on Writing. New York : Macmillan, pp.

27 29-30. in the relation between human Mentions briefly Wand BB to beings and nature. illustrate that writers are avid readers. 302. Thomas, H. Nigel. From Folklore to Fiction: a Study of Folk Heroes 298. Sundquist, Eric J. "Realism and and Rituals in the Black American Regionalism," in Columbia Literary Novel. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood History of the United States. Ed . Press, pp. 9, 38, 39, 71-75, 92, 99- Emory Elliott. New York: Columbia 100 , 123 , 124-137, 165, 193-194. University Press, pp. 501-524. Analyzes Bigger Thomas as a Bad Notes that Dunbar's The Sport of Nigger, making specific the Gods "presages Richard comparisons to the toast hero Wright. " (pp . 71-75), discusses the use of folk rituals in LT (pp. 124-131) , 299. Taylor, Clyde . "Henry Dumas: and shows "the bankruptcy of Legacy of a Long-Breath Singer." folklore" in LD (pp. 131-137). Black American Literature Forum, 22 Thomas considers more briefly (Summer), 353-364. "Blueprint for Negro Writing," Notes that Taylor won Black BP, Q, WML, UTC, BB, AH, and World's Richard Wright Award for TMBV . Literary Criticism (p. 353) . Comments on "Hearst Headline 303. Thompson, Thelma Barnaby . "J. Blues" and "Between the World and Saunders Redding," in Afro-American Me" (p. 355). Writers. 1940-1955 . Ed. Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Davis . 300. Taylor, Willene P. "The Detroit: Gale, pp. 148-157. Blindness Motif in Native Son." The Uses W's introduction to Literary Griot, 1 (Fall), 59-74. Redding's No Day of Triumph as Examines blindness as a metaphor the point of departure. Lists of racial relations in America. Redding's essays on W. Also discusses "the motif of the forbidden fruit that brings a 304 . Tindall, George Brown. America: tragic vision of reality to the a Narrative History . Second edition. protagonist" (p . 59) . New York : Norton, pp. 1059, 1061- 1062. 301. Tener, Robert L . "Union with Reprint of 1984 with a photograph Nature: Rchard [sic) Wright and the of Wadded. Art of Haiku." Chiba Review, 10, 19- 34. 305 . Traor~, Ousseynou B. "Like a Discusses the circumstances of Mask, Dancing." The Literary Griot , W's interest in the form during 1 (Fall), v-x. his last year, sketches the Comments on the essays by Wil1ene history and nature of haiku, and P . Taylor and Jane Davis in this analyzes several of W's poems in issue. the form. W's individualism and racial themes did not usually 306. Traylor, Eleanor W. "The allow him "to attain the Fabulous World of Toni Morrison: Tar necessary austerity and selfless Baby," in Critical Essays .Q!! Toni love of the ordinary" that Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y. McKay. characterizes the best haiku, but Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 135-150. his 4000 haiku poems do Reprint of 1983 illustrate his lifelong interest

28 307. . "Henry Dumas and the Atkinson , Joseph Bodziock, Discourse of Memory . " Black American Elizabeth J. Ciner, Robert L. Literature Forum , 22 (Summer), 365- Douglas, Thomas Larson, Paul 378. Newlin, Alison Rieke, Marjorie Mentions "the native son" as a Smelstor, Stephen Soitos, Robbie trope (p. 369). Mentions W as a Jean Walker, and Nagueyalti "literary father" of Dumas . Warren.

308. . "I Hear Mus ic in the 313 . Troupe, Quincy. "An Interview Air: James Baldwin's Just Above My with James Baldwin." The Village Head," in Critical Essays on James Voice (12 January), p. 36 . Baldwin. Ed. Fred L. Standley and Baldwin mentions W briefly as the Nancy V. Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, first writer he ever met. pp. 217-223. Reprint of 1979.266. 314. "The Last Interview. " Essence, 18 (March), 53, 114, 117 , 309. Tremaine, Louis. "The 119. Dissociated Sensibility of Bigger Interview with James Baldwin Thomas," in Richard Wright's Native mentioning W briefly. Son. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York : Chelsea House, pp. 89-104. 315 . . "Last Testament: An Reprint of 1986.171. Interview with James Baldwin. " The Village Voice (12 January), p . 36. 310. Trimmer, Joseph F., and James Baldwin mentions W briefly. M. McCrimmon. "Exercise," in their Reprinted : 1989 Writing With ~ Purpose. Ninth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 316. Turner, Darwin T. "Civil Rights pp. 237-238. in the Second Renaissance--1954- Asks the reader to compare tone 1970: Introduction. " The Black in passages from Walker Percy, Scholar, 19 (January-February), 2-3 . Jan Morris, and BB. Mentions briefly the 1971 Wright Conference at the University of 311. Trotman, C. James. "Our Myths Iowa. and Wright's Realities," in his Richard Wright: Myths and Realities. 317 . Turner, Joyce Moore . "Richard New York: Garland, pp. xi-xvi. B. Moore and His Works," in Richard Introduction to a collection of ~ Moore, Caribbean Militant in papers from the Richard Wright Harlem. Ed. W. Burghardt Turner and Literary Symposium held in Joyce Moore Turner. Bloomington: October 1985 at West Chester Indiana University Press, pp. 69, University. Trotman stresses W's 7l. contribution to expanded social Quotes from W's "Foreword" to awareness, even though his George Padmore's Pan-Africanism treatment of women characters is or Communism and mentions sale of less than satisfactory. W's novels at Richard Moore's Book Center in Harlem . 312. __ , ed. Richard Wright: Myths and Realities. New York: 318. Wade-Lewis, Margaret. Garland, xvi + 163 pp. "Censorship of Black Books," in The Contains an introduction by the Bicentennial of the ~ editor ("Our Myths and Wright's Constitution: Relections Qll the Realities") and essays by Michael Black Experience. New York: New York

29 University Institute of Afro­ Disputing the notion that art and American Affairs, pp. 1-7. propaganda are irreconcilable, Notes that BB and NS have been Walker analyzes Biblical imagery targets of censors. in the story using the model Barthes proposes in "An 319. Walden, Daniel. "From Image to Introduction to the Structural Presence: Literary Merit and Social Analysis of Narrative." Imagery Value in Twentieth-Century American of dus t , fire , and cloud is used Jewish Literature." American Jewish effectiv ely to develop theme in Archives, 40 (April), 159-164. "Fire and Cloud . " Mentions briefly NS (p. 164). 323 . Walker, Warren S. 320. Walker, Margaret. Richard "Bibliography. " Studies in Short Wright: Daemonic Genius . New York: Fiction , 25 (Summer) , 337-385. Warner Books, 448 pp. Lists three items on W. Described as "A Portrait of the Man, A Critical Look at His 324. Wall, Cheryl A. Modernism and Work," this book combines memoir the Harlem Renaissance . By Houston and biography, criticism and A. Baker, Jr .; Ride Out the intellectual history. The Wilderness: Geography and Identity biographical approach is heavily in Afro-American Literature . By psychological, emphasizing the Melvin Dixon." American Literature , wounds inflicted by racism and 60 (December), 680-682. severe sexual strains in W's Mentions briefly Wand "The Man personality. W's literary Who Lived Underground . " relations are with naturalism, realism, black humanism, and 325 . Wallace, Michelle. "Who Oat Say Southern gothicism; his Who Oat When I Say Who Oat? Zora intellectual development Neale Hurston Then and Now." The assimilated Marx, Freud, Village Voice Literary Supplement, Kierkegard, Einstein, and Du 64 (April) , pp. 18-21. Bois, the key thinkers of the Mentions W briefly . twentieth century. The book Reprinted : 1990 concludes with a bibliographical essay and a conference speech 326. Ward, Jerry W., Jr. "Verbal delivered at the University of Text Beyond a Pretext." Callaloo, 11 Mississippi. (Spring) , 392-394 . Mentions briefly Q. 321. Walker, Marshall. The Literature of the United States of 327 . Ward, Jerry W., Jr. "A Writer America. Second edition. London: for Her People: An Interview with Macmillan Education Ltd. pp. 157- Dr . Margaret Walker Alexander." The 225. Mississippi Quarterly, 41 (Fall), Revised reprint of 1983.89. 515-527 . Walker notes that W had "that 322. Walker, Robbie Jean. "Artistic Gothic imagination" (p. 517), Integration of Ideology and claims that W took the idea for Symbolism in Richard Wright's 'Fire NS from her Goose Island (p. and Cloud,'" in Richard Wright: 522), and states that W was a Myths and Realities. Ed. C. James Trotskyist (p. 526) . Trotman. New York: Garland, pp. 3- 14. 328. Warren , Kenneth W. "Possessing

30 the Common Ground: William Dean water has negative connotations . Howells' An Imperative Duty." Thirst is important in "Long American Literary Realism, 20 Black Song . " Water has more (Spring), 23-37. favorable connotations in the Contains an epigraph from BB and last two stories . For Sue in begins and ends with references "Bright and Morning Star," to W. crossing a swollen creek is tantamount to gaining control of 329. Warren, Nagueyalti. "Black her life . Girls and Native Sons: Female Images in Selected Works by Richard 334. Weissinger , Thomas. "Current Wright," in Richard Wright: Myths Bibliography. " Black American and Realities. Ed . C. James Trotman. Literature Forum, 22 (Summer), 412- New York: Garland, pp. 59-77. 416. Examines black women in W's work, Lists Keneth Kinnamon's a Richard finding that they are either non­ Wright Bibliography and the feminine stereotypes or whorish reprint edition of TMBV . sex objects . Warren treats NS , BB, Q, LD, and "Long Black Song," 335 . Weixlmann, Joe. "Dealing with but not "Bright and Morning the Demands of an Expanding Literary Star." She quotes from various Canon." College English , 50 (March), critics and provides a lengthy 273-283 . bibliography. Notes that Harold Kolb includes W among the eleven writers to be 330. Wartts, Charles, Jr . "Henry represented in all American Dumas: A Coat Spun of Race, Rivers, literature surveys. and Rainbows . " Black American Literature Forum, 22 (Summer), 388- 336. Werner , Craig. Adrienne Rich : 393. The Poet and Her Critics . Chicago : Mentions W briefly (p. 390). American Library Association, pp . 28, 166 . 331. Washington, J. Charles. Mentions briefly Wand NS. "Positive Black Males in Alice Walker's Fiction." Obsidian n, 3 337. Dubliners : a Pluralistic (Spring), 23-48 . World. Boston: Twayne, p . 8. Mentions W briefly (p. 24). Notes that Joyce anticipates later collections of short 332. Watkins, Mel. "The Fire Next stories, such as UTC, "with the Time This Time," in Critical Essays structural and thematic coherence QTI James Baldwin. Ed. Fred L. usually associated with novels . " Standley and Nancy V. Burt . Boston: G. K. Hall, pp . 232-238. 338. . "Recent Books on Modern Reprint of 1972 Black Fiction: An Essay-Review." Modern Fiction Studies, 34 (Spring), 333. Webb, Tracy. "The Role of Water 125-135. Imagery in Uncle Tom's Children." Includes reviews of Joyce A. Modern Fiction Studies, 34 (Spring), Joyce's Richard Wright's Art of 5-16. Tragedy and Michel Fabre's The Examines W's extensive water and World of Richard Wright. Mentions thirst imagery in each of the W elsewhere. five stories of the expanded version. For Big Boy and Mann 339. West, Cornel. "On Mark

31 Naison's Communists in Harlem During Restraints . " The Nation, 246 (23 the Depression," in his Prophetic April ) , 574 -577 . Fragments : Illuminations of the Mentions W briefly (p . 576) . Crisis in American Religion and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: 346. Williams, Kenny J . ft Erdman's, and Trenton, N.J.: Africa Storvteller and e City: Sherwood World Press, pp. 90-93. Anderson's Chicago. DeKalb: Northern Reprint of 1985 Illinois University Press, pp. 27 , 28, 40, 44 , 96, 129 , 154 , 161, 164, 340. West, Sandra. "Literary Civil 180. War: Black American Poetry of the Mentions briefly W, NS, and 1960s," in The Bicentennial of the Bigger Thomas . U.S . Constitution. Ed. Earl S. Davis. New York: New York University 347. Williams, Ora. "Lorenz Graham," Institute of Afro-American Affairs, in Afro-American Writers. 1940-1955. pp. 15-40. Ed . Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Comments on and quotes from Davis . Detroit: Gale , pp . 57-66. "Blueprint for Negro Writing" (p. Mentions W briefly (p. 58). 17). 348. Wilson, M. L. Chester Himes. 341. Whitfield, Stephen J. American New York: Chelsea House, pp. 49, 50, Space, Jewish Time . Harnden, Conn. : 57, 61, 63, 66, 75, 86. Archon, pp. 48, 158, 213 . Mentions W's friendship with and Quotes W on "Melanctha" and notes influence on Himes. Includes two that Hollywood wanted to make photographs of W, one with Ellen Bigger Thomas white. and Lionel Stander (p . 57) and the other alone (p . 61). 342. . "The Braided Identity of Southern Jewry." American Jewish 349 . Wilson, Mark K. "A MELUS History, 77 (March), 363-387. Interview: Ann Petry--The New Comments on and quotes from the England Connection. " MELUS, 15 library episode in BB (p. 369). (Summer) , 71-84 . Petry states that she "had no 343. . ft Death in the Delta: contact with Richard Wright," but The Story of Emmett Till. Baltimore: read and admired his fiction (pp. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 79-80) . pp. 8, 79, 128. Comments on W's attitudes toward 350. Winegarten, Renee. Simone de lynching and mentions his Beauvoir: ft Critical View. Oxford: coverage of the Bandung Berg, p. 66. Conference. Mentions briefly Wand BB.

344. Whitlow, Roger. "Baldwin's 351. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. "The Mask Going to Meet the Man: Racial of Obedience: Male Slave Psychology Brutality and Sexual Gratification," in the Old South." The American in Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Historical Review, 93 (December), Ed. Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. 1228-1252 . Burt. Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 194- Recounts the episode of Shorty 198 . the elevator operator in BB (pp. Reprint of 1977 1245-1246) .

345 . Williams, John A. "Prior

32