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NE Italy – NW Slovenia) Boccali, Chiara; Zebre, Manja; Colucci, Renato R Aberystwyth University Geometry and paleo-ice content of rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps (NE Italy – NW Slovenia) Boccali, Chiara; Zebre, Manja; Colucci, Renato R. Published in: Journal of Maps DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2019.1595753 Publication date: 2019 Citation for published version (APA): Boccali, C., Zebre, M., & Colucci, R. R. (2019). Geometry and paleo-ice content of rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps (NE Italy – NW Slovenia). Journal of Maps, 15(2), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1595753 Document License CC BY General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Journal of Maps ISSN: (Print) 1744-5647 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Geometry and paleo-ice content of rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps (NE Italy – NW Slovenia) C. Boccali, M. Žebre & R. R. Colucci To cite this article: C. Boccali, M. Žebre & R. R. Colucci (2019) Geometry and paleo-ice content of rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps (NE Italy – NW Slovenia), Journal of Maps, 15:2, 346-355, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2019.1595753 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1595753 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps View supplementary material Published online: 26 Apr 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 95 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjom20 JOURNAL OF MAPS 2019, VOL. 15, NO. 2, 346–355 https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1595753 Science Geometry and paleo-ice content of rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps (NE Italy – NW Slovenia) C. Boccali a,M.Žebre b,c and R. R. Colucci d aDepartment of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; bDepartment of Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK; cGeological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; dDepartment of Earth System Sciences and Environmental Technologies, ISMAR-CNR, Trieste, Italy ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Rock glaciers in the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Italy have been mapped in detail using Received 4 May 2018 high resolution digital elevation model and orthophotos, supported by field-based Accepted 12 March 2019 observations. A total of 52 rock glaciers with an area of 3.40 km2 have been delineated on a KEYWORDS rock glacier map, divided in 18 sections at a scale of 1:15,000. Several geometrical Rock glacier; volume/area parameters of rock glaciers have been calculated and their activity degree has been inferred. fi scaling; water content; 90% of rock glaciers have been classi ed as relict, while the rest are assumed to be of periglacial landforms uncertain activity and might still contain some ice. The volumetric ice content and water volume equivalent of the studied rock glaciers for the period of their activity has been calculated to 0.055 ± 0.011 km3 and 0.049 ± 0.010 km3, respectively, which is very close to the ice volume of glaciers reconstructed for this area during the little ice age to 0.069 km3. 1. Introduction et al., 2019; Del Gobbo, Colucci, Forte, Triglav, & Zorn, Masses of coarse and angular debris formed as a result of 2016; Forte, Dossi, Fontana, & Colucci, 2014), but this downslope creep of perennially frozen ice-rich debris is not the case of rock glaciers due to their variable dis- with peculiar transversal furrows and ridges on the tribution of ice and challenging determination of the upper surface, which characterize the periglacial moun- genesis (e.g. Rangecroft et al., 2015). Estimates for volu- tain domain of several alpine areas of the world, are com- metric ice content within rock glaciers usually range monly named rock glaciers (Barsch, 1996; Haeberli, 1985; between 40% and 60% according to Barsch (1996), Haeberli et al., 2006). Together with glaciers they globally Haeberli et al. (1998) and Hausmann, Krainer, Brückl, represent the largest cryospheric landforms of the moun- and Mostler (2007), although estimates of up to 70% tain domain and widespread components of cold climate have also been detected (e.g. Arenson, 2002; Barsch, environment. They retain the majority of the available Fierz, & Haeberli, 1979). Still considerable uncertain- fresh water in its solid phase (e.g. Chevallier, Pouyaud, ties remain regarding the ice content and subsequent Suarez, & Condom, 2011; Nicholson et al., 2009; Range- water equivalent of the so-called inactive rock glacier croft, Harrison, & Anderson, 2015). If glaciers are con- (sensu Barsch, 1996), namely those rock glaciers sidered excellent climate indicators and their evolution which do contain ice, but are no longer mobile either recognized as one of the best indicators of climate change due to melting of most of the upper ice layers within (e.g. Haeberli, Hoelzle, Paul, & Zemp, 2007), rock glaciers the terminus slope (climatically inactive), or because are generally more resilient to changes in the climate due of topographic obstacles (dynamically inactive). to their debris cover (Jones, Harrison, Anderson, & Betts, In several mountainous regions of the world and 2018). One of their peculiar characteristics is to retain particularly in the European Alps the distribution of much of their morphology long after they have ceased rock glaciers has been investigated in detail (e.g. moving and permafrost has thawed, displaying smoothed Colucci, Boccali, Žebre, & Guglielmin, 2016b; Gugliel- surface topography and gentler front slopes (Hughes, min & Smiraglia, 1997; Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Lieb, & Gibbard, & Woodward, 2003). Kleinferchner, 2012; Rangecroft et al., 2014; Seppi, Car- Ice glacier content and volume are generally easy to ton, & Baroni, 2010), but very scarce information estimate (e.g. Bolch, Menounos, & Wheate, 2010; Brad- regarding the volume estimation of ice and water ley, Vuille, Diaz, & Vergara, 2006; Chevallier et al., equivalent at present exists, particularly if related to 2011) and it has been done in several occasions in the distribution of relict rock glaciers, i.e. the rock gla- the southeastern Alps (e.g. Colucci et al., 2015; Colucci ciers that were active in the past. On the other hand, CONTACT C. Boccali [email protected] Department of Mathematics and Geoscience, University of Trieste, via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste (TS), Italy © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. JOURNAL OF MAPS 347 relict rock glaciers are recognized to have high storage in the Carnic Alps and Mt. Triglav (2,864 m a.s.l.) in capacity able to influence the water resources manage- the Julian Alps are the two highest summits in the ment in alpine catchments and mitigate the risk of study area, respectively (Figure 1). natural hazards related to heavy precipitation events Sedimentary carbonate rocks prevail in the area, (Winkler et al., 2016). Nevertheless, the lack of such while igneous and metamorphic rocks are present to studies performed on carbonate rocks with high per- a limited extent in the Western Carnic Alps (Carulli, meability such as limestones means that any further 2006) and Karavanke Mountains (Komac, 2005). considerations on rock glaciers storage capacity The 1981–2010 mean annual precipitation (MAP) is would result to be over speculative in this study area. at its highest in the Julian Alps with totals higher than In the southeastern Alps, the exact timing and extent 3300 mm (Colucci & Guglielmin, 2015), but in the of Lateglacial glaciations are still largely unknown inner alpine Carnic sector decreases to 1600– (Kozamernik, Colucci, Stepišnik, Forte, & Žebre, 1800 mm because of the precipitation shadow effect 2018). On the other hand the onset and decay of rock of the Prealps. Towards east the MAP decreases glaciers have been related to the Younger Dryas (YD) down to <1000 mm. The mean annual air temperature cold phase event and the subsequent climate ameliora- (MAAT) is strongly influenced by the altitudinal lapse tion of the early Holocene (Colucci et al., 2016b). How- rate but shows a decreasing trend from the prealpine ever, this description lacks the real size in terms of ice reliefs to the inner alpine sectors and towards the volume and water content which are instead known east in Slovenia. The 1981–2010 MAAT point out to for glaciers at the LIA peak (Colucci & Žebre, 2016) extremes of ca. −2.6°C on the highest peaks with the but still unknown for the Lateglacial phases. −2°C isotherm, which defines environments where Therefore, the main purposes of this paper are: (1) to frost action is dominant (French, 2007), estimated at estimate the volume and calculate the available water 2,665 ± 90 m a.s.l. The 0°C-isotherm is estimated at content of each relict rock glacier in the southeastern an altitude of 2,370 ± 90 m a.s.l.
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