A Nação E O Nacionalismo (Neo) Conservador Nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988)

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A Nação E O Nacionalismo (Neo) Conservador Nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIA HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA CURSO DE MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA Reaganation: a nação e o nacionalismo (neo) conservador nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988) Roberto Moll Neto Niterói, 2010 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIA HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA CURSO DE MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA Reaganation: a nação e o nacionalismo (neo) conservador nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988) Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como pré-requisito à obtenção do diploma de mestrado. Orientador: Profª. Drª Cecília Azevedo Roberto Moll Neto Niterói, 2010 2 Reaganation: a nação e o nacionalismo (neo) conservador nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988) Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como pré-requisito à obtenção do diploma de mestrado. Roberto Moll Neto BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Cecília Azevedo - Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Pamplona - Arguidor Universidade Federal Fluminense ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Limoncic - Arguidor Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Sou grato a todos os professores do departamento de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, que de alguma forma contribuíram para a fertilização das idéias que floresceram neste trabalho. Agradeço aos funcionários do departamento de história da Universidade Federal Fluminense, que sempre foram prestativos, eficientes e simpáticos em todos os momentos que puderam ajudar. Agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Marco Antônio Pamplona, com quem comecei a pesquisar historia, mais especificamente a história dos Estados Unidos, e que contribuiu com críticas e idéias para a feitura deste trabalho. Agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Flávio Limoncic, da Universidade Federal do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que teve a disponibilidade de aceitar o convite para argüir este trabalho, ajudando com críticas e idéias, tanto na qualificação quanto na defesa. Agradeço especialmente a Profª. Drª. Cecília Azevedo, que, com paciência, me orientou e me estimulou sempre a seguir em frente. Sem ela este trabalho, dificilmente, teria sido concluído. Agradeço a todos os meus amigos que contribuíram de alguma forma para realização desta dissertação, fossem em momentos de relaxamento ou em momentos em que trocamos idéias sobre o sentido da história. Agradeço aos familiares que sempre se interessaram em saber como o mestrado se encaminhava e me deram força para continuar. Agradeço especialmente aos meus pais, sobretudo, pelo incentivo, mas também pelo financiamento da minha vida acadêmica. Por fim, agradeço, de forma especialíssima, a Maria Izabel, minha companheira, que teve paciência, dedicação e presteza, me ajudando em todos os momentos, com carinho e idéias. 4 RESUMO Nesta dissertação pretendemos estudar a forma como um grupo de neoconservadores narrou e imaginou a nação e o nacionalismo nos Estados Unidos nos anos de governo de Ronald Reagan. A partir dos anos 1950, diante das problemáticas sociais, diversos grupos de empresários e intelectuais afinados com o conservadorismo começaram a se organizar com o objetivo de repensar o conservadorismo e pensar um novo projeto para a nação. Nos anos 1980, um grupo de conservadores, entendidos hoje como neoconservadores, conseguiu transformar seu projeto de nação em um projeto de nação amplo. Dessa forma, os neoconservadores chegaram ao poder representados por Ronald Reagan. Esse projeto de nação neoconservador apresentou uma narrativa particular e uma forma específica de narrar e imaginar a nação e o nacionalismo nos Estados Unidos. Esta forma de narrar e imaginar a nação e o nacionalismo neoconservador esteve presente e foi difundida nos discursos de Ronald Reagan, nosso principal objeto de análise, assim como nas páginas de alguns jornais. Nos discursos e nas ações do governo de Ronald Reagan, sobretudo quando tratam do estado de bem estar social para pobres e negros, das ações afirmativas e da imigração, buscamos investigar o que é a nação e o que é ser um verdadeiro estadunidense para os neoconservadores. Palavras chave: Nação. Nacionalismo. Neoconservadorismo. Políticas públicas. Pobres e Negros. Imigração. 5 ABSTRACT In this dissertation we will study how a group of neoconservatives narrated and imagined the nation and nationalism in the United States in the years of Ronald Reagan. From the 1950s onwards of social issues, diverse groups of businessmen and intellectuals sympathetic to conservatism began to organize in order to rethink this ideology and think a new project for the nation. In the 1980s, a group of conservatives, neoconservatives as understood today, managed to transform his nation into a design project of nation wide. Thus, the neocons came to power represented by Ronald Reagan. The neoconservative project of nation presented a particular narrative and a particular way of imagining the nation and nationalism in the United States. This form of narration and imagine the nation and the neoconservative nationalism was present and was widespread in the speeches of Ronald Reagan, our main object of analysis, as well as the pages of some newspapers. In the speeches and actions of the Reagan administration, especially when dealing with the state of welfare to blacks and poor people, afirmative actions and immigration, we investigate what is the nation and what is the true American for the neocons. Keywords: Nation. Nationalism. Neoconservatism. Public policies. Poor and black people. Immigration 6 M726 Moll Neto, Roberto. Reaganation: a nação e o nacionalismo (neo) conservador nos Estados Unidos (1981-1988) / Roberto Moll Neto. – 2010. 265 f. Orientador: Cecília da Silva Azevedo. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2010. Bibliografia: f. 263-265. 1. Nação. 2. Nacionalismo. 3. Conservadorismo. 4. Políticas Públicas. 5. Imigrante. 6. Negro. I. Azevedo, Cecília da Silva. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 320.54 7 Sumário: Introdução .................................................................................................................. p.10 1 – O liberalismo e o nacionalismo cívico nos Estados Unidos .............................. p.26 1.1 - O liberalismo progressivista e o nacionalismo cívico ............................ p.26 1.2 - O New Deal e a nação cívica Rooseveltiana ........................................... p.33 1.3 - 1960: a Grande Sociedade e a consolidação do nacionalismo cívico ... p.46 2 – A crise do liberalismo e o neoconservadorismo ................................................ p.57 2.1 - A crise econômica de 1970 e o fim da Grande Sociedade ..................... p.57 2.2 - A reconstrução do campo conservador e o neoconservadorismo ........ p.65 2.3 - O neoconservadorismo moral e religioso ............................................... p.74 2.4 - A trajetória e a vitória política do projeto neoconservador republicano ............................................................................................................................ p.82 3 - O projeto neoconservador de recuperação econômica e a nação ..................... p.96 3.1 - Reaganomics: o projeto e as medidas de recuperação econômica da nação .................................................................... p.9 Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 - O estado econômico da nação nos discursos e na didática neoconservadora de Reagan .......................................................................... p.102 3.3 - A recuperação econômica e política do projeto nacional neoconservador .......................................................................................................................... p.111 3.4 - Sucesso econômico e revitalização da nação ........................................ p.120 4 - Reaganation ........................................................................................................ p.129 4.1 - A essência do povo escolhido: discurso bíblico e identidade nacional ou identidade nacional ......................................................................................... p.129 4.2 - Religião, família e segurança: a cruzada política de Reagan e a pauta moral conservadora ........................................................................................ p.135 4.3 - “A Segunda Revolução Americana”: o resgate das glórias do passado e o destino da nação .............................................................................................. p.144 4.4 - Depois da “Revolução”: do discurso a realidade ................................ p.152 5 - Os negros estadunidenses e o nacionalismo étnico neoconservador .............. p.163 5.1 - A dependência antipatriótica e os negros ............................................ p.163 5.2 - A cruzada contra as ações afirmativas e as políticas de integração racial .......................................................................................................................... p.168 5.3 - Ecos do reaganismo: o nacionalismo étnico neoconservador
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