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Download Date 24/09/2021 16:02:57 The Police Reform Process in Kenya, 2008-2014: A Case Study of Security Sector Reform in Societies Emerging From Crisis Item Type Thesis Authors Ondoro, Nicholas Otieno Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 24/09/2021 16:02:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12762 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. The Police Reform Process in Kenya, 2008-2014: A Case Study of Security Sector Reform in Societies Emerging From Crisis Nicholas Otieno ONDORO Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Peace Studies Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities 2015 Abstract Nicholas Otieno Ondoro The Police Reform Process in Kenya, 2008-2014: A Case Study of Security Sector Reform in Societies Emerging From Crisis Key words: Kenya, Police Reform, Security Sector Reform, Power- sharing, Grand-coalition, Transition, Agenda Setting, Devolution, Policing, Post-conflict security building Security sector reform has in the recent past been a critical component of peace agreements in countries emerging from armed conflicts or political crisis. In Kenya, the Commission of Inquiry into the 2007/08 Post-Election Violence (CIPEV) established that Kenya’s security sector, particularly the police, bore the greatest responsibility for the violence. Subsequently, the police emerged as one of the major institutions for reforms. ‘How have security sector reforms, particularly police reforms, in Kenya developed since 2007 and how, and to what extent, have they been shaped by Kenya’s wider political transitions and SSR process during this period?’ The research aimed at investigating how the police reform process in Kenya has developed since 2007, and how the process has been shaped by Kenya’s wider political transitions and security sector reform processes in general. Using mixed methods research, we found that despite some progress, there is wider public perception that the reforms are yet to address reform priorities at the national level and still fall short of expectations of ordinary Kenyans. We argue that political power-sharing after the 2007 post-election violence facilitated police reform, while at the same time frustrated its implementation especially in instances where reform seemed to dis-empower political elites. i Acknowledgements This PhD would not have been complete without the support of many. Thanks to the Almighty God for the Gift of Life. I owe special gratitude to Professor Owen Greene for the supervision and support throughout the process, and also for guiding and mentoring me in my PhD journey. Professor David Francis helped me to crystallise my ideas at the formative stages of writing and always kept a tab on my progress. My wife Carol and children; Daniella and Nelson, endured four years of absentee husband and father to see me through. My parents; Fredrick Ondoro and Risper Were, and all my siblings prayed for me all the times. Special thanks to the Chevening Scholarship for study-grant during my first year of study. The government of Kenya fully funded this PhD. Special thanks to Major General Michael Gichangi, for approving of my study leave and stay in England. Francis Kiriinya Mwongo and Joseph Onyango Opondo are dear to my heart – they made it possible for me to pursue this PhD. Members of the Service Training Committee (STC) approved of my scholarship without reservations. All my colleagues at work stood by me in the face of many challenges - you gave me the hope that the journey was unstoppable. To my fellow researchers at the University of Bradford, we spent a lot of time talking about peace and security in the world. Dr. Sarah Njeri Deall made my Christmas celebrations in England fun. I spent three Christmas celebrations with her family. My Nairobi friends understood the tribulations of an international student and gave me moral and material support. This PhD is not perfect. Everyone is absolved from deficiencies except me. ii Dedications My wife Carol and children; Daniella and Nelson, You make life worth Living. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. II DEDICATIONS ...................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................XII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 3 1.3 A Brief Overview of Literature .............................................................................. 4 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Case Study Approach .......................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Mixed Methods ..................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Sources of Data.................................................................................................... 7 1.5.1 Documentary sources .......................................................................................... 7 1.5.2 Primary sources ................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Data Collection Methods ...................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Secondary Data.................................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Primary Data ........................................................................................................ 9 1.6.2.1.Qualitative Interviewing ......................................................................................... 9 1.6.2.1.1.Individual Interview Method .............................................................................. 10 1.6.2.1.2.Focus Group Method ....................................................................................... 10 1.6.2.2.Questionnaire Method ......................................................................................... 11 1.7 Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................... 12 iv 1.8 Data Collection Process and Analysis ............................................................... 13 1.9 Outline of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER TWO: SSR IN TRANSITIONAL POST-CONFLICT CONTEXTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Conceptual Issues .............................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Problematising Security ..................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 The Security Sector ............................................................................................ 20 2.2.3 Security Sector Reform ...................................................................................... 23 2.2.4 Transitional Societies ......................................................................................... 25 2.2.5 The Nature of ‘Post-Conflict’ Societies............................................................... 27 2.3 Security Sector Reform in Context ..................................................................... 31 2.3.1 The Development Context ................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Post Authoritarian Context ................................................................................. 36 2.3.3 Post-conflict Context .......................................................................................... 38 2.3.4 Critiquing Security Sector Reform ...................................................................... 41 2.4 Operationalising Security Sector Reform: Strategic
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