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Pakistan's Partition: Search for National Identity Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato Volume 15 Article 1 2015 Pakistan's Partition: Search for National Identity Akmal Abdulmuminov Minnesota State University - Mankato, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Abdulmuminov, Akmal (2015) "Pakistan's Partition: Search for National Identity," Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato: Vol. 15 , Article 1. Available at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur/vol15/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research Center at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato by an authorized editor of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. Abdulmuminov: Pakistan's National Identity 1 Akmal Abdulmuminov POL 442 Dr. Kawabata 5.2.2015 Introduction After several hundred years of being under British colony, India finally received independence in 1947. India’s independence was followed by Pakistan’s partition. During the colonization, India and Pakistan were merged into one state ruled by the British crown. India served as an open market economy for British colonizers for many years. During those years, India consisted of hundreds of different ethnicities and religions, the major religions being Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. All these different ethnic groups collaborated in order to decolonize India from the British. Independence was successful, however, it came with a big price. There were mass casualties during the early 1940s when several independence movement groups started emerging. The British Government finally realized that it could not control its colony any further, and in 1947 India was granted independence. One of the major religious groups that lived in India was the Muslim population. After the partition, Muslims wanted to create their own state apart from India: Pakistan. The challenge for Pakistan was creating and perpetrating their national identity. Islam was the main basis in Pakistan’s national identity. Throughout the years in countries like Pakistan, there has been a tradition of “ideological polarization between orthodoxy and reform that has grown in intensity in recent time”1 (Malik 2010, 26). In its quest to define its national identity, Pakistan faced several challenges throughout the years. 1 Malik, I. (2010). Pakistan: Democracy, Terrorism, and the Building of a Nation. Northampton, MA: Interlink Published by Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2015 1 Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato, Vol. 15 [2015], Art. 1 2 Pakistan, an Islamic state, was formed primarily under Islamic ideology. The literal meaning of ‘Pakistan’ translates into “Pure Land”2 (Gyaunendra 2001, 27). Islam plays an important role in the everyday life of people of Pakistan. Therefore, after the partition Pakistan favored its national identity as one closely tied to Islam. Its culture, tradition, and manners are highly influenced by the dominant religion in the country. Over the course of the country’s independence, Islam shaped politics in Pakistan. Many early rulers, mainly in the military, were deeply involved with different Islamic groups in the process of gaining power. These groups were so powerful that most politicians relied upon their support in controlling the government. Different religious affiliations have caused many skirmishes and conflicts in India, both during and after British colonization. The main conflicts were between Muslims and Hindus who managed to live under the same state during colonization, but not after. This was one of the major reasons for Pakistan’s partition in 1947 after India’s independence from British colony. Pakistan’s Partition As India was trying to gain its independence from the British, the Muslim League proposed the establishment of a separate state for the Muslim majority population that lived in India in March 1940. There were several regions where majority of the population were Muslims, including the Northwestern and Northeastern part of India. When the proposal was made formal in September 1944, it proponed one sovereign and independent state called Pakistan. This proposal was made in correspondence to Gandhi, who was at the forefront of Independence movement, and Jinnah, who was one of the leaders of Muslim League. Gandhi was not a politician, but rather a spiritual leader that had thousands of followers. 2 Gyanendra, P. (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism, and History of India. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur/vol15/iss1/1 2 Abdulmuminov: Pakistan's National Identity 3 Many observers saw the partition to be the cause of violence and forced migrations, however, they did not anticipate the mass migration that occurred later after the partition of Pakistan. Thousands of Muslims from left India to the new Pakistan. When the proposal was brought to Congress, India’s largest political party, it agreed on the establishment of “a loose federation in India, with the Muslim-majority provinces and states of north-western and north- eastern India”3 (Gyaunendra 2001, 22). The Muslim League was not in favor of Congress’s proposal. By August 1946, the Muslim League decided on taking a direct action with Jinnah as the leader. This was not meant to turn into military action, --though it later did-- but rather more of a constitutional negotiation movement. Congress took serious steps in order to break the movement. On 16th of August 1946, violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims in the Calcutta region. There were several thousand casualties just in four days. This violence spread into different parts of the region, which is now known as one of the biggest conflict in the history of Muslims and Hindus. After the conflict of Calcutta, the most killings were reported in Bombay (over 300 people), East Bengal (several hundred people), and Bihar (several thousand casualties reported). Pakistan was then finally recognized as a separate sovereign state. East Pakistan: Bangladesh After the partition of Pakistan, another issue emerged: the movements in East Pakistan. After the independence in 1947, Pakistani government faced the challenge of welding its citizens, Western and Eastern Pakistanis, into one united Pakistani nation. To do so, the government needed to establish a national language. In November 1947 during the Pakistan 3 Gyanendra, P. (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism, and History of India. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press Published by Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2015 3 Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato, Vol. 15 [2015], Art. 1 4 Educational Conference, Urdu was proposed as a national language, which was opposed by the representatives from East Pakistan (Schendel 2009, 109). Since the East Pakistan did not consider themselves as Pakistani, the representatives of East Pakistan wanted to allow the Bengali language to be used alongside Urdu. The prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was very adamant about the Urdu language. His argument was that Pakistan was created by several hundred million Muslims who came together, all whose primary language is Urdu. This issue started dividing the East Pakistan representatives in the Assembly. It created cultural and political divisions within civilians. Because of harsh and critical speeches by the Prime Minister against Bengali language, demonstrations erupted. To attempt to resolve the situation, the government banned any kind of demonstrations on this matter. Yet demonstrations still occurred, mainly by students in Dhaka. Students started their demonstration in Dhaka Universities, and later expanded outside the campus. Students started marching in the streets, calling people to join the demonstration. When the law enforcement got in the way, students retaliated by throwing rocks and bricks. It was in 1952 that Pakistani armed forces killed several Pakistanis demonstrating for their civil rights which prompted East Pakistan to critically turn against Muslim League. The conflict and demonstrations went on and off for two decades when East Pakistan declared its independence from West Pakistan. The independence movement, however, faced strong military opposition. In 1970, there were several military actions against independence movements in East Pakistan. India played a key role in these events. The Indian government helped the demonstrators to gain independence, and the Congress party of India decided to get https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur/vol15/iss1/1 4 Abdulmuminov: Pakistan's National Identity 5 militarily involved on pro-East Pakistan independence movement. In 1971 a new country was established-People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Pakistan vs. Russian identity crisis Bangladesh’s independence movement was very similar to the post-Soviet Russian national identity crisis. During the Soviet era, fifteen different states were merged into one, which were organized by strict social and hierarchical rule by Communist party. All the satellite states had
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