Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land

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Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land Edited by Arraiza Bermúdez-Cañete, Mª Paz Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Santamarta Cerezal, Juan C. Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain Ioras, Florin Buckinghamshire New University, United Kingdom García Rodríguez, José Luís Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Abrudan, Ioan Vasile Transilvania University, Romania Korjus, Henn Estonian University of Life Science Borbála Gálos University of West Hungary Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land © 2014 The Authors. Published by: Colegio de Ingenieros de Montes Calle Cristóbal Bordiú, 19 28003 Madrid Phone +34 915 34 60 05 [email protected] Depósito Legal: TF 638-2014 ISBN: 978-84-617-1377-6 590 pp. ; 24 cm. 1 Ed: september, 2014 This work has been developed in the framework of the RECLAND Project. It has been funded by the European Union under the Lifelong Learning Programme, Erasmus Programme: Erasmus Multilateral Projects, 526746-LLP-1-2012-1-ES-ERASMUS-EM- CR, MSc Programme in Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land. How to cite this book; Arraiza, M.P., Santamarta, J.C., Ioras, F., García-Rodríguez, J.L., Abrudan, I.V., Kor- jus, H., Borála, G. (ed.) (2014). Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land. Madrid:Colegio de Ingenieros de Montes. Designed by Alba Fuentes Porto This book was peer-reviewed Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND DEGRADATION ���������������������������������15 1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 2 Extent and rate of land degradation �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3 Land degradation – causes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 4 Climatic consequences of land degradation ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 21 5 Climatic factors in land degradation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 5.1 Rainfall 5.2 Floods 5.3 Droughts 5.4 Solar radiation, temperature and evaporation 5.5 Wind �������������������������������������������������� 41 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 7.1 Carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and combat land degradation ����������� 44 8.1 Advocating for enhanced observing systems at national, regional and international levels 8.3 Further enhancing climate prediction capability 8.4 Assessing vulnerability and analyzing hazards 8.5 Implementing risk management applications 8.6 Contributing actively to the implementation of the UN system’s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) 8.7 Supporting the strengthening of the capabilities of the Parties and regional institutions with drought-related programmes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 3 Contents CHAPTER 2�1 REFORESTATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE IN TEMPERATE, WATER LIMITED REGIONS: CURRENT VIEWS AND CHALLENGES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 1.1 Climate, water and forests ���������������������������������������������������� 58 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 3.1 The climatic transition zone at the forest/grassland edge 3.2 The climatic vulnerability of the forest/grassland transition zone 3.3 Recently observed climatic impacts 3.4 The hidden threat at the xeric limits: increasing drought 3.5 Considerations for forest management 4 Summary and conclusions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 CHAPTER 2�2 FORESTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 ������������������������������������������ 72 1.1 The threat to xeric limits in SE Europe 1.2 Climatic factors of the xeric distributional limits for beech in SE Europe ��������������������������������������������������������������75 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 3.1 Health and vitality loss due to climatic extremes: case study of beech in SW Hungary 3.2 Analysis of drought events ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 5 Final conclusions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81 5.1 Related websites, projects and videos CHAPTER 2�3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ������������������������������������������������ 85 ������������������������������������������� 85 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Syllabus 4 Contents ��� 91 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Case study: Comparative Water Balance Study of Forest and Fallow Plots 2.3 Conclusions ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 105 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ecosystem services of forests 3.3 Carbon cycle of forests 3.4 Estimations of the carbon content of forests and forest soil at the xeric limit ���117 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Estimation of aridity tolerance from common garden test results 4.3 Discussion CHAPTER 2�4 CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF LAND COVER CHANGE ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 129 1 Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������131 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������135 3.1 Land Cover Data Arrays 3.2 MM5 4 Results ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 138 5 Concluding remarks �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 144 CHAPTER 2�5 AFFORESTATION AS A TOOL FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION �������������������������������� 147 1 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148 1.1 Regional climate projections for Europe 1.3 Research foci �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151 2.1 Experimental setup 2.2 Main steps of the analyses 5 Contents 3 Results ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154 3.1 Climate change signal due to emission change 3.4 Case study for Hungary 3.5 Conclusions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 158 CHAPTER 3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASTE LAND RESTORATION �������������������������������������������������������� 165 �������������������������������������������� 165 2 W ����������������������������������������������������������� 166 2.1 Background 2.2 Sources of GHG 2.3 GHG savings 2.4 Biogenic carbon �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175 3.1 Potential GHG emissions reductions from materials management 3.2 Reducing or avoiding GHG emissions through land management practices 3.3 Trends in waste generation and management 3.4 Climate impact of waste management practices 3.5 Waste prevention ���������������������������������������������������� 201 4.2 Post-closure maintenance 4.3 Minimizing impacts on the atmosphere CHAPTER 4 WATER MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 216 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Water plans 1.3 Water plans objetives and strategies 1.4 Water budget 6 Contents 1.5 Water planning and climate change 1.6 Water management on islands 1.7 Useful links 2 Water uses ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������225 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Water footprint 2.3 Agricultura water uses 2.4 Industrial uses 2.5 Useful links �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229 3.1 Precipitation 3.2 Reservoir related issues 3.3 Managed aquifer rechargue 3.4 Useful links �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Greywater 4.3 Desalination of water 4.4 Water waste reclamation 4.5 Water waste and climate change 4.6 Useful links ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240 5.1 Introduction 5.3 Water Sustainability 5.5 Useful links ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 244 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Modelling climate change 6.3 Impacts of climate change 6.4 Water quality 6.5 Floods 6.6 Water scarcity
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