Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier, Die Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel Und Die Anfänge Der Reproduktion Von Musik 2 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier

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Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier, Die Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel Und Die Anfänge Der Reproduktion Von Musik 2 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier, die Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel und die Anfänge der Reproduktion von Musik 2 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... Peter Hagmann Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier, die Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel und die Anfänge der Reproduktion von Musik Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau 4 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek für die Prinversion Hagmann, Peter: Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier, die Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel und die Anfänge der Reproduktion von Musik / Peter Hagmann. – Bern ; Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Lang, 1984. (Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 36, Musikwissenschaft ; Bd.10) ISBN 3-261-03464-5 NE: Europäische Hochschulschriften / 36 2. Auflage, digitale Version: Freiburg im Breisgau : Universitätsbibliothek, 2002 Originaldatei unter http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/608/ © für die digitale Version Peter Hagmann, Zürich UB Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br. 2002 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort..................................................................................................... 9 Einführung.............................................................................................. 12 Eine Geschichte des Hauses Welte?.................................................. 12 Das Welte-Orchestrion...................................................................... 14 Exkurs: Zur Entwicklung des automatischen Klaviers...................... 21 Welte-Mignon und Welte-Philharmonie ........................................... 26 Exkurs: Zum Markt der mechanischen Musikinstrumente................ 33 Mignola, Kino-Orgel und der Niedergang ........................................ 39 „Getreue Wiedergabe des Künstlerspiels“?....................................... 46 Das Aufnahmeverfahren......................................................................... 51 Aufnahmen im Hause Welte ............................................................. 51 Aufnahmeverfahren anderer Firmen ................................................. 58 Zum Problem der Manipulation ........................................................ 67 Grundlagen der Wiedergabe................................................................... 71 Das Prinzip der Unterdruck-Pneumatik............................................. 71 Das Notenband als Informationsträger.............................................. 75 Der Gleitblock als Informationsvermittler ........................................ 78 Zum Tempo-Problem ........................................................................ 81 Die Wiedergabe auf dem Welte-Mignon-Klavier .................................. 89 Grundlagen ........................................................................................ 89 Die Nuancierungseinrichtung............................................................ 95 Tonerzeugung und Pedalbewegung................................................. 103 Zum Problem der Anschlagsdifferenzierung................................... 107 Die Wiedergabe auf der Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel ............................ 114 Grundlagen ...................................................................................... 114 Disposition und Blockskala............................................................. 119 Die Tonerzeugung ........................................................................... 134 Registrierung und Hilfsfunktionen.................................................. 142 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.......................................................... 149 Nochmals: „Getreue Wiedergabe des Künstlerspiels“? .................. 149 6 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... Die Reproduktionsinstrumente im historischen Kontext................. 154 Epilog .............................................................................................. 165 Anhang ................................................................................................. 169 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................. 221 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... 7 FÜR ANNA 8 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... 9 VORWORT Does this thing play? Like a musical gorilla, with fin- gers all of one length. And with a sort of soul... H. G. Wells, Tono-Bungay, 1909 Den Ausgangspunkt zur vorliegenden Arbeit, einer an der Universität Basel eingereichten Dissertation, bildeten das Interesse an den Orgel- werken Max Regers, die ich besonders schätze, und mein Wunsch nach wissenschaftlicher Arbeit an erklingender Musik, nach einer Untersu- chung interpretationsgeschichtlicher Art. Die Verbindung der beiden Aspekte schien eine Arbeit über „Max Reger als Interpreten eigener Werke“ zu ermöglichen. Sie wäre davon ausgegangen, dass sich Reger zeitlebens als Organist, Pianist und Dirigent für die Aufführung seiner Kompositionen eingesetzt hat, dass dies Wirken, wenn auch nicht auf Schallplatten, so doch auf knapp dreissig Notenrollen für die Reproduk- tionsinstrumente der Firma M. Welte & Söhne (Freiburg/Br.) dokumen- tiert ist, und dass dem Musikwissenschaftlichen Institut der Universität Basel die Sammlung mechanischer Musikinstrumente von Dr. h.c. Hein- rich Weiss-Stauffacher (Seewen/SO) offenstand, die nicht nur eine grosse WeltePhilharmonie-Orgel und mehrere Welte-Mignon-Klaviere, sondern auch nahezu den gesamten Bestand der von Reger bespielten Notenrollen enthält. Indes liess die Begegnung mit diesen Tondokumenten – über die von den selbsttätig reproduzierenden Instrumenten ausgehende Faszination und das Staunen ob der Andersartigkeit der Ausdrucksmittel hinaus – erhebliche Zweifel an der Authentizität der Reproduktionen aufkommen: Auch wenn zu berücksichtigen war, dass Regers Fähigkeiten als Inter- pret am Klavier und an der Orgel alles andere als unumstritten sind, so wollte ein derart verwackeltes, zerdehntes und mit so abrupten Register- wechseln versehenes Spiel doch nicht ins Bild passen. Von dieser Erfah- rung aus erwies sich der unvoreingenommene, das Erklingende zum Nennwert nehmende Zugang zu den Tondokumenten als riskant; vor- 10 Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... dringlich schien vielmehr die Beantwortung der Frage, inwieweit die Welte-Reproduktionsinstrumente im allgemeinen, und im besonderen die Instrumente aus der Seewener Sammlung, in der Lage seien, das Spiel der Interpreten originalgetreu wiederzugeben – in welchem Masse mit- hin das klingende Erscheinungsbild des Welte-Tondokuments durch die Ausdrucksmanieren des jeweiligen Interpreten auf der einen, durch die technischen Bedingungen von Aufnahme und Wiedergabe auf der ande- ren Seite geprägt sei. Dass aus der geplanten Arbeit über Reger eine über Welte geworden ist, muss dem Umstand zugeschrieben werden, dass sich die Suche nach einer Antwort auf diese Frage aufwendiger gestaltete, als sich vorausse- hen liess. Denn die technische Analyse der im Welte-Mignon-Klavier und der Welte-Philharmonie-Orgel verwandten Reproduktionspneuma- tik, wie sie der Hauptteil der Arbeit ausbreitet, förderte Mängel zutage, die auf der Grundlage des heute üblichen, selbstverständlichen Umgangs mit der technischen Reproduktion von Musik kaum zu verstehen sind. Jedenfalls schien es aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse nur in beschränktem Masse möglich, anhand der Welte-Tondokumente über „Max Reger als Interpreten eigener Werke“ zu arbeiten, zumal sich im Laufe der Arbeit der Eindruck verstärkte, die aufgewiesenen Mängel ergäben sich weniger aus technischem Unvermögen denn aus bewusster, einem bestimmten Verständnis von „Reproduktion“ entsprechender Beschränkung. Es emp- fahl sich daher der Versuch einer historischen Interpretation der von der technischen Analyse erbrachten Ergebnisse; die Einführung vor und der Ausblick nach der Analyse sollen Ansätze in dieser Richtung entwik- keln, ohne einer Vertiefung der Untersuchungen, wie sie sich in Fortset- zung dieses Textes denken liesse, vorgreifen zu wollen. Ich habe zu danken: Ohne die tatkräftige Unterstützung, die ich von verschiedenster Seite erfahren habe, hätte die Arbeit in der vorliegenden Form nicht durchgeführt werden können. Zu Dank verpflichtet bin ich in erster Linie Herrn Professor Dr. Ernst Lichtenhahn, meinem Lehrer und Doktorvater, der meiner Arbeitsweise mit einem bewundernswerten Mass an Verständnis und Toleranz gegenüberstand und der mir in einge- henden Gesprächen wesentliche Einsichten vermittelt hat. Nicht weniger verbunden bin ich Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Oesch, dem Vorsteher des Musikwissenschaftlichen Instituts der Universität Basel, der die materi- ellen Grundlagen für diese Arbeit geschaffen hat, indem er mir die Ein- Peter Hagmann – Das Welte-Mignon-Klavier... 11 richtungen seines Instituts zur Verfügung stellte und meine Untersu- chungen im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds nachhaltig förderte. Herrn und Frau Dr. h.c. Heinrich Weiss-Stauffacher bin ich dafür dankbar, dass sie mich in ihrer Samm- lung mechanischer Musikinstrumente jederzeit willkommen hiessen und keinen Aufwand scheuten, um mir die notwendigen Einblicke zu ermög- lichen. Ebenso verdanke ich die Unterstützung durch das Experimental- studio der Heinrich-Strobel-Stiftung des Südwestfunks (Freiburg/Br.), das in mehreren Aufnahmesitzungen die Ueberspielung einer grossen Zahl von Welte-Rollen auf Tonband besorgte. Für Beihilfe in der Mate- rialbeschaffung und Hinweise danke ich schliesslich: den Herren Werner Baus (Fuldatal/Kassel),
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