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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION-Basics MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE-Accredited by NBA & NAAC- A- Grade; ISO 9001:2008 Certified Maisammaguda, Dhulapally Post, Via Hakimpet, Secunderabad–500100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LESSON PLAN Subject : Computer Organization (R17A0510) Class/Section: II-B.Tech(CSE-D),II-Sem Academic Year: 2017-2018 Date: 18-12-2017 Sl. Lecture Unit Topic to be Covered Text Book No. ID Basic Structure Of Computers: Computer 1 L1 T1 Types, Functional units 2 Basic Operational concepts, Bus structures L2 T1,T2 3 Software, Performance L3 T1 4 Multiprocessors and Multi computers L4 T1 Data Representation: Fixed Point 5 L5, L6 T1 Representation 6 Floating – Point Representation L7, L8 T1 7 UNIT- Error Detection codes L9 T1 I Register Transfer Language And Micro 8 L10 T1 Operations: Register Transfer language. Register Transfer, Bus and Memory 9 L11 T1 transfers, Arithmetic Micro operations, Logic micro 10 L12 T1 operations, Shift micro operations, Arithmetic logic shift 11 L13 T1 unit. Review / Doubts clearance / Problem 12 L14 solving from Previous papers Basic Computer Organization and 13 Design: L15 T1 Instruction codes 14 Computer Registers, Computer instructions, L16 T1 15 Timing and Control L17 T1 16 Instruction Cycle L18 T1 17 UNIT- Memory Reference Instructions L19 T1 18 II Input–Output and Interrupts L20,L21 T1 19 Complete Computer Description L22,L23 T1 Micro Programmed Control: Control T1 20 L24 memory 21 Address sequencing, Micro program L25 T1 example Design of Control Unit-Micro Programmed 22 L26 T1 control Review / Discussion of Imp. Questions 23 L27 T1 from old question Papers Computer Processing Unit Organization: 24 General Register Organization, STACK L28 T1 Organization 25 Instruction Formats L29 T1 26 Addressing modes L30 T1 27 Data Transfer and Manipulation L31,L32 T1 28 Program Control L33 T1 29 UNIT- CISC and RISC L34, L35 T1 III Computer Arithmetic: Addition and 30 L36 T1 Subtraction 31 Multiplication Algorithms L37,L38 T1 32 Division Algorithms L39,L40 T1 33 FP Arithmetic operations L41 T1 34 BCD Adder L42 T1 Review / Discussion of Imp. Questions 35 L43 T1 from old question Papers Input‐ Output Organization: Peripheral 36 L44 T1 Devices 37 Input‐ Output Interface L45 T2 Asynchronous Data Transfer: Modes of T2 38 L46 Transfer 39 Priority Interrupt L47 T2 40 Direct Memory Access L48, L49 T2 41 Input–Output Processor(IOP) L50 T2 Pipeline & Vector Processing: Parallel T2 42 L51 Processing, Pipelining 43 Arithmetic Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline L52,L53 T1 44 UNIT- Dependencies, Vector Processing L54,L55 T1 IV Review / Discussion of Imp. Questions 45 L56 T1 from old Question Papers 46 Memory Organization: Memory Hierarchy L57 T2 47 Main Memory –RAM And ROM Chips L58 T2 48 Memory Address map L59 T2 Auxiliary Memory: Magnetic Disks, T2 49 L60, L61 UNIT- Magnetic tapes V Associate Memory: Hardware Organization, T2 50 L62 Match Logic Cache Memory : Associative Mapping , T2 51 L63, L64 Direct Mapping, Set associative mapping Writing in to cache and cache Initialization , T2 52 L65 Cache Coherence Virtual Memory: Address Space & T2 53 Memory Space, Address mapping using L66 pages Associative Memory Page table, Page T2 54 L67, L68 Replacement Review / Discussion of Imp. Questions 55 L69 from old question Papers A. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Computer Organization – Special Edition‐ MRCET, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers 2017 2. Computer System Architecture. – M.Morris Mano, IIIrd Edition ,Pearson Education. B. REFERENCES : 1. Computer System Architecture-William Stallings, 6Th Edition, Pearson Education. 2. Structured Computer Organization- Andrew S Tanenbaum,4Th Edition, Pearson Education. 3. Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design – Shivarama Dandamudi, Springer International Edition 4. Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and principles of Computer Design – Joseph D. Dumas II, BS Publications 5. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals - Hall / AK Ray,TMH. OBJECTIVES : To understand the basic components of the Computers To explore the memory Organization To explore the I/O organizations in depth Ability to analyze the hardware and software issues related to computers and the interface between the two. OUTCOMES : At the end of the course students will be able To understand the basic components of the Computers To understand in a better way the I/O, Memory organization in depth. To understand the basic Chip Design To analyze the hardware and software issues related to computers and the interface between the two. UNIT-I Introduction : In this Module, we have three lectures, viz. 1. Introduction to computer System and its submodules 2. Number System and Representation of information. 3. Brief History of Comp. Evolution Representation of Basic Information The basic functional units of computer are made of electronics circuit and it works with electrical signal. We provide input to the computer in form of electrical signal and get the output in form of electrical signal. There are two basic types of electrical signals, namely, analog and digital. The analog signals are continuous in nature and digital signals are discrete in nature. The electronic device that works with continuous signals is known as analog device and the electronic device that works with discrete signals is known as digital device. In present days most of the computers are digital in nature and we will deal with Digital Computer in this course. Computer is a digital device, which works on two levels of signal. We say these two levels of signal as High and Low. The High-level signal basically corresponds to some high-level signal (say 5 Volt or 12 Volt) and Low-level signal basically corresponds to Low-level signal (say 0 Volt). This is one convention, which is known as positive logic. There are others convention also like negative logic. Since Computer is a digital electronic device, we have to deal with two kinds of electrical signals. But while designing a new computer system or understanding the working principle of computer, it is always difficult to write or work with 0V or 5V. To make it convenient for understanding, we use some logical value, say, LOW (L) - will represent 0V and HIGH (H) - will represent 5V Computer is used to solve mainly numerical problems. Again it is not convenient to work with symbolic representation. For that purpose we move to numeric representation. In this convention, we use 0 to represent LOW and 1 to represent HIGH. 0 means LOW 1 means HIGH To know about the working principle of computer, we use two numeric symbols only namely 0 and 1. All the functionalities of computer can be captured with 0 and 1 and its theoretical background corresponds to two valued boolean algebra. With the symbol 0 and 1, we have a mathematical system, which is knows as binary number system. Basically binary number system is used to represent the information and manipulation of information in computer. This information is basically strings of 0s and 1s. The smallest unit of information that is represented in computer is known as Bit ( Binary Digit ), which is either 0 or 1. Four bits together is known as Nibble, and Eight bits together is known as Byte Computer Organization and Architecture Computer technology has made incredible improvement in the past half century. In the early part of computer evolution, there were no stored-program computer, the computational power was less and on the top of it the size of the computer was a very huge one. Today, a personal computer has more computational power, more main memory,more disk storage, smaller in size and it is available in effordable cost. This rapid rate of improvement has come both from advances in the technology used to build computers and from innovation in computer design. In this course we will mainly deal with the innovation in computer design. The task that the computer designer handles is a complex one: Determine what attributes are important for a new machine, then design a machine to maximize performance while staying within cost constraints. This task has many aspects, including instruction set design, functional organization, logic design, and imple mentation. While looking for the task for computer design, both the terms computer organization and computer architecture come into picture. It is difficult to give precise definition for the terms Computer Organization and Computer Architecture. But while describing computer system, we come across these terms, and in literature, computer scientists try to make a distinction between these two terms. Computer architecture refers to those parameters of a computer system that are visible to a programmer or those parameters that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits used to represent different data types, I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory. Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces
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