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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University M iaxxilm s International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 8128995 El -Z o j t n i, a b d u s s a l a m M u k h t a r MASS MEDIA FOR LITERACY IN LIBYA: A FEASIBILITY STUDY Ii | The Ohio Slate University Ph.D. 1981 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M! 48106 Copyright 1981 by El-Zilitni, Abdussalam Mukhtar All Rights Reserved MASS MEDIA FOR LITERACY IN LIBYA A FEASIBILITY STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Abdussalam Mukhtar El-Zilitni, B.S., m .a . The Ohio State University 1981 Reading Committed Approved By Professor I. Keith Tyler Professor All z. Blgabri _ L Adviser 1 \ Professor Paul Underwood College of Education DEDICATION This work is dedicated to a great Libyan teacher Omar El-Mukhtar, who left the field of education to fight the Italian Fasoists and did so until his capture and execution by them, in 1931, when he was seventy-three years old. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The welter wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the following persons, who gave him encouragement, understanding, and guidance during the preparation of this dissertation. To Professor I. Keith Tyler, the writer's adviser, for his encouragement and support. Without his capable guidance and counseling this study would never have been realized. A special word of appreciation is extended to Professors All Z. Elgahri and Paul Underwood for their guidance, counseling and support: throughout the writer's studies at The Ohio State University. Others, to whom the writer is greatly indebted are Professors Paul V. Peterson, James C. MacDonald and Robert Holsinger, of the School of Journalism; Professors Robert Monaghan and Thom McCain, of the Department of Communication! Professor Robert Wagner, of the Department of Photography and Cinema; and Professors John Belland and Charles Galloway of the Faculty of Educational Foundations and Research. For assistance during the research in Libya, the writer wishes to express his sincere gratitude and appreciation to the administrators of Garyounis University, especially Vice-Chancellor iii Salem El-Shibani, for sincere support and encouragement. Thanks are extended to the class of 1980 of the Department of Conmunication of Garyounis University and especially to the ten students who helped me in collecting data. To the people of El-Fayidiya for their cooperation and generosity. To Ibrahim Sakah, Ibrahim El-Bishari, Rajab Khalifa Hussein and Elafi I. Erfadi, all of the broadcasting establishment for their help and encouragement. To Otnarah El-Gammudi, of Audiovisual Research in Tripoli, Mohammad Bel-Rabha and Omar El-Athram, of the Adult Education and Literacy Center. To the Hadia Muftah El-Zilitni, particularly my uncle Abdullah Hadia Muftah for his moral and financial support throughout my studies. Finally, a very special word of appreciation is extended to my wife Aysha Muftah El-Basir and children, Amal, Xman and Xnnis, whose encouragement, personal sacrifice and moral support sustained me during my graduate work at The Ohio State University. iv VITA July 2, 1948............. Date of birth 196 7 ..................... Graduated from Benghazi, Libya, High School for Boys and won a government scholarship to study journalism in the United States 196 8.....................Attended a six-month English language course at Queens College, New York 1968-196 9................Freshman year at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia 1969-197 2................B.S. in Journalism and a Certificate in African Studies from Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1972-1973................Worked in the Censorship Department of the Information Ministry in Benghazi, then joined Garyounis University as teaching assistant in journalism 1973.....................Was awarded a scholarship by Garyounis University to study for M.A. and Ph.D. in mass media 1975.....................M.A. in Journalism, The Ohio State University 1979-1980................Lecturer at the Department of Communication in Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya FIELDS OF STUDY Studies in Broadcasting and Adult Educationi Professor I. Keith Tyler Studies in Philosophy of Communication and Audience Analysis * Professor Robert R. Monaghan Studies in International Communication and Mass Media in the Arab World t Professor Paul Underwood Studies in Photography! Professor Ali Z. Elgabri v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................ ill VITA....................................................... V LIST OF TABLES............................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES............................................. xiii Chapter I INTRODUCTION....................................... 1 Statement of the Problem and Methodology........ 1 Literacy and National Development............... 3 The Situation in Libya.......................... 9 Mass Media and Functional Literacy.............. 11 Statement of the Problem........................ 12 Justification for Selecting this Topic.......... 13 Definition of Terms ...... 14 Factors Determining Feasibility................. 15 Factor It Resources.......................... 15 Factor 2: Mass Media Utilisation in Libya 16 Factor 3 1 The Situation in the Village....... 16 Factor 4 1 Amount of Time..................... 16 Factor 5t Amount of Money.................... 17 Factor 6i Motivation.......................... 17 Factor 7t Bureaucracy........................ 17 Factor 8 1 Cultural Biases.................... 17 Methodology of the Study.............. 18 II BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM t HISTORY AND GENERAL SITUATION IN LIBYA................................. 22 Geography and Physical Features............. 22 Physical Features............................ 25 Climatic Factor...................... 26 vi Chapter Page History of Libya............................. 28 The Oil Impact on Libya ......... 33 The Fall of the Monarchy and the Rise of the September 1, 1969, Revolution............. 40 IXX EDUCATION AND LITERACY IN LIBYA.................... 54 Education in Libya.............................. 54 1. Islamic Education.................... 54 2. Education Under Colonial Rule............. 59 3. Education After Independence, 1951........ 62 4. Education After the September 1, 1969, Revolution..................... 66 Evaluation of Libya' r. Educational System 74 The Problem of Illiteracy in Libya.............. 79 Introduction .......................... 79 Background to the Problem of Illiteracy in Libya and the Campaigns to Combat It ...... 82 Evaluation of Libya's Literacy Campaign...... 95 IV THE PRESENT SITUATION REGARDING MASS MEDIA.......... 103 Newspapers...................................... 103 Introduction................................. 103 Newspapers After the September 1, Revolution.. 107 Broadcasting. ................................. 114 Radio Broadcasting........................... 114 Television Development....................... 120 The Revolution and Broadcasting.............. 121 The Libyan News Agency...................... 123 The Theater....................................... 128 Motion Pictures......... 133 Revolutionary Criticism’of Mass Media............ 135 V THE IMPACT AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN MASS MEDIA......................................... 141 The Impact of Television: Imported Programs and TV Broadcasts from Neighboring Countries 141 Introduction: A Very Small World......... 141 Television Broadcasting: