A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction and Residential Displacement of Household (Case Study: Narmak Neighborhood-Tehran) Mohammardreza Daroudi Ph.D. Student in Urban Development, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Laala Jahanshahlou* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Kamaledin Shahriyari Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Received: 2015/08/09 Accepted: 2015/12/ 23 Abstract:
Satisfaction achievement in residential areas is formed by different factors; one of them is economic factor of city. Economic indicators are The Scientific-Research effective along with physical, cultural, social, cultural and other Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Managementl components on the amount of maintenance and absorption of population ISSN: 2345-2870 in urban context, in the assessment of residents from their home Indexed in: ISC, SID, environments. It is raised as one of the effective factor on family’s Noormags, RICeST, Ensani, motivation for residential displacement. The goal of this article is Magiran assessing economic factors on residential satisfaction and its impact on www.Iueam.ir family’s displacement in Narmak neighborhood according to its Vol. 4, No.13 background in Tehran. Descriptive-analytic method has been used for Winter 2016 data collection in this paper, and 375 questionnaires have been prepared, Pages: 83- 98 Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 due to the sample size. Data analysis has been done by SPSS method and CSM indicator. The results of this research show consent of access, transport and security in that area and low discontent of residents from residential unit, services and facilities. These issues caused 59.2% willingness to movement and 40.8% unwillingness to residential displacement despite current problems. Keywords: Economic factors of city, residential satisfaction, residential displacement, Narmak JEL Classification: N95, R21, R10, R23
* Corresponding Author: [email protected] A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______84
1- Introduction create discontent and constant stimulation Today, understanding the issues of of demands, goals and shifting expectations urban economics is needed more than (Coulter et al., 2011). There are different ever with expansion of cities and due to reasons for residential displacement, the rapid development of science and which most of these theories are based on technology and increasing economic and rational choice. On the same basis, those social changes. All issues such as growth who move are people or groups motivated and development of cities, transport, rationally to achieve a better economic marginalization and immigration, life (Ebrahimzadeh, 2006). Human beings employment and unemployment, economic begin to move for maximizing profit and prosperity, better use of economic reducing loss to improve their life resources, environmental problems and condition. In such analysis, optimal pollution, world trade and some others condition of life like housing, urban become meaningful in the form of urban facilities and other cases like life quality economics concept (Rhine Berger, 2003). and social status are considered as bases In this field, economic tools are used for for determining destination. The analysis of issues related to the families’ attraction and repulsion of places of decision-making areas for a favorable origin and destination are evaluated residential environment and also economic accordingly. These questions arise that to institutions in cities (Salvesn, 2002). some extent economic factors of city Therefore, one of the effective factors as affects consent or discontent of residents fundamental one is urban economics in from residential environment and whether family’s satisfaction in residential these components can be key factor on environment and also urban movement. family’s residential displacement.
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 In fact, residential satisfaction is an Narmak is located in districts 4 and 8 amount of an individual or members of a in Tehran. It is a relatively old family defined due to the current condition neighborhood. A coherent framework of of living environment (Davies et al., 2000) effective economic components on Not only includes satisfaction from satisfaction and residential displacement residential unit, but it also includes based on residents’ attitude can be studied. satisfaction from region and living place Therefore, firstly main and fundamental (Ogu, 2002), and its result is people’s concepts of research are defined and understanding from the concept of life secondly different perspectives are quality (Djebuarni & Al-abed, 2000). investigated regarding residential Also, this concept is a reaction that a satisfaction and family’s residential family behaves toward the residential displacement from the urban landscape. environment problems in residential Finally, satisfaction rate and residents’ displacement studies. These problems are willingness to displacement by using intensified when current situation of analytic method are evaluated according people’s residential environment cannot to the global successful experiences and provide their demands, and it can lead to developed model for the case study. 85 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
2- Literature Review movement in the U.S. Also, Buhm and Studies related to the movement and Tylor reached to the similar result in the U.K. satisfaction from residential environment (Lauren M. Ross, 2012). Van Ommeren have been examined from different cultural, and et. al in 1999 and Van der Vlist in racial, economic or from the perspective 2001 examined some of interactions between of the type of residential unit, its occupational movement and residential facilities, neighborhood and etc. (Pettit, movement in Netherlands by using search 2004). In the field of reasons for moving, theory. (Vlist, 2001). Today, commuting effective Rossi’s studies in 1955 was cost (regarding distance and time) and its among first ones accomplished in this impact on tendency to changing the job or area. Except Rossi, Sabagh et. al in 1969, movement has been more important. Vlist Speare in 1970, Do kmeci and Berkoz in indicated in his thesis that long commute 2000 addressed issues related to economy causes increase job movement and it has a of city and family (the right to occupy little impact on residential satisfaction housing and revenue) in movement and mobility (Vlist, 2006). Table 1 shows (Lauren M. Ross, 2012). Bartel (1979) some accomplished studies in the field of and Chan (1999, 2002) founded a positive economic components’ impact on relationship between job and residential satisfaction and residential movement.
Table 1- A review of the literature and the findings considered by experts Indicators Variables Researchers Rapoport, (1977); Rossi, (1980); Dieleman, All physical aspects of residential environment; the number (2001) ;Turksever & Atalik, (2001); Ibrahim & of people in the room, number of rooms in each residential Housing Chung, (2003); Clark & Huang, (2003); Fang, unit. (2006); Santos et al (2007); Das (2008), Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Apparicio et al (2008), Luis Diaz-Serrano (2009) These researchers believe that residential mobility decreases Burgess W. Ernest, (1967); Giddens, Anthony, stability of urban area and it does not allow the residents to (1984); Ibrahim & Chung, (2003); Burfeind, spend much time Following the friendly networks and W, James & Dawn Bartusch, (2006); Santos et Security kinship ties. It leads to decrease the sense of belonging to the al, (2007); Li & Wang, (2007); Das, (2008); neighborhood and neighborhoods are not able to apply effective Apparicio et al, (2008); Akers, L, Ronald & collective controls on public areas like streets and parks. Christine, s, Sellers, (2009) Attending to have transport network can be a great help in improving the quality of life. The distance between work Transport Lawrence & Pivo, (1977); Belezer, (2002); place and living place can be a very effective factor for and Access Holmgern, (2012); Madanipour, (2006) residential movement of family. Distribution of urban services is one of the effective factors Facilities Wheeler & Muller, (1986); marcotullio, on movement. If the distribution of urban services does not and (2001); bastanifar & sameti, (2004); Richards fit with needs of areas, distributed land uses, and urban spaces Services et al, (2007); Das, (2008) used by citizens, it can increase population density in other areas. These researchers address land use changes, effective factors, Briassoulis (2000), Jokish (2002), Lopez (2006), theories and related models and they consider population Land Use Koomen et al (2007), Nigal et al (2008) changes, particularly movement, as important effective factors. Source: (Researchers’ studies) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______86
Strassmann modeled the relationship 3- Theoretical Principles between interventions in the housing Residential satisfaction is a concept market and residential movement formed by different fields such as (Strassmann, 2000) Chan examined the economics, sociology, psychology, planning, impacts of negative shocks of housing geography and etc. (Galster, 1987) and it market on movement (Chan, 2001). These has a complex perceptual structure. In studies are important in the sense which fact, residential satisfaction is residents’ show how searching process and reaction toward their living environment. evaluation of opportunities change in In this regard, residential environment is market condition. In other studies, not merely physical components, but they housing market has been defined and cover social and economic factors analyzed according to the family income (Chapman & Lombard, 2006). Satisfaction level, and the impact of financial increase environment quality and it constraints on residential mobility has results in achieving to urban goals been examined (Alkay, 2011). However, (Nurizan et al., 2010) and inconsistencies there is an increasing growth of between the aspirations, needs and related literature about the impact of abilities of citizens in the choice of local housing market conditions in location causes dissatisfaction and choosing house and widespread changes relocation of settlements (Mohit, 2010). of these local conditions in the housing Also, choosing residential place has market. Conceptually, the relationship impact on shape and structure of city between individuals and families, and from different aspects including changes during time and space is not consequences such as the high rate of obvious in the literature (Dieleman, families’ movement in long-term,
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 2001). Also, capital has a positive formation of residential clusters, and relationship with the possibility of urban sprawl increase creating different movement, and families with higher problems in urban societies (Aiello, income are more likely to move their 2009). On the basis of urban theories, residential environment. For instance, the movements and the manner of population possibility of families’ movement from distribution are explained due to different slums into the formal housing market is location-social variables such as ethnicity associated with the regular saving of and race, employment, income, urban residents (Lall et al., 2006). Parker et. al. class, distance from city center, and concluded that the residents in low- natural issues. Some of these effective income neighborhoods are more factors on residential movements are discontented than those who live in influential in prioritization of decisions affluent neighborhoods, also people like affluent areas of city, structure and are more discontented in high-density physical properties with program, city residential neighborhoods (William context in terms of oldness, security of Clark, 2006). neighborhood, and access to service centers. 87 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
Evaluating satisfaction and residential 2- Urban land use: Today, land use movement has a long history. Many change is one of the effective processes in factors are involved; each of them plays a the city space. These changes, occurring role in this attitude and decision. In mostly because human activities have addition to physical, cultural, social, changed to one of the most important racial and ethnic aspects, it can be said problems of cities in modern that urban economics has a significant environment, due to lack of basic impact on residents’ satisfaction and programs, ignoring sustainable development family’s movement. In fact, urban and environment (Pourahmad & et. al. economics is a science studying 2011). Since families and institutions’ economically the urban areas. It is a decisions shape urban models and land branch of micro-economics defined on use in the field of locating in cities, these the basis of intersection of geography and decisions can considerably cause land use economics (Hart, 2010). This science change (the loss of farmland) to urban studies spatial structure of city and land use, the formation of marginalization, residential location of families and urban environment disturbance, failure to economic institutions (Colin, 1951). provide urban services and inhabitants’ Families shape their choices in order to discontent and finally deformation of maximize favorability and provide their cities from centralized state to needs, and they attempt to move for decentralized cities and segregation obtaining satisfaction from their according to the race, revenue and residential environment. These education level. (Khakpour et. al. 2002). movements, which occur because of 3- Transport and access: urban individual, social and economic reasons transport is one of the issues of urban
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 and incentives, have a major role in economics, since it affects access formation and changing spatial structure capability of different places; thereby it of city and they are one of the aspects of also affects land use patterns in cities. In city dynamism (Bastanifar, 2004). Urban this area, some strategies are investigated economics can be separated into six to solve urban congestion and the role of interrelated fields including: public transport in the urban transport 1- Job and employment: rapid system. (Hadi Zenoz, 2009). Development population growth makes dual markets in based on public transport is an cities which have low-income and duality example of urban development in technology. Current models and patterns used for the first time in the methods focus more on official market late 19th and early 20th century in and consisting work force. Business trips America (Nourmohammadzadeh, 2006). in cities are considered as the most The basic premise of development is important factor in urban economics based on public transport, satisfaction model and the most important transport increase from living in areas adjacent to activity, in the framework of the official public transport stations, but failure to market. provide basic and necessary preparation A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______88
of such development can create traffic, 6- Facilities and services: Another physical, social and economic problems topic considered in urban economics and reduce consent of residence studies and relatively wide researches (Abbaszadegan et.al. 2010). done in this field is urban facilities 4- Security: In this area, the issue of including public libraries, police services, urban crimes and the relationship between firefighting, hospital and schools. Urban crime and two other urban issues i.e. facilities can have an important role in poverty and illiteracy are examined (Hadi residents’ satisafaction and can be Zenoz, 2009). Ernest Burgess was one of considered as relatively important the first researchers who addressed the factor (Mohit, 2010). Many facilities can existence of social pathologies from the be either private or public, but they all perspective of urban economics in some have in common is that the production areas, on the basis of urban regional places create a network space that easy theory. In his view, the existence of some access to those places are valuable (Hadi situations in the workplace and residential Zenzo, 2009). A distribution service in displacements cause social damages. cities, which is a clear outcome of (Parker, 2004). ecologic segregation, is effective on 5- Housing: selecting a house is spatial distribution of population in urban dependent on choosing a place, because areas and regions. Consequently, suitable housing does not have the mobility (Hadi and optimal distribution of social, Zenoz, 2009). House, neighborhood and economic, cultural, and sanitary facilities region of people are effective variables on among areas and regions is one of the life quality, they form the dimensions most important factors avoiding related to social classification, and they inequalities and development gap, and
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 are affected by urban economics and suitable spatial distribution of population general policies. (Schmitt, 2009). In this in the area of land (Marcotullio, 2001). area, the issues of why housing is As mentioned earlier, urban economics different from other products and how has linked economy and geography and it housing policies can be effective are examines geographical and locational addressed, on the other hand, with choices of households to achieve increasing growth of urbanization in the desirability and demands. Moreover, past few decades; housing has turned into urban economics detects inefficiencies of one of the most important needs of urban location choices and examines substitute population (Biderman, 1974). Cities have general policies to increase efficient a fundamental role in creating satisfaction choices. Now, this choice and goal for as a context of human environment. movement may lead to improve living, Housing affects important indicators of and it may sometimes bring negative planning such as life quality, movement changes, at least in some life fields. rate and anticipation of demand for Therefore, displacement occurs when housing (Djebuarni & Al-Abed, 2000). residents’ satisfaction is changed based on physical, cultural, social, 89 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
ethnic, economic, and other influential Figure1 shows the conceptual model factors. However, in some cases it occurs of urban economics factors’ impact on compulsorily. (Lu, 1999). residential mobility.
Economic Factors of City
Market Transport and Services and Security Housing Land use workforces access facilities
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction
The impact on family acceptance Compliance of demands and aspirations threshold
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Compatibility with the residential environment Revision of goals Attempts to change place
Persistence in residential environment Search for better options
Evaluation of the options
Displacement of Stay at current location location
Shape1. Conseptual model of economic components impact on residential movement Source: (Researchers’ findings) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______90
4- Research Method achieved via direct method of The main goal of this research is questionnaire. Questionnaires were investigating the effects of economic developed into two personal and components on residential satisfaction households’ economic questions parts due and families’ movement. Residential to the components of table3. satisfaction and movement are dependent
variables and urban economics ( ) components are associated with these two concepts in Narmak neighborhood in ( ) ( )
Tehran. Descriptive method was used for ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) reviewing sources and previous researches, definition of concepts, Narmak should be considered as the development of theoretical fundamentals, first designed townships with north-south and data collection was done with the road network regular structure and with help of library studies and field hierarchy. Office station and Nabovat operations. Also, satisfaction level was square (Haft Hoz) were the first parts evaluated by indirect method in this formed in Narmak. The neighborhood is research. It was done through classification divided into two parts by Resalat of economic indicators associated with highway. Part of it is located in district 4 residential satisfaction in the studied area and a larger part in district 8, but both in two levels. At the first level, the parts are known as Narmak. In fact, component was divided into six Resalat highway caused significant criterions (employment, land use, change and separation in this neighborhood. transport and access, security, housing, The part located in district 4 is ended from North to Farjam Street, from South
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 services and facilities) and each of these six criteria was divided into sub-criterion to Resalat highway, from East to Baqeri at second level. Statistical population highway and from West to Hengam includes residents of Narmak Street. Narmak is neighbor from North neighborhood and sample size was about with Elmo Sanat, from south with district 29400 people according to the estimated 8, from East with west Tehranpars, and population. Sampling was random and from West with Kalad. Narmak is known Likert scale in analysis of findings and for its lush squares and orderly streets. Chi-square and Gamma tests were used The main square of Narmak, with the for measuring qualitative variables. Since current name of Nabovat, is main center many families live in the neighborhood and sign of this neighborhood. Other and reviewing their information is basic information has been shown in map exhausting, sampling formula was used 1 and table2. Current situation of the area and 375 people were estimated as has been assessed based on SWOT population size by using the formula of technique. Cochran. Quantitative indicators 91 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
Map1. The information of entire area Source: (the report of detailed plan of district 8, 2006)
Table 2- The information of entire area
Basic indexes Quantity
Population 73492
Social, economic, economic, Social, physical and theindexes of
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Employed 3748
Number of households 1913 Household’s dimension 3.24
neighborhood Number of existing residential units 3198 Average of density of residential buildings 971 Average of area of residential parts 961
Household density in residential unit 1.2
Gross population density 314
Number of employed people 91369
Average of area of parts 311
The ration of resident to employed person 3.7
Source: (the report of detailed plan of district 8, 2006)
A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______92
Table3. Assessment of studied area by using SWOT technique lack of urban waste treatment Isolating the context of city by highways the growth of industrial activities from Damavand and inefficiency of business Threat orientation lack of suitable construction for renovating in Tehran neighborhoods people’ distrust toward some authorities and local officials’ measures The neighborhood is surrounded by arterial streets benefit from added value of Damavand street corridor local plan fast access to urban and suburban passenger terminal Access to subway station The existence of trans-regional land uses in the northern and southern marginal Opportunity area The possibility of renewing old contexts inexpensive land and house to buy and rent inexpensive workforces adjacency to the region 13 from the south The absence of earthquake faults Devoting 50% of lands to housing (Two times of the average of the city) Lack of hierarchy in the road network lack of local services Weakness Influence of improper neighborhoods instability of structures Lack of adequate efficiency of network infrastructure historical and valuable context
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 designed internal suitable traffic network Strength long residence background residents’ familiarity with each other The existence of trans-regional land uses such as pharmacy and Islamic Seminary Source: (the report of detailed plan of district 8, 2006)
5- Research Findings was conducted. In this step, after Analysis process was collected by distributing 375 questionnaires in questionnaire and data analysis due to the Narmak, data were entered and analyzed goal of the research and then data in SPSS. In the first stage, the average of evaluated by SPSS on the basis of each indicator was presented to identify statistical techniques such as average, the level of satisfaction, from the studied factor analysis, and regression. In order to indicators in relation with residential access to full results in measurement of movement in the case study. residential satisfaction and its impact on In examining economic indicators families’ movement in Narmak in district related to residential satisfaction, it can be 8, the following methodological process said that access to services and facilities 93 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
with an average of 4.3 show the highest different. In services and facilities sector, level of residents’ satisfaction. Yet, the lack of facilities for leisure time and also indicator of housing situation in this indoor sport spaces compared to neighborhood shows minimum standards are reasons of dissatisfaction satisfaction average. It arises from high with the services and facilities. Security residential density and also dissatisfaction sector has a suitable level because of high from used materials in residential areas. residential density and watchful eye For access and transport variables, it has according to Jacobs’s theory. There are an optimum satisfaction due to BRT and grounds of insecurity as residents said in subway station, but the situation of interviews. Land use status has been services and facilities as well as security followed by residents’ dissatisfaction and the status of the land area are because of distressed areas (Table4).
Table4. The average of satisfaction based on economic components in Narmak neighborhood Standard The first level The second level Average deviation Proximity of residential environment with work 2.8 2.45 Occupation place The employment situation in the area 2.5 2.33 Rate of decay and density of the area 3.2 2.34 Ultra-urban land-uses in the area 3.6 3.12 Land use Coordination of land uses in the neighborhood 3.1 2.71 The level of employment and density 2.9 2.65 Arrangement of the blocks 3.2 2.34 The satisfaction of neighborhood access to other 3.5 2.21 parts of the city Transport and
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Satisfaction with public transport (metro, bus, access 2.9 2.13 taxi, etc.) The situation of sidewalks and road network 3.1 2.99 Adequate lighting of public spaces 2.3 2.16 The satisfaction of women and children traffic 2.9 2.28 safety at night Safety The satisfaction of not harassing pedestrians in 3.2 2.59 the neighborhood No concern of crime (drug trafficking, loitering, 2.4 2.22 harassment, theft etc.) Using standard materials in construction 2.2 2.82 The size of the residential components 2.9 2.89 Abandoned and dilapidated areas in the Housing 3.1 2.87 neighborhood Residential density 2.1 2.79 Housing facilities 2.3 2.01 Satisfaction from shopping centers 3.2 2.55 Services and Satisfaction from health and medical centers 2.8 2.75 facilities Satisfaction from servicing centers 2.9 2.35 Source: (Researchers’ findings) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______94
CSM indicator was used for satisfaction and when the index is lower measuring satisfaction level. Extraction of than 100; it shows more dissatisfaction satisfaction percent in each variable was (Shateriyan et.al, 2011) used to calculate this indicator (Jeanne, Investigation the satisfaction level of 2003). residents confirms low satisfaction level n of residents in housing sector and high i i satisfaction level in transport and access CSM : i1 100 n sector regarding urban economic i.(max i ) i1 components in employment (51.1%), land In this formula, CSM is satisfaction use (49.4), transport and access (65.9), level of Narmak residents from economic security (57.2), housing (41.1%), and components of residential satisfaction by services and facilities (47.2%) (Table5). percent. It is obvious that 100 shows full
Table5. The degree of expectation and performance of satisfaction in different parts (percentage) Satisfaction degree Description Yield performance expectation difference Occupation 51.1 911 48.9 Land use 49.4 911 50.6 Transport and 65.9 911 34.1 access safety 57.2 911 42.8 housing 41.1 911 58.9 Services and 47.2 911 52.8 facilities
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Source: (Researchers’ findings)
According to the assessment of facilities and lack of parking lot and so residential satisfaction in the studied area on. on the second phase of research, the impact of residential satisfaction or 6- Conclusion and Suggestions dissatisfaction was evaluated on Researchers in urban field deal with household’s movement. The assessment factors that affect in environment quality of questionnaire indicates that 40.8% of directly or directly. Mentioned factors are residents are not willing to leave their proposed ambiguously and their residential area and 59.2% are not identification or design always faces with satisfied with their current situation and some problems. Satisfaction and they are interested in moving to other residential movement are studies neighborhoods. The reason is problems in considered in the last few decades. In residential quality, high density of fact, extensive studies on human behavior neighborhood, failure in services and and residential environment are issues that are the source of many urban 95 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
problems. On the other hand, residents’ concluded that urban economics assessment on residential environment components have a major impact on influences on the population’s absorption household’s residential movement since and maintenance level in urban contexts the perception of satisfaction or and it is arose as one of the influential dissatisfaction with the quality of the factors on population movement within living environment has a direct the city. Residential movement can have relationship with the movement of obvious implications on boom and bust of household. Therefore, it is recommended land market, housing and rent, building that residents’ needs and demands such as new houses and renovation and repair of providing cultural, service, sport, access existing houses, changes in the pattern of and transport, and also comfort and using house and residential density in security should be provided, so it leads to different areas of a city and it can cause improve favorable sense of people toward formation and change in social areas in their residential environment. the city. This paper examines the impact of economic factors on residential 7- References satisfaction and its effect on residential Abbaszadegan, M., Rezazadeh, R., movement. 375 people were selected and Mohammadi, M., Alippor, S. (2010). the research done by questionnaire and Measuring the Key Factors on interview in the case study of Narmak. Satisfaction Level of Residence in Also, data were collected in theoretical Neighborhoods Adjacent to Metro sector using Latin and Persian sources Stations. A quarterly journal of then data were analyzed by SPSS transportation, 7(3), 245-260. software and CSM method. On the basis Aiello, A., Ardone, R.G, Scopelliti, M. (2010). Neighborhood planning improvement:
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 of residential satisfaction assessment in Narmak regarding urban economics Physical attributes, cognitive and affective components in this article, housing was evaluation and activities in two the most important residents’ dissatisfaction neighborhoods in Rome. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(3), 264-275. (41.1%) and access and transport was the Alkay, Elif. (2011). The Residential Mobility most important factor in residents’ Pattern in the Istanbul Metropolitan satisfaction (65.9%). According to the Area, Housing Studies, 26(4), 521–539. interviews and studies, 40.8% of residents Atkinson, R., Blandy, S. (2005). Introduction: do not want to leave their neighborhood international perspectives on the new because of residence background and enclavism and the rise of gated sense of belonging despite the difficulties. communities. Housing Studies, Vol. 20, In return, 59.2% of residents tend to leave 177-186. their neighborhood due to rusty texture Bahi, G., Line, M. (2008). Processes of Place and high residential density, lack of Identi"cation and Residential Satisfaction. leisure, sport and cultural facilities, and Environment and Behavior magazine, 40(5), 660-682. lack of full satisfaction with their Bastanifar, Iman., Samet, Majid. (2004). An residential security. Finally, it can be inquiry of Green Tax effect on decreasing A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______96
af air poiiution of Isfahan province, contexts: evidence from Los Angeles, GIAN international symposium & Environment and Planning A, 38(6), workshop, Isfahan university. 1077–1093. Biderman, A.D. (1974). Social indicators. In: Colin, Clark. (1951). Urban Population Clemet, Robert L. and Olson, Jerry C. Densities, Journal of the Royal Statistical Whence and Whither in Social Indicators Society. Series A (General), 114(4), 490- and Marketing Chicago: American 496. Marketing Association. Coulter, R., Van Ham, M., Feijten, P. (2011). Brandstetter, M.C.G. de O. (2011). Consumer Partner (dis) agreement on moving desires Behavior Analisys of Real Estate Market and the subsequent moving behaviour of with Emphasis in Residential Mobility, couples. Population, Space and Place, Choice and Satisfaction Brazilian Cases, Early View, 1-15. DOI: 10.1002/psp.700. The Built & Human Environment Courgeau, D. (1985). Interaction between Review, 4(1), 56-80. spatial mobility, family and carrer life- Burgess, E.W. (1925). The growth of the city: cycle: A French survey. European An introduction to a research project. Sociological Review 1(2), 139–162. In: Park, R.E., Burgess, E.W,. McKenzie, Das, D. (2008). Urban quality of life: A case R.D. (eds.). The city. Chicago: University study of Guwahati. Social Indicators of Chicago Press, 47– 62. Research, 88, 297–310. Buys, L., Miller, E. (2012). Residential Davies, A.M., Laing, R., MacMillan, D.C. satisfaction in inner urban higher-density (2000). The Use Of Choice Experiments Brisbane, Australia: Role of dwelling In The Built Environment: An Innovative design, neighbourhood and neighbours. Approach. the Third Biennial Conference Journal of Environmental Planning and of the European Society for Ecological Management, 55(3), 319–338. Economics. Vienna, Austria. Chan, S. (2001). Spatial lock-in: do falling Detailed Project Report of district 8. (2006). house prices constrain residential mobility, Diaz-Serrano, Luis, Stoyanova, Alexandrina Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Journal of Urban Economics, 49(3), P. (2009). Mobility and housing 567–586. satisfaction: an empirical analysis for 12 Chapman, D., Lombard, D. (2006). Determinants EU countries. Journal of Economic of neighborhood satisfaction in feebased Geography 10(5). gated and nongated communities. Urban Dieleman, F.M. (2000) The Geography of Affairs Review, 41(6), 769-799. Residential Choice. In: Residential Clark, William A.V. (2006). Ethnic preferences Environments: Choice, Statisfaction, and and residential segregation: A commentary Behavior. (Eds, Aragonés, J., Francescato, on outcomes from agent based modeling. G. and Gärling, T.), Greenwood, Westport, Journal of Mathematical Sociology 30, CT (forthcoming). 319-326. Dieleman, F.M. (2001). The geography of Clark, William A V., Huang, Y. (2004). residential turnover in twenty-seven Linking Migration and Mobility: Individual large US metropolitan housing markets, and Contextual Effects in Housing Urban Studies, 37(2), 223–245. Markets in the UK. Regional Studies Djebuarni, R., Al-Abed, A. (2000). Satisfaction 38(6), 617–628. Level with Neighbourhood in Low- Clark, William A V., Ledwith, Valerie. (2006). Income Public Housing in Yemen. Mobility, housing stress, and neighborhood Property Management, 18(4), 230–242. 97 ______A Measurement of Economic Factors of the City on Satisfaction …
Ebrahimzadeh, I. (2006). Immigration and change of Babol city during 1983- urbanization: reasons and consequences, 1999. Bi-quarterly journal of socio-economic information, geography and regional development, issue: 233 and 234, 158-171. issue: 9. Fang,Y .(2006). Residential Satisfaction, Lall, S. V., Suri, A., Deichmann, U. (2006) Moving Intention and Moving Households savings and residential Behaviours: A Study of Redeveloped mobility in informal settlements in Neighbourhoods in Inner-City Beijing, Bhopal, India, Urban Studies, 43(7), Housing Studies, 21(5). 1025–1039. Galster, G. (1987). Homeowners and Lersch, Philipp M. (2014). Residential neighborhood reinvestment, Durham, NC: Relocations and their Consequences: Duke University Press. Life Course Effects in England and Gökhan, B. M. (2007). The Concept of Germany. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. Neighbourhood in Contemporary DOI: 10.1007/978-3-658-04257-8. Residential Environments: an Investigation Lu, M. (1999). Analyzing Migration of Occupants’ Perception. Doing, Decisionmaking: Relationships between Thinking, Feeling Home. Netherlands. Residential Satisfaction, Mobility Hadi Zenoz, B. (2009). The concept and Intensions, and Moving Behavior, dimensions of urban economy, an Environment and Planning A, 30, 1473– introduction to urban economy; the 1495. quarterly journal of economy of the Marcotullio, Peter.J. (2001). Asian Urban city, issue,1, 4-15. Sustainability in the era of globalization, united Nation University, Institute of Hanif, M., Hafeez, S., Adnan Riaz, A. (2010). Advanced Studies, Tokyo, Japan. Factors affecting customer satisfaction. Mayer, K. U. (2004). Whose Lives? How International Research Journal of History, Societies, and Institutions Finance and Economics, 60, 44–52.
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Define and Shape Life Courses. Hart, Christopher. (2010) Legacy of the Research in Human Development 1(3), Chicago School of Sociology. isbn 9 161–187. 781905 984145 lulu.com/9238347. Mohd. Zulfa, Awang. (2000). Kajian Kepuasan Jacobs, J. (1981). The death and life of great Penghuni dan Persekitarannya; Kajian American cities. New York: Vintage Kes: Taman Perumahan Permin Jaya, Books. Cendering, Kuala Terengganu: Thesis James III, R. N. (2008). Impact of Subsidized Ijazah Sarjana Sains (Perumahan), Rental Housing Characteristics on Universiti Sains Malaysia: Pusat Pengajian Metropolitan Residential Satisfaction. Perumahan, Bangunan dan Perancangan. Journal of Urban Planning and Mohit, M.A. (2010). Assessment of Residential Development 134(4):166-172. Satisfaction in Newly Designed Public Jeanne, R. (2003). Customer Satisfaction Low-Cost Housing in Kuala Lumpur, Measurement in a Business to Business Malaysia. Habitat International, 34(1), Context: a Conceptual Framework, 18–27 Journal of Business & Industrial Noormohammadzadeh, H. (2006). Determining Marketing, 18(2), 179- 195. and explaining purpose in city planning, Khakpoor, B., Velayati, S., Kiyanejad, S.Q. (2007). The model of land use A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______98
the journal of beautiful arts, issue:26, Rossi, P.H. (1955). Why Families Move, New 27-36. York: Macmillan. Nurizan, Y., Hashim, A.H. (2001). Perumahan Salvesn, David. (2002). The making of place, dan Kediaman. Malaysia: Universiti Urban Land, 61(7). Putra Malaysia. Schmitt, R.B. (2009). Considering Social Ogu, V.I. (2002). Urban residential Cohesion in Quality Of Life Assessments: satisfaction and the planning implications Consepts and Measurment, Social in a developing World context: the example Indicators Research, 58(1-3). of Benin City, Nigeria. International Shateriyan, M., Oshnooyi, A., Ganjipoor, M. Planning Studies, 7(1), 37–53. (2011). A measurement of residents’ Okoko, Enos. (2005). Intra- urban residential satisfaction of the old context of city of mobility: A taxonomy of potential movers Aran and Bidgol from quality of life and potential non-movers in Akur , Nigeria, indexes. Urban and regional studies and journal of land use and development studies researches, 4(13), 127-144. 1(1),127-143. Simpson, G., Fowler, M. (1994). Geographic Parker, Simon. (2004). Urban theory and the mobility and children’s emotional/ urban experience, published by Routledge. behavioral adjustment and school Pettit, Becky. (2004). Moving and Children’s functioning. Pediatrics, 93 (2), 303–309. Social Connections: Neighborhood Context Strassmann, W.P. (2000). Mobility and and the Consequences of Moving for Affordability in US Housing, Urban Low-Income Families, Sociological Studies, 37(1), 113–126. Forum, 19(2), 285–311. van der Vlist, A.J. (2006). Residential Mobility Poorahmad, A., Rezayi, R. (2009). The and Commuting. PhD dissertation, Vrije relationship of economic activities focus Universiteit, Amsterdam. on population increase of Tehran Van Poll, R. (1997). The perceived quality of metropolis, the quarterly journal of the urban residential environment, A Human Geography, 1(3). multi-attribute evaluation, Rijksuniversiteit Downloaded from iueam.ir at 5:46 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Poorahmad, A; Seyfoddini, F; Parnoon, Z. Groningen, Groningen, 17-38. (2011). Immigration and land use change Varady, D.P., Walker, C.C., Wang, X. in the city of Islamshahr, the quarterly (2001). Voucher Recipient Achievement journal of geographical studies of dry of Improved Housing Conditions In The areas 2(5). US: Do Moving Distance And Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Relocation Services Matter?. Urban Urban Form: Towards a Man–Environment Studies, 38(8), 1273-1305. Approach to Urban Form and Design. Zinas, B. Z., Jusan, M. B. (2010). Choice Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press. Behaviour of Housing Attributes: Theory Raykov, T., Marcoulides, G.A. (2006). A first and Measurement. Asian Journal of course in structural equation modeling. Environment- Behaviour Studies , 1(3), 1-18 London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rhineberger, M, Gayle. (2003). Social disorganization, dieorder, social cohesion, informal control: a reformation and test of systemic social disorganization theory. Western Michigan university, doctoral dissertation.