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Morphometric Comparison of Human Nerve Cells: Pyramidal Motor System

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Morphometric Comparison of Human Nerve Cells: Pyramidal Motor System Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 82(2): 31–34, August, 2005 Morphometric Comparison of Human Nerve Cells: Pyramidal Motor System By Makoto UMINO, Jun GOTO, Noboru GOTO, Naoko NONAKA and Masakazu SHIBATA Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan – Received for Publication, January 11, 2005 – Key Words: Cell size, Image-analyzer, Morphology, Morphometry, Pyramidal tract Summary: We compared morphological and morphometric data on various motor neurons in the human pyramidal system using the modified Klu¨ ver-Barrera staining method with extremely minimized shrinkage ratio and an image- analyzer. We classified motor neurons in the human pyramidal system into three groups according to the measurement data. This report may be of interest to better understand the process of nerve conduction in the human pyramidal system. Although there are several monographs on the An image analyzer (Soft Imaging System GmbH morphology of various brainstem nuclei in hu- equipped with a microscope, Olympus BX 40, and mans1,2), quantitative evaluations are fairly rare, a computer, Dell Precision 530) was used for the especially with methods minimizing shrinkage ratio. measurement and calculation of the neuronal areas We have conducted morphological and morpho- and perimeters. We used a pencil-type tracer (Wa- metrical comparisons of various neurons in the hu- com Favo F630) on enlarged images (40 times) of man pyramidal motor system. the neurons appearing on the computer LCD to trace the contour of neurons having a nucleolus in the nucleus. Methods We examined nerve cells in the pyramidal motor Results system using an image-analyzer equipped with a microscope and a special tissue preparation method Morphological findings (modified Klu¨ ver-Barrera method3)) to minimize Representative neurons in the human pyramidal the shrinkage ratio of sections: the precentral cere- system are shown in the figure. The neurons are bral cortex (Betz cells) in a 60-year-old male; the generally pyramidal in shape, although there are anterior horn cells (5th cervical, 8th thoracic, 2nd differences regarding the size of cell-bodies and lumbar and 2nd sacral) in a 60-year-old male; amounts of Nissl bodies. motor cranial nuclei (oculomotor, trochlear, motor trigeminal, abducens, facial, ambiguus and hypo- Morphometrical comparisons glossal) after making serial K-B sections (40 mm Morphometrical comparisons showed that the thick) of the brainstem and cerebellum in a 63-year- motor neurons in the pyramidal system can be old female. More than 30 neurons in each nucleus classified into three different groups: (1) large size were selected for measurement except for the am- neurons (Betz cells, motor trigeminal nerve cells, biguus nucleus. facial nerve cells, lumbar anterior horn cells, sacral Correspondence: Jun Goto, M.D., Dept. of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine and Dept. of Oral Anatomy, Showa University School of Dentistry, 5-8, Hatanodai 1, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan 31 32 M. Umino et al. Fig. Representative neurons in the human pyramidal system. Modified K-B stain, scale bar ¼ 50 mm. Abbreviations: A: ambiguus neuron; AD: abducens neuron; Betz: Betz cells of the precentral cortex; CAH: cervical anterior horn cell; F: facial nerve cell; HG: hypoglossal nerve cell; LAH: lumbar anterior horn cell; MT: motor trigeminal nerve cell; OM: ocu- lomotor nerve cell; SAH: sacral anterior horn cell; TAH: thoracic anterior horn cell; TR: trochlear nerve cell. anterior horn cells); (2) medium size neurons (ocu- on one side. Betz cells are considered to be the or- lomotor nerve cells, ambiguus nerve cells, hypo- igin of the pyramidal tract6).However,itissaidthat glossal nerve cells, cervical anterior horn cells); and the pyramidal tract contains more than one million (3) small size neurons (trochlear nerve cells, abdu- nerve fibers on one side7).Wehavediscoveredthat cens nerve cells, thoracic anterior horn cells). The this discrepancy in the number of Betz cells and data for each nerve cell group are listed in Table 1. pyramidal nerve fibers is derived from method- The largest average area is found in the sacral an- ological differences. Up to now, silver impregnation terior horn cells (Rexed layer 9) in the pyramidal methods were used for the counting of nerve axons. system, while the smallest is in the trochlear nerve This is why previous reports described more than cells(seeTable1forthedata). 90% of axons as ‘‘unmyelinated’’. But we used a more discriminative staining method: the Goto’s modification of Masson-Goldner (MGG)’s staining Discussion methods3). We then found that there were 48,768; 56,934; 67,419 pyramidal nerve fibers on one side The pyramidal tract consists of the upper and at the level of the medulla oblongata8).Wealso lower motor neurons. The Betz cells are the upper confirmed there were abundant glial fibers (most motor neurons, while the others are the lower mo- of them were astrocytic processes), but no un- tor neurons. Regarding the number of Betz cells, myelinated nerve fibers. textbooks4,5) mention a range of 20,000 to 40,000 Concerning the size of the lower motor neurons, Morphometric Comparison of Human Nerve Cells 33 Table 1. Morphometric comparison of human nerve cell-bodies in the pyramidal system Nerve cells n Average area (mm2) Average perimeter (mm) Betz cells 50 9592.21 G 4691.74 781.72 G 244.68 Oculomotor nerve cells 32 6512.75 G 1417.48 453.84 G 112.55 Trochlear nerve cells 34 4572.63 G 1200.24 404.82 G 118.76 Motor trigeminal nerve cells 33 9437.56 G 2441.13 673.20 G 181.88 Abducens nerve cells 33 4936.98 G 1440.01 455.38 G 143.75 Facial nerve cells 32 10554.16 G 3076.42 690.88 G 245.85 Ambiguus nerve cells 18 7071.57 G 1543.47 484.14 G 120.73 Hypoglossal nerve cells 32 7427.51 G 2087.17 709.75 G 253.37 Cervical anterior horn cells 48 7220.73 G 2088.81 575.01 G 194.13 Thoracic anterior horn cells 40 4685.02 G 1319.20 387.12 G 124.13 Lumbar anterior horn cells 30 10445.24 G 3348.54 719.37 G 256.15 Sacral anterior horn cells 30 14662.33 G 3384.96 736.39 G 174.46 Table 2. Neuron/muscle paring References Neurons Muscles 1) Olszewski J and Baxter D. Cytoarchitechture of the human brain stem. S. Karger, Basel-Mu¨ nchen-Paris-London-New oculomotor nerve cells external ocular muscles (a) York-Sydney, 1954 & 1982. trochlear nerve cells superior oblique muscle 2) Goto N. Atlas of the human brainstem and cerebellum. motor trigeminal nerve cells chewing muscles (b) Medical Tribune, Tokyo, 1989. abducens nerve cells lateral rectus muscle 3) Goto N. Discriminative staining methods for the nervous facial nerve cells facial expression muscles system: Luxol fast blue-periodic acid Schiff-hematoxylin ambiguus nerve cells pharyngolaryngeal muscles triple stain and subsidiary staining methods. Stain Technol hypoglossus nerve cells tongue (c) 1987; 62:305–315. C5 anterior horn cells deltoid and antebrachii muscles 4) Lassek AM. The human pyramidal tract. II A numerical Th8 anterior horn cells intercostal muscles and investigation of the Betz cells of the motor area. Arch abdominal wall (d) Neurol Psychiat (Chicago) 1940; 44:718–724. L2 anterior horn cells quadriceps femoris muscles 5) Kawana E. Pyramidal tract. In Okamoto M & Ogawa T S2 anterior horn cells soleus, gastrocunemii, biceps (eds): Anatomy of the brain, Asakura Shoten (Tokyo), pp femoris muscles 380–393, 1971 (in Japanese). 6) Holmes G and May WP. On the exact origin of the pyra- (a): superior, medial and inferior rectus muscles and levatoris midal tract in man and other mammals. Brain 1909; 32:1– palpebralis superior muscle. 43. (b): masseter, temporalis, pterygoideus lateralis and medialis 7) Lassek AM and Rasmussen GL. The human pyramidal muscles. tract: A fiber and numerical analysis. Arch Neurol Psychiat (c): intrinsic lingual muscles, genioglossus, hyoglossus, stylo- (Chicago) 1939; 42:872–876. glossus, chondroglossus and palatoglossus. 8) Wada A, Goto J, Goto N, Kawamura N and Matsumoto K. (d): external and internal oblique abdominal, transversus ab- Are there one million nerve fibres in the human medullary dominis and rectus abdominis muscles. pyramid? Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2001; 77:221–224. 9) Hamano S, Goto N and Nara T. Development of the human motor trigeminal nucleus. Pediatr Neurosci 1988; 14:230–235. 10) Nara T, Goto N and Yamaguchi K. Development of human there have been no other data measured by a simi- hypoglossal nucleus: A morphometric study. Dev Neurosci lar method to the one in this study in the strict 1989; 11:212–220. 11) Zhang C, Goto N, Suzuki M and Ke M. Age-related re- sense of the word, except for several studies by ductions in number and size of anterior horn cells at C6 – us9 12). We believe that the size of nerve cells, level of the human spinal cord. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn especially motor neurons is correlated to the size 1996; 73:171–178. of innervating muscles12–15), as in the examples of 12) Setoyama S, Zhou M, Goto N and Shimada K. Morpho- combinations of neurons and muscles given in metric comparison of the motor trigeminal neurons. Okaji- mas Folia Anat Jpn 1997; 73:301–312. Table 2. 13) Yuan H, Ke M, Goto N, Goto J and Suzuki K. Morpho- Previous reports have dealt mainly with the metric evaluation of the human cervical motoneurons. numbers of muscle fibers rather than their size. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2000; 76:277–284. Further research is therefore needed, using a prep- 14) Yuan H, Goto N, Akita H, Shiraishi N and He H. Mor- aration method that minimizes tissue shrinkage, to phometric analysis of the human cervical motoneurons in the aging process.
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