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Free Full-Text Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin et al., RJPP, 2019; 3:7 Research Article RJPP 2019 3:7 Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (ISSN:2572-8377) Anti-inflammatory Activity ofSaccharum Officinarum Linn (Poaceae) Juice in Animal Models Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin, Ayinla Adebola Christina, **Ujomo Tejumade Department Of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College Of Medicine, University Of Lagos; **Department Of Pharmacology And Therapeutic, University Of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Saccharum officcinarum (SOC) juice has been used for treat- *Correspondence to Author: ment and management of several conditions including urinary Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin tract infection, diabetes, constipation, tooth decay and bad breath Department Of Pharmacology, according to folklore. This study was carried out to explore the Therapeutics & Toxicology, College anti-inflammatory effects of the juice ofSaccharum officinarum in Of Medicine, University Of Lagos doses of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mL/kg using the following mod- els in rats - carrageenan, histamine, serotonin, formalin-induced paw oedema, and cotton-pellet granuloma. Also employing the How to cite this article: following models in mice - castor oil-induced diarrhea and xy- Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin, Ayinla lene-induced ear oedema. Animals were pretreated with aspirin Adebola Christina, Ujomo Teju- (100 mg/kg; p.o), cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg; p.o.), atropine (1 mg/ made. Anti-inflammatory Activity kg p.o), dexamethasone (5 mg/kg; p.o.) and celecoxib (20 mg/ of Saccharum Officinarum Linn kg p.o.). Oral administration of SOC juice significantly (p<0.001) (Poaceae) Juice in Animal Models. reduced the right hind paw circumference induced by carrageen- Research Journal of Pharmacology an, histamine, serotonin and formalin compared to control group. and Pharmacy, 2019, 3:7 Furthermore, it inhibited xylene-induced ear oedema with peak effect at 20 mL/kg, as well as castor oil-induced diarrhea and cotton pellet granuloma with peak effect at 10 mL/kg. The an- ti-inflammatory activities of SOC were significant (p<0.05) when compared with aspirin, cyproheptadine and dexamethasone. The eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. study revealed the potent anti-inflammatory activities of the juice Website: https://escipub.com/ of S. officinarum. Keywords: Saccharum officinarum, anti-inflammatory, carra- geenan, aspirin, histamine, rat RJPP: https://escipub.com/research-journal-of-pharmacology-and-pharmacy/ 1 Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin et al., RJPP, 2019; 3:7 INTRODUCTION Sugarcane has been used in various parts of the world for curing inflammatory diseases and other Inflammation is a generic body response, a part ailments. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, of the protective mechanisms involving a sugarcane is used either as a single remedy or complex array of biochemical processes such as in combination with some other plant materials enzyme activation, mediator release and (7). Some natives and traditional healers of the extravasation of fluid, cell migration, and tissue world have recommended sugarcane juice for its damage and repair (1, 2) in response to harmful diuretic property (8). It is thought that regular use stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or of sugarcane juice will keep the urinary flow clear irritants. It is a mechanism of innate immunity and fast, which will further help the kidneys to involving immune cells, blood vessels, and perform their function properly. It is also used as molecular mediators, as compared to adaptive aphrodisiac, laxative, coolant, demulcent, immunity, which is specific for each pathogen. antiseptic, and as a tonic (9). According to the Too little inflammation could lead to progressive Unani system of medicine, sugarcane juice is tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus such considered good for patients with jaundice. Most as bacteria and compromise the survival of the of the ethnobotanical uses have not been organism. If not arrested or treated, acute scientifically evaluated. Efforts in this study were inflammation progresses to chronic, which may aimed at evaluating the acute toxicity profile, lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, phytochemical constituents and the anti- periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid inflammatory activity of the juice of S. arthritis, and even cancer (gallbladder officinarum. The possible pathway of its anti- carcinoma). Inflammation therefore functions to inflammatory activity was also explored. eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clears out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the MATERIALS AND METHODS original insult and the inflammatory process, and Plant Materials initiate tissue repair (3). It is a process normally Collection and Preparation closely regulated by the body (4). The whole plant of Saccharum officinarum was Despite the availability of conventional drugs, obtained from the vegetable farm at Idi- araba, both old and new, the side effects of anti- Surulere LGA, Lagos State, Nigeria, for the inflammatory agents including gastrointestinal purposes of identification and authentication, upset, gastric ulcer, bleeding, which were carried out at the Herbarium of the immunosuppression and organo-toxicity are a Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty major concern in clinical use; which has of Science, University Of Lagos by Mr G.I. therefore called for a continuous search for safe Nodza. The plant specimen was deposited in the and effective newer agents. One of such herbarium and a voucher specimen number: research areas is the screening of medicinal LUH7935 was issued. plants with folkloric anti-inflammatory claims. A juice extractor was used to squeeze out the S. officinarum (Linn.) commonly known as juice from peeled fresh stems weighing 139.42 sugarcane is a large, strong-growing species of g. The juice was 84.39 g (80 mL) after extraction grass belonging to the family Poaceae. India is and always used fresh. the second largest producer of sugarcane, after Animals Brazil (5). It is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce Eighty-eight (88) male Wistar albino rats multiple stems, typically 3-4m high and about weighing between 100-120 g and 52 albino mice 5cm in diameter. Sugarcane originated from weighing between 20-25 g were obtained from tropical South and Southeast Asia, but different the Laboratory Animal Center, College of species are found in different locations (6). Medicine, University of Lagos. The animals were RJPP: https://escipub.com/research-journal-of-pharmacology-and-pharmacy/ 2 Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin et al., RJPP, 2019; 3:7 maintained under standard laboratory Ct – circumference of paw of rat treated with conditions, having free access to standard agent at time t rodent diet. All the animals were allowed to Co – circumference of paw of rat with initial paw acclimatize for 10 days before commencement circumference of experiment, and fasted 12 hours prior each Histamine-induced paw edema test experiment. All experimental procedures were carried out in compliance with the United States Experimental animals were divided into 3 groups National Institute of Health Guidelines for care of 4 animals each. Group 1 received distilled and use of Laboratory animals in biomedical water (10 mL/kg p.o), Group 2 SOC juice dose research (NIH) and recommendation of ISAP (20 mL/kg p.o) and Group 3- cyproheptadine (10 (10). mg/kg p.o). One hour post-treatment, edema was induced by injection of histamine into the Materials sub-plantar tissue of the right hind paw. The Atropine, carrageenan, serotonin, histamine, linear paw circumference was measured using a formalin, xylene and celecoxib were obtained digital vernier caliper. Measurements were from Sigma chemical company in USA. Castor made immediately before the injection of oil, aspirin, cyproheptadine and dexamethasone histamine and at a 30 minutes interval for 3 were purchased from a standard pharmacy shop hours and the percentage inhibition was at Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria. calculated (14, 15). Acute toxicity test [Ct−Co]control−[Ct−Co]test % inhibition = × 100 Fasted male mice were randomly selected into [Ct−Co]control groups (n =3), and each group dosed with 15, Ct – circumference of paw of rat treated with 20, 30 and 40 mL/kg of SOC juice agent at time t intraperitoneally, while 50 mL/kg was Co – circumference of paw of rat with initial paw administered orally. LD50 was scored circumference accordingly (11). Serotonin-induced paw edema test PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Experimental rats were divided into 3 groups of Carrageenan-induced paw edema test 4 animals each. Group 1 received distilled water Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups (10 mL/kg p.o), Group 2 SOC juice dose (20 of 4 animals each. Group 1- received distilled mL/kg p.o) and Group 3- cyproheptadine (10 water (10mL/kg p.o); Groups 2,3,4 and 5 SOC mg/kg p.o). One hour post-treatment, edema juice doses; 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/kg per oral was induced by injection of serotonin into the and Group 6- aspirin (100 mg/kg p.o). One hour sub-plantar tissue of the right hind paw. The post-treatment, edema was induced by injection linear paw circumference was measured using a of carrageenan (0.1 mL, 1% w/v in saline) into digital Vernier caliper. Measurements were the sub-plantar tissue of the right hind paw (12, made immediately before the injection of 13). The linear paw circumference was serotonin and at a 30 minute interval for 3 hours measured using a digital Vernier caliper. and the percentage inhibition was calculated Measurements
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