sign in sign up
<<
Home , Bacchiadae, Greek love, Greek words for love, Isthmian Games

Creating Change through Familiar Analogies

CORINTH

Dr. Keith Lloyd © Associate Professor of English Kent State University at Stark [email protected]  The (: Βακχιάδαι Bakkhiadai), a tightly-

 [O]ccupied from at least as early knit Doric clan, were the ruling as 6500 BC kinship group of archaic Corinth in  [A] city-state (polis) on the the 8th and 7th centuries BC, a Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the period of expanding Corinthian Peloponnesus to the mainland of cultural power. , roughly halfway between Athens and (Wiki “Ancient  or Kypselos (Greek: Corinth”) Κύψελος) was the first of  was one of the Corinth, in the 7th century BC. largest and most important cities From 658–628 BC, he removed of Greece, with a population of 90,000 in 400 BC. the Bacchiad aristocracy from  According to Hellenic myth, the power and ruled for three decades. city was founded by Corinthos, a He built temples to and descendant of the god (the Sun) in 650 BC.  [O]ther myths suggest that it was founded by the goddess Ephyra, a daughter of the Titan , thus the ancient name of the city (also Ephyra).

There is evidence that the city was destroyed around 2000 BC. Ancient Corinth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  During this era, Corinthians developed the Corinthian CLASSICAL CORINTH order, the third main style of classical architecture after the  Corinth had a temple of Doric and the Ionic. , the goddess of ,  The Corinthian order was the employing some thousand most complicated of the three, hetairas (temple prostitutes) showing the city's wealth and  The city was renowned for the luxurious lifestyle, while these temple prostitutes, who the Doric order evoked the served the wealthy merchants rigorous simplicity of the and the powerful officials who Spartans, and the Ionic was a frequented the city. harmonious balance between these two following the  Lais, the most famous hetaira, cosmopolitan philosophy of was said to charge tremendous Ionians like the Athenians. fees for her extraordinary favours. Referring to the city's exorbitant luxuries, is quoted as saying: "non licet omnibus adire Corinthum" ("Not everyone is able to go to Corinth"). Ancient Corinth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Columns | Revival of Ancient Greek ...bhousedesain.com CORINTHIAN POTTERY

 black-figure painting technique: figure silhouettes drawn in black and filled in

with incised details. Greek Pottery :: Corinthian Pottery ::  The principal motifs, which Corinthian alabastron - www.hellenic-art.com mirror Middle Eastern styles, are animals in procession and human figures, sometimes in mythical scenes.  The small aryballos (scent or oil bottle) is an especially common shape.

Text and First Image: “Proto-Corinthian style.” Encyclopedia Britannica Introduction to First Corinthians wwwwww.generationword.com http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480129/Proto- Corinthian-style ΚΌΡΙΝΘΟΣ KÓRINTHOS

 In 27 BC the southern regions of Greece were detached from Macedonia and reorganized as the province of Achaia.  smaller towns were abandoned and their populations concentrated into strategically placed cities. Corinth was one of these centres and the obvious choice for capital of Achaia.  overland portage across the isthmus cut the sea voyage by more than two hundred miles.  An added attraction of the city, drawing thousands of visitors biennially, were the Isthmian Games, hosted by Corinth. himself attended the games in 66 AD.

Corinth – Rome's command post in Greece. But was it Paul's? http://www.jesusneverexisted.com/corinth1.html THE ISTHMIAN GAMES Isthmian Games, in , a festival of athletic and musical competitions in honour of the sea god Poseidon, held in The games included musical and poetical the spring of the second and fourth years of contests; there is “evidence women were each at his sanctuary on the allowed to compete.” Wiki Isthmus of Corinth. Legend attributed their origin either to , king of Corinth, or to . First official date: 582 BC

Isthmian Games - Encyclopaedia Britannica www.britannica.com/EBchecked/.../Isthmian-Gam...Encyclopaedia Britannica

Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. They continued for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. that all such "pagan cults" be banned.

Mainse Media Group / Reynold Mainse | Day Sixteen, Delphi, Greecewww.reynoldmainse.com ANCIENT CORINTH

 Ships would dock and goods would be ported to the other side of the isthmus.  A canal (begun and aborted in 1st Century AD) was completed in 1893—but its too narrow for modern ships..  The Temple to Aphrodite was on the mountain above the city.

ArchAtlas: Portageswww.archatlas.org

Temple of Apollo in Ancient Corinth Greecewww.ancientcorinth.net

Temple to Aphrodite Peloponnese Guide: Ancient Corinthwww.greeceathensaegeaninfo.com After the Romans built a new city in its place and made it the provincial capital of Greece in 44 BC, the city population was between ΚΌΡΙΝΘΟΣ KÓRINTHOS 100,000 to 700,000 according to different sources. Ancient Corinth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Corinth – A vibrant Roman colony  "Now after Corinth had remained deserted for a long time, it was restored again, because of its favorable position, by the deified Caesar, who colonized it with people that belonged for the most part to the freedmen class." – Strabo, Geography, 8.6.23. c.23 AD.  "Corinth is no longer inhabited by any of the old Corinthians, but by colonists sent out by the Romans.“ – , Periegesis Hellados, 2.1.2., c.150 AD.

 Corinth at the time of Paul was not a Greek city but a Roman Corinthian helmet - Wikipedia, the colony …. free  encyclopediaen.wi Strabo, an early 1st century AD historian and geographer, kipedia.org records the desolation of ancient Corinth at the hand of the Roman general Leucius Mummius. The year was 146 BC. The Corinthians had unwisely rallied resistance to their Roman overlords and the city had suffered the ultimate penalty. But the site had natural advantages not lost on Julius Caesar. After Corinth – Rome's command post in Greece. the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus he chose Corinth to settle But was it Paul's? his veterans. In 44 BC imperial architects laid out a grid of http://www.jesusneverexist streets centered on the still extant archaic temple of Apollo. ed.com/corinth1.html VEGAS WITH TEMPLES?

 In the mid-1st century its population was … a melee of state officials, military veterans, traders and mariners from east and west, hucksters, prostitutes and religious charlatans of every stripe. All were drawn by the growing wealth of this Roman boom town.

Statue of the  Pausanius, a 2nd century visitor, describes a Corinthian market-place replete with statues of , , Emperor Augustus, 27 B.C. Poseidon, Apollo, Aphrodite and . He names the - 14 A.D. From temples of Tyche, , and and a sanctuary of "All the Julian the Gods". Basilica.  Above the monumental gateway leading from the forum to Statue of Gaius the port of Lechaeum he describes the gilded chariots of the Caesar, grandson sun god Helios and his son Phaeton, and the nearby bronzes of Augustus, 20 of Hercules and Hermes. By the theatre, he records the B.C. - 4 A.D. sanctuary of Zeus Capitolinus and nearby a temple dedicated From the Julian to . By the Acrocorinth he notes dual sanctuaries of Basilica. the Egyptian gods Isis and , and still further shrines of the Fates, , and Bunaea. On the summit of the Acrocorinth, he records the famed Temple of Aphrodite. Text: “Corinth – Rome's command post in Greece. But was it Paul's?” Image; Thom Watson. flickriver. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/thomwatson/4139731654 http://www.jesusneverexisted.com/corinth1.html Korinthiazesthai “to live like a Corinthian” became part of the , meaning to live a life of “drunken debauchery.” Corinthians THE ACROCORINTH were depicted in plays as drunks (William Barklay, The Letters to the Corinthians).

 “A famous temple to Aphrodite had stood on the summit of Acrocorinth in the Classical age… It had fallen to ruins by the Paul’s time, but successors to its 1,000 cult prostitutes continued to ply their profession in the city below.”  Corinth was a city catering to sailors and travelling salesmen.  Even by the Classical Age it had earned an unsavory reputation for its libertine atmosphere; to call someone a “Corinthian lass” was to impugn her morals. It may be that one of Corinth’s attractions for Pal was precisely this reputation of immorality.” from The Biblical World in Pictures

Biblical city of Corinth http://www.padfield.com/acrobat/history/corinth.pdf DECLINE

 The city was largely destroyed in the earthquakes of 365 and 375, followed by Alaric's invasion in 396. The city was rebuilt after these disasters on a monumental scale, but covered a much smaller area than previously. Four churches were located in the city proper, another on the citadel of the Acrocorinth, and a monumental basilica at the port of Lechaion.[48]  During the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527–565), a large stone wall was erected from the Saronic to the Corinthian gulfs, protecting the city and the Peloponnese peninsula from the barbarian invasions from the north. The stone wall was about six miles (10 km) long and was named Hexamilion ("six-miles").  Corinth declined from the 6th century on, and may even have fallen to barbarian invaders in the early 7th century. The main settlement moved from the lower city to the Acrocorinth. Despite its becoming the capital of the theme of Hellas and, after ca. 800, of the theme of the Peloponnese, it was not until the 9th century that the city began to recover, reaching its apogee in the 11th and 12th centuries, when it was the site of a flourishing silk industry.[48]  In November 856, an earthquake in Corinth killed an estimated 45,000.[49]  The wealth of the city attracted the attention of the Sicilian Normans under Roger of Sicily, who plundered it in 1147, carrying off many captives, most notably silk weavers. The city never fully recovered from the Norman sack.[ PAUL AND CORINTH

 Traditionally, the Church of Corinth is believed to have been founded by Paul, making it an Apostolic See.  Under the Romans, Corinth was rebuilt as a major city in Southern Greece or Achaia. It had a large mixed population of Romans, , and Jews.  When the apostle Paul first visited the city (AD 51 or 52), Gallio, the brother of Seneca, was proconsul. Paul resided here for eighteen months (see Acts 18:1–18). Here he first became acquainted with Priscilla and Aquila with whom he worked and travelled.  Gallio's (Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus) tenure can be fairly accurately dated to between 51-52 AD. Therefore, the events of Acts 18 can be dated to this period. This is significant because it is the most accurately known date in the life of Paul. Wiki “Gallio”

A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 CORINTH AND PAUL

 Paul, Aquila, and Priscilla there plied their trade as tentmakers (Acts 18:2-3).  Regarding Corinth’s economy, LaMoine DeVries wrote:  Corinth had an economy based on trade and commerce, industry, and agriculture. While the annual rainfall of the region was quite limited, the city benefited from the production of agricultural products in the fertile coastal plain nearby, especially the cultivation of orchards and vineyards. In addition to agriculture, Corinth had at least two thriving industries that produced pottery and bronze metal works that were shipped throughout the Mediterranean (p. 360).  Since 1896, archeologists under the direction of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens have been excavating ancient Corinth. They found that during the time of Paul, many great buildings were being reconstructed after their destruction at the hands of Lucius Mummius, and that many new building were being built as well.

A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 PAUL AND CORINTH ACTS 18

 Paul left Athens and went to Corinth. 2 There he met a Jew named Aquila, a native of , who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla, because Claudius had ordered all Jews to leave Rome. Paul went to see them, 3 and because he was a tentmaker as they were, he stayed and worked with them. 4 Every Sabbath he reasoned in the synagogue, trying to persuade Jews and Greeks.  5 When Silas and Timothy came from Macedonia, Paul devoted himself exclusively to preaching, testifying to the Jews that Jesus was the Messiah. 6 But when they opposed Paul and became abusive, he shook out his clothes in protest and said to them, “Your blood be on your own heads! I am innocent of it. From now on I will go to the Gentiles.”  7 Then Paul left the synagogue and went next door to the house of Titius Justus, a worshiper of God. 8 Crispus, the synagogue leader, and his entire household believed in the Lord; and many of the Corinthians who heard Paul believed and were baptized. ACTS 18

 9 One night the Lord spoke to Paul in a vision: “Do not be afraid; keep on speaking, do not be silent. 10 For I am with you, and no one is going to attack and harm you, because I have many people in this city.” 11 So Paul stayed in Corinth for a year and a half, teaching them the word of God.  12 While Gallio was proconsul of Achaia, the Jews of Corinth made a united attack on Paul and brought him to the place of judgment. 13 “This man,” they charged, “is persuading the people to worship God in ways contrary to the law.”  14 Just as Paul was about to speak, Gallio said to them, “If you Jews were making a complaint about some misdemeanor or serious crime, it would be reasonable for me to listen to you. 15 But since it involves questions about words and names and your own law—settle the matter yourselves. I will not be a judge of such things.” 16 So he drove them off. 17 Then the crowd there turned on Sosthenes the synagogue leader and beat him in front of the proconsul; and Gallio showed no concern whatever.  18 Paul stayed on in Corinth for some time. Then he left the brothers and sisters and sailed for Syria, accompanied by Priscilla and Aquila. PLACE OF PAUL’S HEARING

 DeVries went on to describe the agora, or market, which was divided by a row of shops and the bema [seat or step of judgment— AP] into the lower and upper forums; the bouleuterion, where the council met; a series of shops, possibly restaurants or bars, where pits, fed with cold spring water, kept wine cool; small temples to Apollo, Tyche, Venus and Hera located to the west of the agora; the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore; a large pottery industrial area; and the Lerna-Asclepeum complex, which contained bathing, exercise, and dining areas all devoted to the healing of the infirmed and consecrated to Asclepius, the god of healing (pp. 365-366).  To the south of the theater and temple of Apollo were several other temples, religious shrines, and Roman-style public buildings. Also present was a basilica, probably used as the judicial headquarters for the city of Corinth. If this were true, then Paul likely would have appeared before Gallio (Acts 18:12-17) at the basilica instead of at the ceremonial bema in the center of the forum (Furnish, p. 23).

A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 JEWISH PRESENCE IN CORINTH

 While dated later than the time of Paul, two archaeological finds proved that there was a significant number of Jews at Corinth. The first was an inscription that read, “Synagogue of the Hebrews,” proving that there were enough Jews in Corinth, at least as late as the fourth century, to warrant building a synagogue. Another piece, apparently from a synagogue, showed typical Jewish decorations of candelabras, palm branches, and citron (Furnish, p. 26).

A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 ASKLEPIOS

Other archaeological finds in the city of Corinth included a bronze mirror that had been made in Corinth, statues, a fountain with sculpted , and terra cotta models of body parts that were used in The Asclepion is a place where healing rituals at the Lerna-Asclepeum people came to be healed of their diseases and the complex healing complex (Furnish, pp. 17-26). included temples, dining rooms, bathing facilities, dormitories, and other structures. Asklepios was actually a deified Greek physician and the symbol of Asklepios is an Planet Wissen - entwined snake (the same as Beruf the modern medical symbol). Arztwww.planet- wissen.de HolyLandPhotos' Blog Discussing Sites, Peoples, and Events Related A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. to the Bible, Ancient Near East, and Classical http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 Studies THE ERASTUS INSCRIPTION

 An interesting archaeological find lies between the north market and the theater in the form of an inscription. This finding probably refers to a public official of Corinth, whom Paul appears to have identified by name in his letter to the Romans. In Romans 16:23 Paul conveyed greetings to the Roman church from several people, one of whom was “Erastus, the city treasurer.” Since the apostle almost certainly wrote Romans from Corinth, Erastus was probably the treasurer of the city. Erastus is associated specifically with Corinth in 2 Timothy 4:20.  The Erastus inscription, which was found in Corinth in 1929, has been dated to the second half of the first century A.D.. Originally, it consisted of letters carved into limestone paving blocks and then inlaid with metal. Only two metal punctuation marks remain, however, although most of the inscription itself is still visible in a small plaza just east of the theater (Furnish, p. 20). The inscription in the pavement is translated, “Erastus in return for his aedileship [position as magistrate— AP] laid [the pavement] at his own expense” (Furnish, p. 20). It is highly possible that this is the same Erastus mentioned in Romans 16:23, 2 Timothy 4:20, and Acts 19:22.

A.P. Staff. Corinth in History and Archaeology. Apologetics Press. http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=1217 HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR THE LETTERS

 Most likely, Paul left Corinth in the fall of 51 CE. After concluding his second missionary journey, Paul returned again to Asia on his third journey (c. fall, 52 CE).  This time he settled down in Ephesus for almost three years (Acts 19:10; 20:31)—i.e., from the fall of 52 until the spring of 55 CE.  While in Ephesus there must have been contact between Corinth and Paul, for he speaks of the Corinthians misunderstanding his “previous letter” in 1 Cor. 5:9. The apostle had to clear up the misunderstanding, as well as address other issues—hence, “first” Corinthians was written. OUTLINE OF I CORINTHIANS

 (1) Paul had written a previous letter (1 Cor. 5:9) which was misunderstood by the Corinthians. In that letter he told them not to associate with immoral persons and they took this to mean all immoral persons, while he only meant immoral professing believers (5:10-13). The matter needed to be cleared up.9  (2) The apostle also got news from members of Chloe’s house that there were divisions arising among the Corinthian believers (1:11). Presumably the report included other problems such as attitudes toward the apostles (4:1-21), incestuous behavior (5:1-5), and lawsuits between Christians (6:1-11).  (3) Chapter 7 begins “now concerning the matters about which you wrote . . . ,” indicating that Paul was also responding to issues raised by the entire congregation. Apparently a delegation of believers (including Stephanas, Fortunatas, and Achaicus [16:17]) came with these questions in the form of a letter. First Corinthians 7:1 begins περὶ δέ, which is repeated in 7:25; 8:1; 12:1; 15:1 (simply δέ here), and 16:1. This sounds very much as though Paul is merely responding, in a very business-like manner, to questions which may or may not be intrinsically related to the preceding section.

7. 1 Corinthians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline. From New Testament: Introductions and Outlines. Bible.org https://bible.org/seriespage/1-corinthians-introduction-argument-and-outline THE OPPOSITION TO WHICH HE WRITES

 Paul’s opponents at Corinth were Jews, proto-Gnostics, libertines, ascetics, ecstatics, realized eschatologists,11 anti-resurrectionists, and more! It may be an overstatement to call all of these “opponents,” but it is obvious that several factions existed in Corinth (cf. 1:10- 17) and the problems needed to be dealt with seriatim.12

7. 1 Corinthians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline. From New Testament: Introductions and Outlines. Bible.org https://bible.org/seriespage/1-corinthians-introduction-argument-and-outline PAUL’S RESPONSE

Conditions Response Analogies

 Five key problems  Five main response analogies:  Being pure in a completely  Food/body decadent city  Failing to follow Paul’s leadership and teachings  Master Builder  Losing sight of the goal:  Running the Race living for Jesus’ return  Understanding our role as vessels for the divine.  Clay pots  Misunderstanding “love” in  Redefining “love” in Christian the center of Aphrodite worship. terms THEMES: PURITY IN AN IMPURE Paul is ENVIRONMENT purposely using their  12 “I have the right to do anything,” you say—but not everything is beneficial. “I have the right to do anything”—but belief that I will not be mastered by anything. 13 You say, “Food for the union with a stomach and the stomach for food, and God will destroy them prostitute of both.” The body, however, is not meant for sexual immorality Aphrodite is but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body. 14 By his power an act of God raised the Lord from the dead, and he will raise us also. worship to  15 Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ both show it himself? Shall I then take the members of Christ and unite to be them with a prostitute? Never! 16 Do you not know that he who reflective of unites himself with a prostitute is one with her in body? For it [b] 17 divine is said, “The two will become one flesh.” But whoever is reality but united with the Lord is one with him in spirit.[c] 18 Flee from sexual immorality. All other sins a person commits are outside wrong- the body, but whoever sins sexually, sins against their own headed in body. 19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the approach Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from and God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. association. Therefore honor God with your bodies. THEMES: A CITY UNDER CONSTRUCTION

 Chapter 3 10 By the grace God has given me, I laid a foundation as a wise builder, and someone else is building on it. But each one should build with care. 11 For no one can lay any foundation other than the one already laid, which is Jesus Christ. 12 If anyone builds on this foundation using gold, silver, costly stones, wood, hay or straw, 13 their work will be shown for what it is, because the Day will bring it to light. It will be revealed with fire, and the fire will test the quality of each person’s work. 14 If what has been built survives, the builder will receive a reward. 15 If it is burned up, the builder will suffer loss but yet will be saved—even though only as one escaping through the flames. (NIV) THEMES: ISTHMIAN GAMES

 I Corinthians 9:24 Do you not know that those who run in a race all run, but only one receives the prize? Run in such a way that you may win. 25 Everyone who competes in the games exercises self-control in all things. They then do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable.… At least until the 5th century BC … the winners of the Isthmian games received a wreath of ; later, the wreath was altered such that it consisted of pine leaves. Victors could also be honored with a statue or an ode. Besides these prizes of honor, the city of Athens awarded victorious Athenians with an extra 100 drachmas.

The Winners' Prizes — Dead Vegetation? | HolyLandPhotos' Blogholylandphotos.wordpress.com 10 Fascinating Facts About the Ancient - Neatoramawww.neatorama.com THEME: JARS OF CLAY II COR. 4

 7 But we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all-surpassing power is from God and not from us. 8We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed; perplexed, but not in despair; 9persecuted, Ancient Greek Pottery on but not abandoned; struck down, but not Pinterest | 95 destroyed. 10We always carry around in Pinswww.pinterest.com our body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be revealed in our body. 11For we who are alive are always being given over to death for Jesus’ sake, so that his life may also be revealed in our mortal body. 12So then, death is at work in us, but life is at work in you. GREEK CONCEPTIONS OF LOVE

Ἀφροδίτη

Aphrodite “”

 Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation. Her  There was no concept in ancient Greece equivalent to Roman equivalent is the goddess Venus. the modern conception of "sexual preference"; it was Historically, her cult in Greece was assumed that a person would have both hetero- and imported from, or influenced by, the cult homosexual responses at different times. of Astarte in Phoenicia. According to Hesiod's Theogony, she was born when  Evidence for same-sex attractions and behaviors is cut off ' genitals and threw more abundant for men than for women. Both them into the sea, and from the sea foam romantic love and sexual between men were (aphros) arose Aphrodite. Thus Aphrodite often considered normal, and under some is of an older generation than Zeus. circumstances healthy or admirable.  Aphrodite had a festival of her own, the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated all  The most common male-male relationship was over Greece but particularly in Athens paiderasteia a socially-acknowledged institution in and Corinth. which a mature male (erastēs, the active lover) bonded with or mentored a teen-aged youth  In Corinth, intercourse with her priestesses was considered a method of (eromenos, the passive lover, or pais, "boy" worshipping Aphrodite. Aphrodite was understood as an endearment and not necessarily a associated with, and often depicted with category of age). dolphins, doves, swans, pomegranates and lime trees.

“Aphrodite.” Crystalinks. http://www.crystalinks.com/aphrodite.html Wiki “Greek Love”

 Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. For example, Ancient Greek has the words , , , , and xenia. However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.  Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are Eros some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the .“ Eros  Eros (ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body.“  Philia (φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by .[citation needed] It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."  Storge (στοργή storgē) is natural , like that felt by parents for offspring.  Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen Text: Wiki “Love” throughout —in particular, Homer's Iliad and .

Ancient Greek eros - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org ROMAN (LATIN) CONCEPT OF LOVE

Verb Noun

 amō I love  amor  Rome—in : Roma—  amare (“to love”) (Italian can be viewed as an today) anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name The Romans  amans a lover, of the City … in ancient used amare times), both in an  amator "professional lover,"  plural form … indicate[s] affectionate often with the accessory love or sexual adventures sense as notion of lechery well as in a  Amicus "friend“  romantic or amica "girlfriend" in the  amicitia, "friendship"(often English sense, often being based to mutual advantage, sexual and corresponding sense. applied euphemistically to a sometimes more closely to prostitute. "indebtedness" or "influence"). Stock Photography image of Venus Roman Goddess Statue by ancient ...www.photographersdirect.com Wiki “Love” * ἀγάπη The Greek word agape is used throughout the THEME OF LOVE: 1 CORINTHIANS 13 passage

 13 If I speak in the tongues[a] of men or of angels, but do not have love*, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2 If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing. 3 If I give all I possess to the poor and give over my body to hardship that I may boast,[b] but do not have love, I gain nothing.  4 Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6 Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7 It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres.  8 Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10 but when completeness comes, what is in part disappears. 11 When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me. 12 For now we see only a reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known.  13 And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love.

(NIV) CLEMENT OF ROME ‘LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS” Author: Bishop of Rome, holding office  Every kind of honour and happiness was bestowed from 92 to his death in upon you, and then was fulfilled that which is 99 written, My beloved ate and drank, and was enlarged and became fat, and kicked. Letter: late 1st or early Deuteronomy 32:15 Hence flowed emulation and 2nd century, and ranks envy, strife and sedition, persecution and disorder, war and captivity. So the worthless rose up against with Didache as one of the honoured, those of no reputation against such as the earliest—if not the were renowned, the foolish against the wise, the earliest—of extant young against those advanced in years. For this Christian documents reason righteousness and peace are now far departed outside the canonical from you, inasmuch as every one abandons the fear New Testament. of God, and has become blind in His faith, neither walks in the ordinances of His appointment, nor acts Many scholars believe a part becoming a Christian, but walks after his own wicked lusts, resuming the practice of an 1 Clement was written unrighteous and ungodly envy, by which death itself around the same time entered into the world. Wisdom 2:24 as the Book of Revelation, c. AD 95 – 97 New Advent. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm Wiki sources CONCLUSIONS: PAUL USES RELEVANT ANALOGIES

 Paul uses analogies that relate intimately to the Corinthian context.  Concerning purity, he uses their own words: “Food for the stomach and the stomach for food”—and responds that our bodies were made for Christ.  Concerning the need to follow his teaching, he implores them to be wise builders, related to the constant construction of the city.  To urge them to persevere and be disciplined, he uses the image of the race from the Isthmian games.  Concerning the power of God within us, he uses the analogy of Corinthian pottery (and perhaps the terra cotta limbs used for healing).  To urge them to love, he resists the broader Roman and Greek concepts by highlighting and defining the Greek term agape. Pottery

Races

True Love

Architecture ADDITIONAL SOURCES

Images Frontispiece and Slide 34 Corinth-Classical Wisdom Vase Weeklyclassicalwisdom.com  Ancient Corinth - Ancient Greece for Kids!www.historyforkids.org Foot race  Pin Foot Race Depicted On Greek Vase on Pinterestwww.gopixpic.com Columns  corinthian-columns-7622463.jpgwww.dreamstime.com