ITTC © James P.G
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Communication Networks The University of Kansas EECS 780 History and Architecture
James P.G. Sterbenz
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Information Technology & Telecommunications Research Center The University of Kansas
http://www.ittc.ku.edu/~jpgs/courses/nets
29 January 2013 rev. 13.0 © 2004–2013 James P.G. Sterbenz ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Communication Networks History and Architecture
HA.0 Early history HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-2 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.0 Early History
HA.0 Early history HA.0.1 Messengers and post HA.0.2 Optical telegraph HA.0.3 Electric telegraph and telex HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-3 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History of Networks Basis for Modern Communication
• Communication networks have a very long history – although with a very different infrastructure • Many key networking principles developed, e.g. – line coding and data compression – message switching – error control and message integrity – flow control – quality of service differentiation – security, confidentiality, and attacks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-4 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History of Networks Basis for Modern Communication
• Brief review provides historical context – understand how and why we have the current networks • PSTN and Internet – know context in which your company developed • especially if it is a network service provider • May actually fascinate students interested in history – and hopefully not bore the rest of you to much
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-5 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.0 Early History
HA.0 Early history HA.0.1 Messengers and post HA.0.2 Optical telegraph HA.0.3 Electric telegraph and telex HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-6 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Antiquity Human Messengers
• Human messengers – initially on-demand point-to-point • analogue to a modern circuit – c. 4000 BC Egypt and Babylonia – 490 BC: Pheiddipides run (history ambiguous): • Athens to Sparta to get support of Spartans • Marathon to Athens to warn Athenians of approaching Persians – gives name to modern marathon run
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-7 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Antiquity Human Messenger Relays
• Human messenger relays – scheduled horseback relays between guard stations • analogue to modern store-and-forward message switching – c. 2000 BC: Egypt during reign of Sesostris I – c. 1750 BC: Babylon during reign of Hammurabi – c. 550 BC: Persia during reign of Cyrus (Kūruš) the Great • “…neither snow nor rain nor heat nor night …” [Herodotus c. 440 BC] – c. 100 BC: Rome • originally human runners • later horses with 40 horses and riders / relay station – c. 1200 AD: Chinese post during reign of Kublai Khan 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-8 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Chinese Post
• Chinese post – extensive messenger relay – established under Kublai Khan c. 1200 AD – described by Marco Polo – network radiating from capital Khan-balik (Beijing) – relay posts at 25 km intervals • 200 active and 200 resting horses each – 320 – 480 km/day travel – supplemented by human runners
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-9 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Pony Express
• Pony Express: horse-transported US mail – Apr. 1860 – Oct 1861 – alternative to slower shared stagecoach transport • used for delay sensitive messages (QoS: quality of service) – relay of riders and horses • ~150 km/rider • ~15 km/horse – Independence MO / Atchison KS → San Francisco CA • ~1900 mi = 3000 km – route slightly shorter then stagecoach • 10 days for entire trip – rendered obsolete by transcontinental (electric) telegraph
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-10 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Pony Express Route
St. Joseph
San Francisco Atchison
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-11 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Carrier Pigeons
• Carrier pigeons – homing pigeons transported to remote location – small message attached to pigeon leg – pigeon flees home with message
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-12 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Carrier Pigeons
• Carrier pigeons – homing pigeons transported to remote location – small message attached to pigeon leg – pigeon flees home with message • Dates from antiquity – c. 3000 BC: Egypt – c. 2350 BC: Mesopotania – c. 300 AD: Rome – c. 1300 AC: Mongol empire during reign of Ghengis Khan – 1918 AD: British RAF during World War I – 1981 AD: Lockheed 40km shuttle of engineering drawings – 1 April 1990: IP over Avian Carriers [RFC 1149] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-13 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Evolution to Postal Systems
• Messenger delivery evolved to modern postal system – military → general use – spoken → handwritten → typed → printed messages – runners → horses → railways → multimodal transport • Postal system is just another kind of network – network addresses = postal code + street or box numbers – physical transport = delivery vehicles – packets = letters and packages – protocols and signalling = operational process • Useful to understand analogies!
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-14
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Messengers Evolution to Postal Systems
• Other networks are branch of this evolutionary tree – many countries administered by same governmental entity • PTTs: post, telegraph, and telephone • common until recent telecommunications deregulation – administered by different entities in the US • some private, some governmental
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-15 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.0.2 Optical Telegraph
HA.0 Early history HA.0.1 Messengers and post HA.0.2 Optical telegraph HA.0.3 Electric telegraph and telex HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-16 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Early History: Antiquity Optical Telegraph
• Telegraph – mechanism for conveying information over a distance – originally optical free space transmission – electric telegraph much later • Derivation from Greek – telegraph: τηλε (tele) = far + γραφειν (graphein) = write – telescope: τηλε (tele) = far + σκοπέω (skopeo) = see
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-17 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telegraph Prehistory: Antiquity Permanent Fire Beacon Towers
• Beacon signalling: permanent installations – 500 BC: Royal Persian Road (Sardis–Susa) • 2600 km • >100 relay posts • combined with couriers
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-18 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-19 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
2
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-20 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
3
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-21 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
4
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-22 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
5
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-23 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
6
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-24 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
7
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-25 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
8
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-26 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos Troy
Mycenae
9
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-27 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos • used to signal Troy fall of Troy to Mycenae
Mycenae
10
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-28 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos • used to signal Troy fall of Troy to Mycenae problems?
Mycenae
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-29 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Fire Beacons
• Beacon signalling [adapted from Holzmann-Pehrson-1995] – 1184 BC: Greece • 600 km • 8 relay points Athos • used to signal Troy fall of Troy to Mycenae – problem: • very limited symbol set Mycenae • only very simple messages – e.g. “warning”
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-30 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Antiquity Smoke Signals
• Variant of fire beacon – fire is covered and uncovered – results in puffs of smoke – timing conveys message • Examples – native Americans – towers along Great Wall of China • Problem – still very limited message set
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-31 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Overview
• Optical telegraph – evolution of beacons and smoke signals – signalling mechanism to rapidly display various aspects • transmission of symbols – communication protocol • control: establishing and terminating communication • data: hop-by-hop relaying of messages between stations – error control to ensure message integrity – telescope used to observe sending station • reception of symbols • Networks of telegraph relay stations – direct predecessor of modern communication networks 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-32 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Claude Chappe (1763 – 1805) – initially experimented with shutter telegraph • similar to design later used by Edelcrantz – inventor of practical optical semaphore telegraph
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-33 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-34 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator – central regulator
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-35 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator
– central regulator : 4 positions at 45° intervals
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-36 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator – central regulator: 4 positions at 45° intervals – two indicators
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-37 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator – central regulator: 4 positions at 45° intervals
– two indicators : 7 positions each • attempts to use lamps at night unsuccessful
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-38 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe French Design
• Chappe optical semaphore telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator – central regulator: 4 positions at 45° intervals
– two indicators: 7 positions each • attempts to use lamps at night unsuccessful – 4×7×7 = 196 aspects • 1 symbol / 2 aspects = 98 symbols
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-39 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Transmission
• Symbol transmission: two phases 0. regulator arm diagonal with indicators aligned • left oblique aspect for service codes (control) • right oblique aspect for data symbols
0
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-40 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Transmission
• Symbol transmission: two phases 0. regulator arm diagonal with indicators aligned • left oblique aspect for service codes (control) • right oblique aspect for data symbols 1. indicator arms set
1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-41 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Transmission
• Symbol transmission: two phases 0. regulator arm diagonal with indicators aligned • left oblique aspect for service codes (control) • right oblique aspect for data symbols 1. indicator arms set
1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-42 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Transmission
• Symbol transmission: two phases 0. regulator arm diagonal with indicators aligned • left oblique aspect for service codes (control) • right oblique aspect for data symbols 1. indicator arms set 2. regulator arm rotated to horizontal or vertical
2
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-43 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Transmission
• Symbol transmission: two phases 0. regulator arm diagonal with indicators aligned • left oblique aspect for service codes (control) • right oblique aspect for data symbols 1. indicator arms set 2. regulator arm rotated to horizontal or vertical
2
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-44 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Relay
• Symbols relayed along line from station to station – stations spaced ~10 km intervals • symbols ripple down the line in a pipeline
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-45 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Relay
• Symbols relayed along line from station to station – stations spaced ~10 km intervals • symbols ripple down the line in a pipeline – each station verifies that the next properly relays • else sends error signal and then repeats symbol
• hop-by-hop error control negative acknowledgement (NAK)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-46 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Symbol Relay
• Symbols relayed along line from station to station – stations spaced ~10 km intervals • symbols ripple down the line in a pipeline – each station verifies that the next properly relays • else sends error signal and then repeats
• hop-by-hop error control negative acknowledgement (NAK) – division stations acknowledges complete message decoding • end-to-end (or edge-to-edge) error control • long spans traverse multiple divisions
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-47 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Performance
• Signalling performance – date rate ≈ 2 symbol/minute in good weather – much worse with fog or precipitation – attempts to signal at night with lamps unsuccessful
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-48 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Data Symbols
• Data symbols – 1st division: 94 symbols: numbers, letters, common syllables • terminate by closing indicators • 1 symbol / codeword
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-49 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Data Symbols
• Data symbols – 1st division: 94 symbols: numbers, letters, common syllables • 1 symbol / codeword – 2nd division: 94 + 94 × 94 = 8930 codewords • 1st symbol indicates one of 94 rows on page in codebook • 2nd symbol indicates one of 94 pages in codebook • terminated by closing indicator arms after 2nd symbol only • 2 symbols / codeword
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-50 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Data Symbols
• Data symbols – 1st division: 94 symbols: numbers, letters, common syllables • 1 symbol / codeword – 2nd division: 94 + 94 × 94 = 8930 codewords • row, page of codebook • 2 symbols / codeword – 3rd and 4th divisions: additional codewords and phrases • preceding vertical horizontal double-closed aspect • 3 symbols / codeword – 5th division: additional codewords and phrases • preceded by signal from 1st division • 4 symbols / codeword
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-51 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Chappe Service Codes
• Service codes used for transmission control – start / end transmission – suspension for one / two hours – clock synchronisation – collision of transmission from both directions – priority indication of direction precedence – acknowledgement of final message decoding – error; cancel preceding symbol – idle – station closing – minor (temporary) / major station failure – rain or fog restricting transmission – night transmission (never successfully used)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-52 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph French Network
• Deployed Lille 1794
Paris
1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-53 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph French Network Bruxelles Boulogne Brussel • Deployed Lille 1794–1805… Metz Strasbourg • Star Straßburg Brest Paris from Paris Huningue Hüningen Dijon
Lyon
2
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-54 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph French Network Calais Bruxelles → Antwerpen → Amsterdam Boulogne Brussel • Deployed Lille Mainz Cherbourg 1794–1846 Eu Metz Strasbourg • Star Straßburg Brest Paris from Paris Huningue Nantes Hüningen Tours Dijon – with mesh Besançon crosslinks • One of the Lyon Milano Torino Venezia first real Bordeaux telecom Agen Toulouse Avignon Bayonne networks > 5000 km Narbonne Toulon – 18th century! Perpignan 3 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-55 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Edelcrantz Swedish Design
• Abraham H. (Clewberg) Edelcrantz (1754 – 1821) – initially experimented with semaphore telegraph • 1794 design similar to later Chappe telegraph – inventor of practical optical shutter telegraph • rationale: faster than semaphores with potential for night use
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-56 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Edelcrantz Swedish Design
• Edelcrantz optical shutter telegraph – mounted above signal tower containing human operator – shutters rotate horizontally between face-on and edge-on • edge-on (invisible) = 0 • face-on or illuminated lamp at night = 1 – 3×3 array gives octal codewords of 000 – 777 • read vertically • endcodes letters, common syllables, common words • single shutter symbols encode numerals 0 – 9 • additional shutter on top indicates tens • hundreds and thousands encodes at octal codewords
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-57
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Swedish Network
• Deployed 1795–1854 – remained operational until 1881 • much later than other optical telegraph networks – network covered southern Sweden
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-58 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Other Deployments
• Variants deployed throughout Europe – semaphore arms – shutters – balls raised and lowered • Very limited deployment in North America – e.g. Telegraph Hill in San Francisco • signalled arrival of ships
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-59 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Heliographs and Signal Lamps
• Heliograph – mobile device for optical signalling – e.g. tripod mounted pair of mirror, interrupted by shutter – light flashes • typically in Morse Code • Signal or Aldis lamp (A.C.W. Aldis) – used from late 1800s to 1990s primarily for ship-to-ship – light flashes using louvered shutters • typically in Morse code
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-60 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Signal Flags
• Signal flags: message conveyed by cloth flags • Handheld flags – symbols indicated by 8 positions of two flags • Mast-mounted flags – signals indicated by shape and colour of flags
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-61 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Signal Flags
• Signal flags: message conveyed by cloth flags – 1800s to current use • Semaphore flags: – handheld flags, typically red/yellow – symbols indicated by 8 positions of two flags – primarily nautical use – 1 April 2007: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) [RFC 4824] • Mast-mounted maritime signal flags – signals indicated by shape and colour of flags – specified in International Code of Signals
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-62
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Signal Flags: Semaphore
• Semaphore flags
[http://navy.memorieshop.com/Signaling/Flags.html] based on [http://www.sacdelta.com/semaphore.htm] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-63 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Signal Flags: Maritime Signal Flags
• Maritime signal flags – hoisted above ships to convey messages – flags indicate codewords – ICOS: International Code of Signals – National Geospatial Intelligence Agency publication 102 http://www.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/ NAV_PUBS/ICOS/pub102.zip
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-64 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Signal Flags: Maritime Signal Flags Alphabetic Kilo Victor Numeric Alfa Lima Whiskey 1 Bravo Mike Xray 2 Charlie November Yankee 3 Delta Oscar Zulu 4 Echo Papa Codes 5 Foxtrot Quebec code 6 Golf Romeo 1st sub. 7 Hotel Sierra 2nd sub. 8 India Tango 3rd sub. 9 Juliet Uniform 4th sub. 0
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-65 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Problems
• Optical telegraphy problems?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-66 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Optical Telegraph Problems
• Optical telegraphy problems – distance limited to a few km between stations – operation limited to clear air • weather • particulate pollution – serious problem in 19th century cities – night operation more difficult Alternative?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-67 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.0.3 Electric Telegraph and Telex
HA.0 Early history HA.0.1 Messengers and post HA.0.2 Optical telegraph HA.0.3 Electric telegraph and telex HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-68 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Overview and Motivation
• Telegraphy through electric wires – without line-of-sight and clear-air distance limitations • Early proposals based on optical telegraphy ideas – visual repeaters of dials or semaphores – required multiple wires – required complex electromechanical mechanism
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-69 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Electric Telegraph History
• Telegraphy through electric wires – 1775 Francisco de Salva proposal – 1809–1833 experiments and prototypes in Europe – 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone in UK – 1837 Morse and Vail in US – 1845 Paris–Roen France • 1845–1855 replaces French optical telegraph network – 1865 transatlantic telegraph cable
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-70 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Transoceanic Cable Challenges
• Problem: messages took days to deliver by ship – at least 10 days between America and Europe by fast ship • Transoceanic cable – bold and risky proposal by Cyrus W. Field in mid-1800s – significant challenges and expense to lay cable – longest run of cable ever attempted • conductor, insulator, and cladding technology very immature • severe attenuation over a long distance • no possibility of mid-span amplifiers • high transmitter voltages caused short-failures of early cables
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-71 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Transoceanic Cable Development
• Transatlantic telegraph cable: major achievement – 1857: 1st attempt failed when cable broke mid-ocean – 1858: successful draw; cable failed after three weeks • 17 hours to transmit first message
– 0.1 word/minute Morse code due to attenuation • initial public enthusiasm waned after failure; funds dried up – 1865: successful draw • used experience gained from shorter undersea cables • 8 words/min transmission rate • eventually 120 words/min with load coils in early 1900s • Transpacific cable 1902–1903 via Hawaii and Guam 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-72 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Transoceanic Cable Deployment
TeleGeography interactive map on [www.submarinecablemap.com] • Cables now carry vast majority intercontinental traffic – fiber optic using EDFAs with 100s Gb/s capacity each – only a small fraction of Internet traffic via satellite links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-73 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph
Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph • William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone A – probably the first operational telegraph B D
• patented 1837 in the UK E F G • deployed 1839 on Great Western Rwy. – Paddington eventually to Slough (~35 km) H I K L – multi-wire system • iron wires initially buried in pipe M N O P • only reliable in dry weather – wires later above ground R S T
• between telegraph poles U W • attached with glass insulators Y 0
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-74 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph
• William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone A – 5 needles arranged in a horizontal row B D
– rotation of needles indicate symbol E F G • points to one of 19 letters in grid H I K L
M N O P
R S T
U W
Y 1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-75 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph
Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph • William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone A – 5 needles arranged in a horizontal row B D
• pointed to one of 19 letters in grid E F G – rotation of needles indicate symbol H I K L • points to one of 19 letters in grid • missing letters substituted – e.g. Q ← KW M N O P
R S T U W
Y 2
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-76 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Morse-Vail Telegraph
• Samuel F.B. Morse and Alfred L. Vail – independently developed same time as Cooke-Wheatstone – very simple system that required only one wire • on/off voltage with respect to ground • significantly more practical than multi-wire systems – developed “Morse code” to signal over one wire
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-77 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Morse Code
• Morse code – invented by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail in early 1940s – on/off code consisting (mostly) of two symbols – designed for single wire electrical telegraph – original “American Morse Code” encoding now obsolete • Evolved over time – some characters changed and added – standardised as International Morse Code: ITU-R M.1677 • @ sign added in 2004 – additional characters set in common use • letters with diacritics (accents, etc.) • Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, etc.
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-78 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telegraph Morse Code
• Morse code applicable to other types of telegraphy • Optical telegraphy – heliograph • pair of mirrors interrupted by shutter – Aldis signal lamp • louvered shutters in front of lamp • Radiotelegraphy – Morse code audio over RF – significantly narrower spectrum needed than voice
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-79 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telegraph Morse Code
• Morse code – base time interval of short symbol (dot) – variable rate depending on skill of humans [video] Duration Common Graphical Spoken Type Time Slots Name Symbol Name
short 1 dot • di dit last in letter long 3 dash — da intra-letter 1 inter-letter 3 inter-word 7
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-80 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telegraph Morse Code Alphabet A A A alfa • — O O O oscar — — — Ç Ĉ — • — • • B B Б bravo — • • • P Π Π papa • — — • CH X Ш — — — — C Θ Ц charlie — • — • Q Ψ Щ quebec — — • — Đ • • — — • D Δ Д delta — • • R P P romeo • — • È • — • • — E E E echo • S Σ C sierra • • • É Э • • — • • F Φ Φ foxtrot • • — • T T T tango — Ĝ — — • — • G Γ Γ golf — — • U У uniform • • — Ĥ — • — — • H H X hotel • • • • V Ж victor • • • — Ĵ • — — — • I I И india • • W Ω B whiskey • — — Ñ — — • — — J Й juliett • — — — X Ξ Ь Ъ x-ray — • • — Ö Ø Ч — — — • K K К kilo — • — Y Υ Ы yankee — • — — Ŝ • • • — • L Λ Л lima • — • • Z Z З zulu — — • • Þ • — — • • M M M mike — — Ä Æ Я — • — • Ü Ŭ Ю • • — —
Greek http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik N N H november — • À Å • — — • — Cyrillic /english/codes/morse.html
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-81 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telegraph Morse Code Special Characters and Control 1 • — — — — . • — • — • — understood • • • — • 2 • • — — — , — — • • — — error • • • • • • • • 3 • • • — — : — — — • • • invite to xmit — • — 4 • • • • — ? • • — — • • wait • — • • • 5 • • • • • ' • — — — — • end • • • — • — 6 — • • • • - — • • • • — start of xmit — • — • — 7 — — • • • / — • • — • 8 • • — — ( — • — — • 9 — — — — • ) — • — — • — 0 — — — — — " • — • • — • = — • • • — + • — • — × — • • — @ • — — • — •
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-82 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Morse Leno Telegraph Morse Code Example
• Example Morse code fragment “this is EECS 780” — • • • • • • • • • • • • • • — • — • • • • — — • • • • • — — — — — — — generated by cwplayer http://www.f6dqm.fr/software.htm dah di-di-di-dit dit di-di-dit, dit di-di-dit, dit dit dah-di-dah-dit di-di-dit, dah-dah-di-di-dit di-di-dah-dah, dah-dah-dah-dah-dah
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-83 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Morse Code Entry Devices
• Straight key: original device – spring-loaded vertical switch – operator depresses; holds longer for dah – limits to ~20 word/min – operators very subject to repetitive stress syndrome • Semiautomatic key – spring-loaded horizontal switch – generates continuous sequence of properly timed pulses – dah(s) when held to the left; di(s) when held to the left – manufactured by Vibroplex since 1905 – skilled operators can transmit in excess of 40–60 word/min • considerably faster than mobile numeric pad phone texting 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-84 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Morse Code Reception Devices
• Paper tape – stylus created depression on moving paper tape – di and dah read as short and long line segments – used in first Morse telegraph equipment • Audible signal – operator hears sequence of clicks or pulses – early electric and current radio-telegraphy
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-85 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Operating Companies
• Western Union: first major telecommunications company – 1851: founded as NY & Miss. Valley Printing Telegraph Co. – 1856: renamed to Western Union – 1861: first American transcontinental telegraph line • built into extensive telegraph network • commercial message service: telegrams • financial transaction service: wiring money – 1869: introduced stock ticker – 1900s: transitioned to PSTN and then data network – 1958: telex service using GEO satellite and microwave links – 2006: discontinued telegram service; exits telecom market 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-86 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Telegram Service
• Telegram : message delivered via telegraph • Rapid delivery of urgent messages – before deployment of ubiquitous telephony and Internet – generally same-day delivery in urban areas – faster then postal mail delivery • Telegrams now almost completely replaced by email – email–telegraph gateways had brief utility – still exist as expensive novelty service ~ $20.00/message + $1.00/word
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-87 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electric Telegraph Telegram Service
• Telegram initiation – local telephone call to telegraph office • long distance voice was significantly more expensive – walk-in to telegraph office or desk at hotel • Telegram reception – typically delivered as printed letter by messenger • singing telegram was additional novelty service – may be delivered by local post for non-urgent messages
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-88 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electrical Telegraph Teletypewriter
• Teletypewriter (or teleprinter) – electromechanical typewriter/printer designed for telegraphy – operators do not need to know (Morse) code – two-wire telegraphy • using 5-bit Baudot / ITA2 binary code [ITU-T S.1]
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-89 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Electrical Telegraph Telex
• Telex: switched telegraph network – circuit switched network similar in concept to PSTN • numbering plan [ITU-T F.69] – teletypwriter terminals • telegraph offices for telegram services • individual subscribers: precursor to modern email
• ITU standards: five series applicable F. non-telephone telecommunication services R. telegraph transmission S. telegraph services terminal equipment T. terminals for telematic services U. telegraph switching 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-90 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Radiotelegraphy Morse Code
• Radiotelegraphy – Morse code audio over RF – significantly narrower spectrum needed than voice ~200 Hz vs 4–12 kHz – significantly more efficient transmission • useful in disaster scenarios
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-91 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telephony Electric Voice Telegraphy
• Electric telegraphy – digital transmission came first! – lead to idea of transmitting (analog) voice: telephone • Invention of telephone a complicated sequence – 1834–60: Antonio Meucci – 1854: Charles Bourseul – 1860: Johann Phillip Reis – 1876: Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell • arrived at patent office within hours of one-another • controversy about independence of invention
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-92 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telephony Radio Telegraphy
Problem with electric telegraphy?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-93 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Telephony Radio Telegraphy
• Problem with electric telegraphy – requires wires – not practical for long-distances over bodies of water • Radio telegraphy: free space RF transmission – 1888: Heinrich Hertz – demonstrates radio transceivers – 1894: Nikola Tesla – demonstrates radio transceivers – 1902: Guglielmo Marconi – first transatlantic transmission – 1898: Karl Ferdinand Braun – invents crystal rectifier – 1909: Marconi and Braun – Nobel Prize in physics
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-94 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz R&D History Dispelling Misinformation
Who invented the light bulb?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-95 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz R&D History Dispelling Misinformation
• Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb – 1802 UK: Sir Humphry Davy – platinum filament – 1809 UK: Sir Humphry Davy – carbon arc
– 1840 UK: Warren de la Rue – platinum in vacuum bulb – 1841 UK: Frederick de Moleyns – patent for Pt in vacuum – 1845 US: John Star – patent for C filament in vacuum 76 years – 1850 UK: Joseph Swan – C filament in vacuum – 1874 CA: Woodward & Evans – patent for C filament in N – 1878 US: Edison investigates/patents Pt filament in vacuum – 1880 UK: Joseph Swan – patent for C filament in vacuum – 1883 US: Edison patents invalidated on Swan prior art – 1889 US: Edison wins on appeal, prob. with altered journal
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-96 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz R&D History Dispelling Misinformation
• Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb
What did Edison invent?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-97 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz R&D History Research Lab
• Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb
• Thomas Edison did invent the research lab – perfecting the light bulb one of many contributions – labs bbecame critical in development of nets & computers • Bell Labs, GTE Labs • IBM Research, Xerox PARC, Univac Research, DEC Labs • GE Research, GM Research
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-98 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History and Architecture HA.1.1 Early Data Networks
HA.0 Early history HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.1.1 Early data networks HA.1.2 Internet emergence HA.1.3 Modern Global Internet HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-99 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: First Generation (≤1970s) Early Networks
• Voice – widely deployed – circuit switched PSTN over copper – RF two-way radios • Entertainment – widely deployed – broadcast RF for radio and television • Data – limited pervasiveness – serial link over copper – modem remote terminal access
Distinct infrastructure for the three
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-100 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • First generation (<1970) – PSTN switching technique
S R
1 2 3 4
0 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-101 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics SETUP – setup latency
S R
1 2 3 4
1 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-102 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics SETUP – setup latency
S R
1 2 3 4
2 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-103 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics
– setup latency SETUP
S R
1 2 3 4
3 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-104 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency
S R
1 2 3 4
4 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-105 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency
CONNECT
S R
1 2 3 4
5 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-106 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency
CONNECT
S R
1 2 3 4
6 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-107 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – circuit seized implication? CONNECT
S R
1 2 3 4
7 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-108 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – circuit seized • no multiplexing efficiency
S R
1 2 3 4
8 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-109 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – circuit seized • no multiplexing efficiency
S R
1 2 3 4
9 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-110 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – circuit seized • no multiplexing efficiency • silence unusable by others
S R
1 2 3 4
10 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-111 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – no multiplexing efficiency – negligible switch latency
S R
1 2 3 4
11 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-112 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – no multiplexing efficiency + negligible switch latency – resources must be released
S R
1 2 RELEASE 3 4
12 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-113 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – no multiplexing efficiency + negligible switch latency – resources must be released
S R
1 2 RELEASE 3 4
13 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-114 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – no multiplexing efficiency + negligible switch latency – resources must be released
S R
1 2 RELEASE 3 4
14 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-115 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics – setup latency: RTT before data transfer – no multiplexing efficiency + negligible switch latency – resources must be released
S R
1 2 3 4
15 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-116 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • First generation (<1970) – data switching technique
S R
1 2 3 4
0 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-117 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency
S R
1 2 3 4
1 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-118 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
S R
1 2 3 4
2 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-119 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
S R
1 2 3 4
3 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-120 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay + some multiplexing efficiency
S R
1 2 3 4
4 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-121 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay + some multiplexing efficiency
S R
1 2 3 4
5 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-122 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency + some multiplexing efficiency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
• small messages delayed (buffered ) behind large ones
S R
1 2 3 4
6 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-123 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency + some multiplexing efficiency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
• small messages delayed (buffered ) behind large ones
S R
1 2 3 4
7 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-124 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency + some multiplexing efficiency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
• small messages delayed (buffered ) behind large ones
S R
1 2 3 4
8 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-125 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency + some multiplexing efficiency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay
• small messages delayed (buffered ) behind large ones
S R
1 2 3 4
9 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-126 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Message Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency
+ some multiplexing efficiency dt – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay • small messages delayed dr • dr ≫ dt
S R
1 2 3 4
10 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-127 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit vs. Message Switching S 1 2 R S 1 2 R
SETUP
CONNECT dt
dr
RELEASE
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-128 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz First Generation Circuit vs. Message Switching
• Circuit switching • Message switching • PSTN technique • early data networks – setup latency: + no setup latency RTT before data transfer + some multiplexing efficiency – no multiplexing efficiency – significant delay • store-and-foreword delay + negligible switch latency • small messages delayed – resources must be released • dr ≫ dt
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-129 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory Early LANs and Enterprise Networks
• 1972-1980: Internetworking, new & proprietary nets – 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii – 1972: Farber’s DCS: first token ring LAN – 1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet – 1974: Cambridge slotted ring project begins (ATM precursor) – 1974: Cerf & Kahn – architecture for interconnecting nets – 1970s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, etc. • SNA begins as a star architecture in 1974 • DECnet begins as a mesh architecture in 1975
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-130 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory Distinct Networks
ARPANET Telenet VNET US IBM
PSTN Cyclades Tymnet Xerox RIN France Xerox
NPL Euronet EASYnet UK DEC
research networks corporate public data enterprise networks networks
• Distinct networks with few interconnections
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-131 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory UUCPNET
• 1978 – ~2000: UUCPNET – 1978: UUCP program released in in 7th ed. Unix • intended for file transfer & remote execution among 2 hosts – point-to-point PSTN lines using UUCP (Unix–Unix copy) • famous nodes: decvax, ihnp4, seismo (international link) • O (10 000) nodes in early 1980s – used for email transport [RFC0976] • source route specifies path to well-known hosts – e.g. {ihnp4,decvax}!uiucdcs!wugate!wucs1!wuccrc!jpgs • USENET was similar but distinct network for netnews – most sites transition to NSFNET in late 1980s – early 1990s • UUCP mapping project terminated in 2000 [Quarterman Matrix]
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-132 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory BITNET
• 1981–1996: BITNET (Because it’s Time Network) – 1981: first link between Yale [Freeman] – CUNY [Fuchs] – interconnection among IBM VM mainframes using NJE • later others; DEC VAX VMS systems dominated – point-to-point leased lines among end systems • store-and-forward among end systems (no ISs) – services: email, LISTSERVs (email lists), chat, file transfer – 1992: 1400 sites / 30 000 nodes / 49 countries – 1989: merged with CSNET into CREN • Corporation for Research and Educational Networking – 1996: BITNET formally ceased to exist • sites transition to NSFNET [http://www.cren.net/cren/cren-hist-fut.html] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-133 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory BITNET
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-134 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History and Architecture HA.1.1 Internet Emergence
HA.0 Early history HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.1.1 Early data networks HA.1.2 Internet emergence HA.1.3 Modern Global Internet HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-135 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Second Generation (1980s) Internet Emergence
• Voice – widely deployed – digital switched PSTN over copper – cellular mobile telephony (late) • Entertainment – significant deployment – CATV over copper coax starts to supplement broadcast • Data – research / corporate enterprise networks – packet switched store-and-forward • X.25 public data networks • Internet emerges as ARPANET+CSNET, then NSFNET+MILNET – gatewayed enterprise subnetworks: SNA, BNA, DCNA, etc
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-136 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • First generation (<1970) – data switching technique
S R
1 2 3 4
0 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-137 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency
S R
1 2 3 4
1 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-138 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay
S R
1 2 3 4
2 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-139 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay
S R
1 2 3 4
3 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-140 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency
S R
1 2 3 4
4 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-141 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets
S R
1 2 3 4
5 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-142 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets
S R
1 2 3 4
6 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-143 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets + other flows interleave
S R
1 2 3 4
7 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-144 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets + other flows interleave
S R
1 2 3 4
8 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-145 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets + other flows interleave
S R
1 2 3 4
9 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-146 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets + other flows interleave
S R
1 2 3 4
10 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-147 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency – store-and-foreword delay + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets + other flows interleave
S R
1 2 3 4
11 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-148 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Datagram Packet Switching S 1 2 R • Characteristics + no setup latency
– store-and-foreword delay dt + multiplexing efficiency • large messages broken into packets d + other flows interleave r
• dr > dt
S R
1 2 3 4
12 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-149 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Packet vs. Message Switching S 1 2 R S 1 2 R
dt dt
dr dr
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-150 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Second Generation Packet vs. Message Switching
• Packet switching • Message switching • modern data networks • early data networks + no setup latency + no setup latency + better multiplexing efficiency + some multiplexing efficiency • messages packetised + other flows interleave – less delay – significant delay – store-and-forward • store-and-foreword delay pipelining • small messages delayed • d > d r t – dr ≫ dt • data rate still limited by switch throughput
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-151 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory Early Packet Switching Research
• 1961-1973: Early packet-switching principles – 1961: Kleinrock – queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching – 1964: Baran – packetised voice switching in military nets – 1965: Davies proposes UK packet switched network • coins term packet – 1967: NPL begins construction of UK experimental network – 1967: ARPANET conceived by US DOD ARPA – 1972: CYCLADES project planning in France – 1973: first CYCLADES packet switch demonstration
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-152 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory Early Packet Switching: NPL Topology
Leeds Manchester Hull Liverpool Leicester Peterborough Norwich Dudley Birmingham
Swansea London Teddington Greenwich Cardiff Bristol Brighton Southampton
Plymouth
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-153 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Prehistory Early Packet Switching: CYCLADES 1978
Paris Nancy Rennes
Lyon St. Etienne Grenoble CIGALE packet switch Toulouse Nice
[adapted from Pouzin-1982] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-154 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Early Packet Switching: ARPANET
• 1967-1972: ARPANET emergence – 1967: ARPANET conceived by US DoD ARPA – 1969: • BBN awarded contract to build IMPs (interface msg processors) • first ARPANET nodes operational at UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Utah – 1972: • ARPANET demonstrated publicly • NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol • first e-mail program • ARPANET has 15 nodes – 1979: ARPANET has 200 nodes • but access limited to research institutions with ARPA contracts
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-155 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET Design Principles
• Minimalism, autonomy – no internal changes required to interconnect networks • Best effort service model • Robust to failures (or attack) – stateless gateways (routers) – decentralized control – most functionality in end systems
• note: very different from end-to-end arguments!
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-156 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET 1969
Utah
SRI
UCSB UCLA
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-157 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET 1970
Boston
MIT BBN Utah Harvard SRI UCLA UCSB SDC Rand
LA
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-158 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET 1971
Boston
Lincoln Case MIT Utah SRI BBN CMU Ames UIUC Harvard Stanford Mitre Burroughs UCLA SDC UCSB Rand LA
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-159 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET 1975
Boston
Lincoln MIT-IPC LBL MIT-MAC Moffett RADC CCA IOX BBN Ames Si Valley LLL BBN RCC SRI Utah Argonne NCC Xerox Purdue Rutgers Harvard SRI NYU Stanford Tymshare CMU Burroughs Sumex FNWC AFGWC UIUC WPAFB DOCB Belvoir Aberdeen UCSB SCRL NSA Hawaii UCLA SDAC NORSAIR SDAC (SATNET) SDC (SATNET) UCSD AFWL Mitre NBS London Rand ARPA ISI ETAC USC-ISI USC Gunter Washington Elgin
LA RML Patrick
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-160 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History CSNET
• 1981–1996: CSNET (Comp. Sci. Research Network) – 1979: first link meeting at Wisc. [Landweber] – 1981: initial funding from NSF – network for researchers without ARPANET access • ARPANET restricted to certain DOD research contracts – TCP/IP and other services from ARPANET over: • X.25 public networks (initially Telenet) • Phonenet (MMDF over leased lines) • ARPANET for institutions with ARPA contracts – 1989: merged with CSNET into CREN • Corporation for Research and Educational Networking
[Denning, Hearn, Kern, ACM SIGCOMM 1983]
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-161 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Gatewayed Networks to ARPANET/CSNET
VNET GW PSTN BITNET GW GW ARPANET EASYnet GW Internet CSNET corporate GW UUCPNET GW enterprise Telenet public networks data networks • Simplified logical structure – some nets use links of others (e.g. PSTN dialup/leased lines) • Gateways interconnect – no seamless addressing – mixed formats through gateways (e.g. %-hack)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-162 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History ARPANET→NSFNET
• 1986: NSFNET begun – NREN (national research and engineering network) • HPCC (high perf. computing & communication) act “Gore bill” – funded by National Science Foundation – limited to academic institutions and a few govt. contractors • Progression of – 1986: 56kb/s switched by LSI-11 Fuzzball routers – 1989: T1 links switched by TR interconnected IBM PC-RTs – 1992: T3 links switched by FDDI interconnected IBM RS/6Ks • Late 1980’s: Gigabit testbeds – research testbeds to increase network performance • Early 1990’s: ARPANET decommissioned 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-163 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Role of Al Gore
• Al Gore was critical in funding the Internet (NSFNET) – he never claimed to have invented the Internet, rather: “During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.” – Al Gore, 9 March 1999 on CNN – his role & statements have been defended by those who did “Bob [Kahn] and I believe that the vice president deserves significant credit for his early recognition of the importance of what has become the Internet. … Gore was talking about and promoting the Internet long before most people were listening.” – Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf, 28 Sep. 2000 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-164
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History NSFNET Emerges
PSTN VNET GW MILNET BITNET GW GW ARPANET EASYnet GW Internet UUNET CSNET corporate GW UUCPNET enterprise NSFNET networks • Simplified logical structure – some nets use links of others (e.g. PSTN dialup/leased lines) • Gateways interconnect – no seamless addressing – mixed formats through gateways (e.g. %-hack) – UUNET becomes main UUCPNET–Internet gateway 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-165 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History 56 kb/s NSFNET Backbone
1986 – 1988 Fuzzball Router DEC LSI-11
Ithaca
Princeton Boulder Pittsburgh Urbana- Champaign
San Diego
56 kb/s leased PSTN lines 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-166 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History 448 kb/s over T1 NSFNET Backbone
Seattle 1988 – 1989 Router IBM PC-RT token ring
Ithaca Ann Arbor
Lincoln Princeton Boulder Salt Lake City Washington Palo Alto Urbana- Pittsburgh Champaign
San Diego
Houston
448 kb/s link multiplexed on T1 lines 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-167 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History 1.5 Mb/s T1 NSFNET Backbone
Seattle 1989 – 1990 Router IBM PC-RT token ring
Ithaca Ann Arbor Salt Lake City Princeton Lincoln Boulder Pittsburgh Washington Palo Alto Urbana- Champaign
San Diego
Houston
15 Mb/s T1 lines 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-168 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History 1.5 Mb/s T1 NSFNET Backbone
Seattle 1990 – 1992 Router IBM PC-RT token ring Boston Ithaca Ann Arbor Salt Lake City Princeton Lincoln Boulder Pittsburgh Washington Palo Alto Urbana- Champaign
San Diego Atlanta
Houston
15 Mb/s T1 lines 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-169 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History 45 Mb/s T3 NSFNET Backbone
Seattle 1992 – 1994 core edge SEA Router IBM RS/6000 FDDI Boston Ithaca Ann Arbor HFD Salt Lake City CHI CLE NYC Princeton Argonne SF Pittsburgh College Park Boulder Lincoln WAS Palo Alto Ames Urbana- FIX-east DEN STL Champaign
LA GRO
San Diego Atlanta
Houston HOS
45 Mb/s T3 edge network links 45 Mb/s T3 core network links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-170 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History NSFNET Hierarchical Structure
WUStL NSFNET backbone MIDnet NEARnet
KU UMass
• NSFNET Backbone – evolved from 56kb/s leased lines to 45Mb/s DS3 • Regional networks – MIDnet, NEARnet, NYSERnet, SURAnet, etc. • Campus networks – KU, WashUStL, UMass, etc. 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-171 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History NSFNET Hierarchical Structure
• Strict hierarchal structure – advantages?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-172 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History NSFNET Hierarchical Structure
• Strict hierarchal structure – simple to understand, measure, and analyse – traffic locality exploited – each level engineered for • local traffic characteristics • transit traffic between lower levels
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-173 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Regional Network Examples
NSFNET access
MIDNET nodes
ISU UI UNL UIUC KSU KU WUStL Tulsa OSU UArk
OU
MIDnet: NEARnet: New England Midwest Network Academic and Research Network
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-174 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
NSFNET Regional Networks1 NSFNET Network States Connection Structure BARRNet SF Bay Area Regional northern CA Stanford tree Research Network CICNet Committee on Institutional IL, IN, IA, MI, MN, WI UIUC? Cooperation Network JVNCNet John von Neumann NJ, PA, NY, CT, RI, MA, Princeton star Supercomputer Center Net. NH, AZ, CO sat to CO and AZ Los Nettos Los Nettos southern CA (not NSF funded) Merit Merit MI UMich mesh
MIDnet Midwest Network NE, KS, OK, AR, MI, IL, IA UNL, UIUC ring
NCSAnet National Center for IL, WI, IN UIUC star Supercomputing Network NEARnet New England Academic and MA, CT, RI, VT, NH, ME MIT star Research Network NorthWestNet Northwestern States Net. WA, OR, MT, ND, ID, AK UWash ring, stub to AK
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-175 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
NSFNET Regional Networks2 NSFNET Network States Connection Structure NYSERNet New York State Education NY Cornell bridged ring + stubs and Research Network OARnet Ohio Academic Resources OH Network PSCnet Pittsburgh Supercomputing PA, MI, MD, OH PSC star Center Network SDSCnet San Diego Supercomputer CA UCSD star Network Sesquinet Texas Sesquicentennial TX Rice ring + stubs Network SURAnet Southeastern Universities MD, VA, KY, TN, AL, MS, UMd ring +branched stubs Research Association LA, FL, GA, SC, NC, DC Network THEnet Texas Higher Education TX Rice star + stubs bridged Network by ring USAN University Satellite Network CO, OR, WI, MI, MA, MD, UC, UMi, UMd star FL, AL WESTNET Southwestern Universities CO, WY, UT, AZ, NM UC branched star Network 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-176 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Research Networks: NSF vBNS • 1995: NSF awards vBNS – intended as successor for NSFNET research infrastructure – OC-12 backbone for research supercomputers – OC-48 upgrade begins 1999 – program ends ~2000
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-177 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Gigabit Testbeds • Gigabit Testbeds – funded by DARPA, managed by CNRI • except MAGIC funded directly by DARPA – attempt to research next generation of Internet • infrastructure at OC-12 bleeding edge: 622 Mb/s ≈ 1 Gb/s • applications driving the need for Gb/s infrastructure
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-178 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Gigabit Testbeds • 1987: Farber and Kahn propose to NSF – awarded planning grant – CNRI (Corporation for National Research Initiatives) formed • 1988: CNRI issues call for white papers • 1989: proposal for funding – $20M awarded by NSF and DARPA • 1990: five testbeds funded – Aurora, Blanca, Casa, Nectar, Vistanet • 1992: MAGIC and MAGIC-II – Multidimensional Applications and Gigabit Internetwork Consortium – funded directly by DARPA 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-179 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Gigabit Testbeds 1990 – 1996
Aurora
Blanca Nectar
MAGIC Casa 1992–1999 Vistanet
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-180 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Gigabit Testbeds
Testbed Research Partners Service Prov. Research Focus MIT, UPenn, UAz (later) Bell Atlantic, fast packet switching Aurora Bellcore, IBM, NYNEX, MCI infrastructure: ATM and PTM UCB, UIUC, LBL, NCSA, AT&T, PacBell, WAN: ATM, Blanca UWis AT&T Bell Labs Bell Atlantic supercomputing: HIPPI CalTech, UCLA, MCI, PacBell, WAN: SONET, Casa LANL, SDSC, JPL USWest distributed supercomputing: HIPPI
CMU, Networking technology: Nectar HIPPI over ATM over SONET, PSC, Bellcore supercomputing UNC, NCSU, GTE Labs, telemedicine and distance VistaNet BellSouth MCNC, BellSouth Res. learning over ATM KU, LBL, NCS (MCSI), distributed image processing and MAGIC Sprint SRI, USGS EDC, visualisation: IP over ATM
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-181 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History NSFNET and MILNET become the US Internet
PSTN
MILNET corporate VNET Internet enterprise networks NSFNET EASYnet
• Simplified logical structure – some nets use links of others (e.g. PSTN dialup/leased lines) • Global Internet with NSFNET as backbone – seamless addressing using user@DNS and IP addresses – corporate networks convert to TCP/IP – MILNET is separate but interconnected US military backbone 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-182 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Unix and TCP/IP as Dominant Infrastructure
• Dominant systems emerged in the second generation – operating systems: BSD and System V Unix – networking: TCP/IP • Pioneering earlier work shouldn’t be forgotten … … nor reinvented – e.g. OS/360, MVS, Multics, TSS/360, CP-67, MCP – e.g. SNA, X.25
Operating systems didn’t begin with Unix Networking didn’t begin with TCP/IP
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-183 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History and Architecture HA.1.1 Modern Global Internet
HA.0 Early history HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.1.1 Early data networks HA.1.2 Internet emergence HA.1.3 Modern Global Internet HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-184 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Third Generation (1990s) Convergence and the Web
• Beginnings of converged IP-based infrastructure – IP-based global Internet subsuming enterprise networks – multimedia streaming (still distinct from CATV) – voice and video-conferencing over IP • gateways between the Internet and PSTN • Web – replaces all other information access • e.g. gopher, archie, and FTP (as visible to most users) • Fast packet switching over fiber • Significant 1st world deployment
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-185 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Privatisation
• 1991: NSF lifts access restrictions on NSFNET – use of email and netnews explodes • 1993: NSF solicitation for privatisation plans • 1995: NSF awards for – NAPs: network access point for ISP traffic exchange – RA: routing arbiter – vBNS: very high performance backbone network service • 1995 April: NSFNET backbone decomissioned • 1995 Sept.: NSF ends DNS registration subsidies • 1998: NAPs and RA transferred to private sector
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-186 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Research Networks • Internet precursors were research networks – privatisation constrained use by researchers – drove need for research infrastructure • separate from but attached to public Internet • Research networks – US: Internet2 and NLR – Canada: CANARIE (Canadian Advanced Network and Research for Industry and Education) – Europe: GÉANT – UK: JANET
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-187 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks
Internet2 Overview • 1996: Internet2 forms among 34 universities
– not an alternate or replacement for the Internet • this is a common misconception by the public – consortium of Universities and other research institutions – operates network infrastructure with fee to access • 1999: Abilene OC-48 links upgraded in 2004 to OC-192 links • 2006: Internet2 network with 10×10Gb/s WDM links
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-188 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Abilene Network
Seattle 1999 – 2003 Internet2 GigaPoP
Chicago New York
Denver Palo Alto Indianapolis Washington Kansas City
Los Angeles Atlanta
Houston
2.4 Gb/s OC-48 links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-189 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Abilene Network
Seattle 2004 – 2006
Chicago New York
Denver Palo Alto Indianapolis Washington Kansas City
Los Angeles Atlanta
Houston
10 Gb/s OC-192 links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-190 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Internet2 Network
Seattle 2006 –
Portland
Boston Cleveland Chicago New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Salt Lake Denver Sunnyvale Indianapolis Washington Kansas City Louisville Nashville Albuquerque Tulsa Charlotte Los Angeles Atlanta
El Paso Jacksonville
Baton Rouge Houston
10×10 Gb/s links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-191 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Internet2 Network with L2
Seattle 2006 –
Portland
Boston Cleveland Chicago New York Philadelphia Salt Lake Denver Pittsburgh Sunnyvale Indianapolis Washington Kansas City Louisville Nashville Albuquerque Tulsa Charlotte Los Angeles Atlanta
El Paso Jacksonville
Baton Rouge Houston
10×10 Gb/s links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-192 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Regional Network Example: KanREN
Kansas State U KUMC KU GPN Ft. Hays SU JCCC I2 Emporia SU GpENI Internet
single 1 Gb/s Ethernet links Wichita SU Pittsburg SU dual 1 Gb/s Ethernet links Internet • 1991: KanREN (KS Research and Education Network) – formed to expand connectivity in KS beyond MIDnet – initial connectivity in 1993 funded by NSF – GPN (1997) formed as successor to MIDnet – KanREN attaches to Inernet2 through GPN – 2003 partnership with Kan-Ed for K-12 network 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-193 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks
National LambdaRail Overview • 2004: National LambdaRail – consortium of Universities and others • including Internet2 – DWDM infrastructure for experimentation and e-science • 40×10Gb/s 10GE, OC-192, or dark fiber – discussions on merging with Internet2 broke down in 2007
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-194 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks National LambdaRail Network
Seattle 2004 –
Portland
Boise Syracuse Cleveland Chicago New York
Salt Lake Denver Pittsburgh Sunnyvale Washington Kansas City Raleigh Albuquerque Tulsa Los Angeles Phoenix Atlanta Dallas El Paso Pensacola Jacksonville
Baton Rouge San Antonio Houston 10 Gb/s OC-192 links DWDM links 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-195 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks GÉANT2 Network
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-196 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks PlanetLab and Emulab
• PlanetLab – international testbed to conduct Internet research – L4–7 programmable: applications and transport – VINI extends to control Internet topology – experiments use a slice of PlanetLab – basis for GENI cluster B (in which GENI participates) • Emulab: clusters of computing nodes – located in local area – arbitrary system software – programmable interconnection – basis for GENI cluster C (ProtoGENI)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-197 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Web Emergence
• 1945 hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s] • 1990: first Web browser within CERN – HTML, HTTP [Berners-Lee] • 1992: first widely used Web browsers – Mosaic (graphical) from UIUC NCSA (Andreessen, Bina 1992) – Lynx (text) from KU (Grobe, Rezac, Montulli 1992) • 1994: Mozilla/Netscape 1.0 descends from Mosaic • 1994: Lycos is first Web search engine • 1995: Yahoo! first large-scale Web directory
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-198 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Web Ubiquity
• 1995: MS Internet Explorer – Microsoft discovers the Internet • 1995: Altavista – becomes dominant Web search engine • 1996: Google – 1997: google.com registered – becomes dominant Web search engine – 2006: “google” added as verb to OED • 2001: Wikipedia collaborative encyclopedia – wiki concept used for many other things • 2004: Mozilla Firefox 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-199 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Internet Protocol Stack
HTML MIME L7 FTP HTTP SMTP POP P2P NNTP telnet SSH ICP L5 SIP
L4 TCP UDP RTP T/TCP SCTP RDP
DNS L3 IP ICMP IGMP BGP IGP BGP ARP MPLS GMPLS
L2 802.3 802.5 802.11 802.16 802.15 PDH SDH OTN PPP DSL FTTx HFC BPL
L1 freespace optical RF Cu wire coax fiber power line
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-200 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Current Structure tier-2 providers tier-1 providers
peering points IXP IXP
local ISPs
access lines
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-201 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Current Structure: Tier 1
• Loose hierarchy but with many interconnections – no longer a map of the Internet; ISP internals proprietary • Tier-1 backbone providers – largest with national or international high-speed backbones – interconnect with one-another at IXPs • Internet exchange points formerly NAP (network access points)
• peering without charging one-another for traffic – by bilateral agreement, e.g. Sprint, AT&T • or sometimes not: Level3–Cogent peering war in 2005 – do not purchase transit service from anyone else
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-202 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Current Structure: Tier-1 Providers
• Tier 1 backbone providers [Wikipedia Feb 2012] – AOL (ATDN) [disputed] AS1668 – at&t AS7018 – Level 3 with Global Crossing (GX) AS0001/3356/3549 – NTT Communications (formerly Verio) AS2914 – Centurylink (Qwest + SAVVIS) AS0209/3561 – Sprint AS1239 – Tata (India) AS6543 – TeliaSonera Intl. Carrier AS1299 – Tinet (Tiscali – Italy) AS3257 – Verizon Business (formerly UUNET) AS0701
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-203
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Current Structure Tiers 2 and 3
• Loose hierarchy but with many interconnections – no longer a map of the Internet; ISP internals proprietary • Tier-1 backbone providers • Tier-2 ISPs – purchases some transit traffic from tier-1 providers – peer directly with some networks (tier-1 and tier-2) – e.g. BT (AS5400) purchases from GX and Sprint
• Tier-3 local ISPs buys all transit service – purchases all transit traffic (from tier-2 and perhaps tier-1) – provide local Internet access – e.g. Sunflower from Sprint & Level3 [cidr-report.org] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-204 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Current Structure tier-2 providers tier-1 providers
peering points NAP NAP
local ISPs
access lines
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-205 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Tomography
• No Internet map – service provider secret • Impedes research on – physical structure – traffic patterns – application use • Internet tomography – probe to infer structure – logical maps only, e.g. • IP address structure
• AS relationships [Britt wikipedia Image:Internet_map_1024.jpg]
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-206 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Approximating Router Topology
• IP and routing tomography – infer router interconnectivity of a particular service provider – provides an approximate map of L3 connectivity – does not provide L2 and physical topology – does not provide peering information • Rocketfuel ISP topology mapping engine [http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/networking/rocketfuel] – basis for following maps…
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-207 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Topology Sprint L3 Topology
L3 Sprint
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-208 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Topology AT&T L3 Topology
L3 AT&T
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-209 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Topology AT&T + Sprint L3 Topology
L3 Sprint L3 AT&T
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-210 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Approximating Router Topology
• IP and routing tomography
– full map would include inferred maps of all service providers – very complex with at most limited utility
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-211 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Multilevel Topology
• L3 IP topology is not physical topology – it is an overlay of L3 logical links onto the physical links – whose topology is also not publicly released by ISP – but may be approximated by third party data mining
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-212 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network Topology Sprint L1 Physical Fiber Topology
L3 L2.5 L1 based on [KMI 1999] 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-213 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Architecture Multilevel Topology
• L3 IP topology is not physical topology – it is an overlay of L3 logical links onto the physical links – whose topology is also not publicly released by ISP – but may be approximated by third party data mining • Traffic engineering layers may intervene – e.g. IP over MPLS (L2.5) over physical links (L2)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-214 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Multilevel Internet Topology Sprint L1–3 Topology
L3 L2.5 L1
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-215 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Windows PCs & Cisco Dominant Infrastructure
• Dominant systems emerged in the third generation – operating systems: Windows – host architecture: PC based on x86 – Internet routers: Cisco running IOS • Pioneering earlier work shouldn’t be forgotten … … or reinvented – e.g. Unix, OS/360, Multics, TSS/360, CP-67, MCP – e.g. mainframe and superminicomputer architectures
Operating systems didn’t begin with Windows Host architectures didn’t begin with the PC and x86 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-216 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz History: Fourth Generation (2000s+) Scale, Ubiquity, Mobility
• Global infrastructure – optical core networks – wireless access networks – (hopefully) significant 2nd and 3rd world pervasiveness • Ubiquitous and pervasive computing – personal area networks – smart spaces • Tera- and Peta-node networks • Autonomic control and management
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-217 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
• Peer-to-peer file sharing applications Lecture AL – 1999 May: Napster created in 1999 to share music files • centralised database – 1999 Dec: RIAA sues Napster – 2000 March: Gnutella released by AOL subsidiary • a few hours later AOL removes links • thousands already have it • distributed database; no single entity for RIAA go attack • 2000: 20 M users and 2 M music shares/hr – 2001 July: court orders Napster to shut down • until all copyrighted material removed • Gnutella takes over; file sharing continues to grow 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-218 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
• Peer-to-peer file sharing applications – 2001: users move to other non-centralised anonymous apps • no central target for RIAA and MPAA • difficult to trace individual users – but not impossible with ISP collusion • e.g. Gnutella – 2002 July: Napster files for bankruptcy – 2003+: MPAA and RIAA threaten and sue • individual users, institutions such as Universities • push draconian legislation to limit technological advances – the cat-and-mouse game continues • BitTorrent becomes most common sharing mechanism • darknets become more common
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-219
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Web Evolution
• Web becomes defacto application infrastructure – Web browser is universal GUI • Mashup – hybrid Web-based composed application – uses standard interfaces for rapid development • e.g. Google maps, webcam stream embedded in page • Web 2.0 [DiNucci 1999, O’Reilly 2004]
– this is a dreadful jargon; there is no Web release number – refers evolution of Web-based services and applications • multimedia and rich content • client- and server-side scripting and application interaction
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-220 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Social Networking Prehistory
• Network and Internet subcultures – communities developed on Usenet, BBSs, and mailing lists – 1985: The WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) community • (still) a paid subscription – 1987: Usenet (great renaming) communities and netiquette – 1994: Web-based communities • theGlobe, GeoCities, Tripod • personal web pages for the masses • communities of interest, chat rooms
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-221 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Social Networking1 • Social networking Lecture AL community of users enabled by a Web GUI • History (selected) – 2002: Friendster established as a way to meet new people • has become Asia-centric – 2003: MySpace formed by former Friendster employees • was most popular social networking site in mid 2000s – 2003: LinkedIn formed as professional networking site • tracks professional and business connections • basic service free, advertises fee-based premium service
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-222 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Social Networking2 • Social networking history (selected) – 2004: Facebook (Facemash) launched for Harvard students • opened up to other colleges; high schools in 2005 • 2006: open access to all over 13 years old • now the most popular social net site: > 600 M users • become choice for older more educated users (over MySpace) • source of significant controversy over privacy issues • constant redesign of UI infuriates users • notorious for deploying without considering consequences
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-223 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Social Networking3 • Social networking history (selected) – 2006: Twitter launched as text-based network • essentially pub/sub multicasting text & micro-blogging service • 140 character tweets – 2010: Disapora project at NYU • open source distributed social network
• individual pods host users and control privacy • alpha pod up at diasp.org • KU pod planned at diaspora.ku.gpeni.net – 2011: Google+ released • approaching 100 M users after 6 months • circles and hangouts among new functionality
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-224 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Cloud Computing: Overview
• Cloud computing software and computing services in public Internet – still a buzzword without consistent usage • e.g. clueless Microsoft advertisements: “to the cloud!” – but architectures and commercial services emerging – note: Grid Computing is scientific supercomputing EECS 881 • Roots – 1960s time sharing services, outsourcing of IT services
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-225 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Cloud Computing: Advantages
• Advantages – access to temporary resources without purshasing – typical outsourcing advantages; downsizing of IT staff • Disadvantages – exposure to risk of loss in confidentiality of data • difficulty in meeting HIPAA and FERPA requirements – loss of control of IT services
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-226 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Cloud Computing: Alternatives
• Deployment alternatives – private cloud: provisioned for single user – community cloud: provisioned for particular user community – public cloud: provisioned for use by general public – hybrid cloud • Service model – SaaS: software as a service • customer uses cloud-provided applicaiotns (e.g. Google Docs) – PaaS: platform as a service • customer can deploy applications on standard VM platforms – IaaS: infrastructure as a service • customer can provision processing, storage, interconnection 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-227 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Cloud Computing: Providers
• Example providers and services – Amazon Web Services (AWS) • EC2 (Elastic Computing Cloud) • EBS (Elastic Block Store – Google cloud services • Google Docs • Google App Engine • Google Cloud Storage – IBM SmartCloud – Microsoft • Office 365 • Windows Azure
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-228 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Balkanisation and Geolocation
• 2000s: Internet geographic homogeneity disappears – reverse lookups used to geolocate servers and users • Location-based Web services
– can be used to enhance experience for naïve users • location or language-specific content and services • e.g. Wikipedia, google.{com|co.uk|co.in|cn} • e.g. amazon.{com|ca|co.uk|de|fr|co.jp|cn} • should be overrideable by user
– can be used to restrict locations of users • e.g. Hulu blocks users outside the US (and many proxies) – can be annoying for sophisticated users – Flagfox addon for Firefox shows location of server 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-229 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Balkanisation and Censorship
• 1990s: Internet censorship: filtering of content • Location of filtering – filtering in Web proxies (e.g. China Golden Shield) – filtering in firewalls: typical in corporate environments – filtering software on individual computers • Filtering mechanisms – content (text strings, image analysis) • many false positives – IP address and URI • cat-and-mouse game – traffic analysis and port # for P2P file sharing
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-230 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Censorship Examples: Sector
• Businesses, government, military – justification: traffic, security, employee productivity – typically: firewalling porn, social networking, ebay, youtube • Schools and libraries – justification: child protection – typically: PC filtering software in children’s areas – librarians have fiercely resisted filtering on adult computers • concerns: 1st amendment, public access, false positives • e.g. Middlesex and Essex counties was filtered in Mass. • Home use – content and site filtering on children’s machines
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-231 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Censorship Examples: National1 • Nations: legal, political, religious, sexual content • List of worst censorship and surveillance – pervasive: Cuba, Egypt, Iran, N. Korea, China, Myanmar, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam – substantial: Bahrain, S. Korea, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen [Wikipedia: Internet_censorship based on OpenNet Initiative]
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-232 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Censorship Examples: National2 • Nations: legal, political, religious, sexual content – China (except Hong Kong and Macau): political, porn • 2003: Golden Shield 金盾工程 (aka Great Firewall of China) – Facebook blocked – Chinese use Renren 人人 – Twitter blocked – Chinese use Weibo 微博 microblog service(s) – YouTube blocked – Chinese use Youku 优酷 – Baidu 百度 search engine blocks search terms and Web sites e.g. 非法献花 / illegal flower tribute and 法轮功 / Falun Gong • 2009: Green Dam 绿坝·花季护航 filtering software • 2010: Google – China confrontation over Gmail cracking – Google withdraws from China but operable via Hong Kong – illegal flower tribute (非法献花): flowers laid at Google HQ
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-233 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Censorship Examples: National3 • Nations: legal, political, religious, sexual content – North Korea: anything indicative of life in the rest of world • public Internet restricted to government and elite academics • Kwangmyong (광명) intranet for use by most North Koreans – government information and propaganda – clones of public Internet sites (primarily scientific and technical) – monitored email – South Korea: anonymity prohibited • N. Korea content filtered
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-234 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Censorship Examples: National4 • Nations: legal, political, religious, sexual content – Pakistan: 2008 YouTube prefix hijack – Myanmar/Burma: crime to use Internet without permission • 15 year fine for possessing a non-registered modem – Saudi Arabia: all traffic through national filtering proxy – Egypt: 2011 BGP prefix withdrawal • to censor protest organisation activities
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-235 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History
Censorship Examples: National5 • Nations: legal, copyright, sexual & offensive content – US: many initiatives driven by big media incl. RIAA/MPAA • 1996 CDA: Communications Decency Act • 1998 DMCA: Digital Millennium Copyright Act • 2011 SOPA/PIPA: – Stop Online Privacy Act / Protect Intellectual Privacy Act – temporarily withdrawn after 2011 Internet protest – likely to come back as part of ACTA treaty after 2011 elections – proposed technically infeasible filtering – proposed further erosion of US constitutional – Germany: Nazi content restricted
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-236 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Censorship by Nation
some
CDA, DMCA SOPA, PIPA, ACTA would likely turn US red
heavy none [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_blackholes.svg] surveillance
• Reporters sans Frontières classification – does not include Arab spring censorship 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-237 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Balkanisation and Net Neutrality
• 2000s: network neutrality debate • Network neutrality [Wu 2003] ISPs forward traffic without discrimination to: – content • e.g. Web pages vs. streaming video vs. P2P file sharing – sites (servers and users) • e.g. content provided by ISP vs. 3rd party – platforms • e.g. Windows vs. Mac OS vs. Unix • IE vs. Firefox vs. Chrome
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-238 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Balkanisation and Net Neutrality
• Arguments against net neutrality – pure net neutrality prevents QoS deployment • extreme view not held by most – laissez faire: service providers should do what they want • agenda pushed by provider lobbyists (e.g. Verizon, Comcast) – regulation of net neutrality could stifle innovation • complex issue for which legislation and regulation difficult • Arguments for net neutrality – ISPs, ASPs, and vendors will abuse power • Internet is not free market – regulation is needed to prevent anti-competitive behaviour
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-239 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet History Balkanisation and Net Neutrality
• 2005 US FCC Broadband Policy Statement – principles for open internet: – any lawful content – any lawful application – any lawful device – any provider
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-240 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Future Research and Design
• Internet architecture increasingly stressed – scale: growth in nodes, users, traffic – new deployment scenarios: mobile wireless, sensor nets, … – new applications • Previous attempts to evolve architecture unsuccessful – addition of QoS: IntServ, DiffServ – multicast – larger address space: IPv6
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-241 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Internet Future Clean Slate Research and Design
• New NSF research and development initiatives – FIND: Future Internet Design research initiative • KU is participant in PostModern Internet Project (POMO) – GENI: Global Environment for Network Innovation proposal • KU is leading GpENI: Great Plains Environment for Network Innovation • New EU research and development initiatives – FP6 SAC: Situated and Autonomic Communications • Lancaster is participant in ANA (Autonomic Networking Arch.) – FP7 FIRE: Future • Lancaster is leader in ResumeNet: Resilience and Survivability for Future Networking 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-242 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Future Internet Testbeds
• Networks to support Future Internet research – need to experiment on core protocols and infrastructure why can’t we just use the current Internet?
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-243 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks Future Internet Testbeds: GENI and FIRE
• Networks to support Future Internet research – need to experiment on core protocols and infrastructure – requires sharable, programmable, large-scale testbed • GENI: Global Environments for Network Innovation – funded by the US NSF and participant institutions • FIRE: Future Internet Research and Experimentation – funded by the EU FP7 (7th Framework Programme)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-244 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks GpENI Future Internet Testbed
• GpENI [dʒɛ’pi ni] Great Plains Environment for Network Innovation – future network testbed part of GENI and FIRE – centered on Midwest US fiber backbone
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-245 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks GpENI Midwest US and European Network
L2TPv3 tunnels Tampere UT fiber Skt. Peterburg Uppsala Simula IIRAS SICS TKK Helsinki KTH Stockholm Moscow Karlstads NORDUnet JANET Lancaster HEAnet UC Dublin DANTE Warszawa GÉANT2
Karlsruhe Passau Konstanz U-Zürich Wien SDSMT DSU München Bern USD ETH Bucharest Internet2 SWITCH IIT UNL Asia IU GMOC KSU UMC KU UMKC UPC Bilkent ISCTE Barcelona Lisboa
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-246 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Research Networks GpENI Midwest US and Asian Network
L2TPv3 tunnels fiber
Europe
CUC Beijing POSTECH
IIT Guwahati
ERNET
IIT Mumbai SDSMT DSU USD APAN Internet2 IIT IISc Bangalore UNL Asia IU GMOC KSU UMC KU UMKC
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-247 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.2 PSTN History and Architecture
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.2.1 Regulated monopolies HA.2.2 Deregulation and modern architecture HA.2.3 Mobile cellular telephony HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-248 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Structure
• PSTN: public switched telephone network – traditionally a hierarchical structure & centralised admin. • Local or exchange area network – originally administered by different bell operating companies – now operated by ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers) – must offer service access to CLECs (competitive LECs) • Long distance or interexchange network – formerly called toll network operated by Bell Long Lines – now multiple IXCs (interexchange carriers) • long distance carriers (AT&T, MCI, Sprint, etc.) • recently traditional local carriers (Bellsouth, Verizon, etc.)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-249 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz PSTN History and Architecture HA.2.1 Regulated Monopolies
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.2.1 Regulated monopolies HA.2.2 Deregulation and modern architecture HA.2.3 Mobile cellular telephony HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-250 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN History
• Worldwide: traditionally PTT carrier per country – changing with deregulation in each country • US: Bell System and other operators • AT&T Bell System main operating units – Long Lines (long distance) – Bell Operating Companies (local service) – Western Electric (telephone and switch manufacturing) – Bell Laboratories (research) • Other telephone companies scattered throughout US – GTE & Contel scattered among AT&T territory over entire US
– many other very small independent telephone companies 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-251 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Bell System Historical Structure
AT&T Long Lines
independent local carriers
local BOCs
local loops
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-252 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Traditional Local Network Structure
• Telephones connected to wire center by local loop • Wire center is location of a central office
• Local office contains local switching system – local (class 5) switch(es) – may contain tandem switch (pre-divestiture) – must contain TS for IXC access (post-divestiture)
• Tandem office dedicated for tandem switching • Local switching systems are interconnected by – tandem switching system into the switching hierarchy – direct trunks when high-interoffice traffic dictates – network traffic engineering dictates proper mix
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-253 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Traditional Local Network Structure
final trunk group (to class 4 long distance switching)
tandem local office office T T local tandem switches
direct trunk tandem trunk group group local (class 5) 5 5 5 direct trunk group 5 switches direct trunk group local loops
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-254 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Bell Operating Companies (1982)
Pacific New Northwest England Bell Telephone N.Y. Northwestern Wis. does not Tel. Mich. Tel. Bell N.J. Bell show Bell Bell overlaid Nevada Mountain Ill. Ind. Ohio of Pa. Diamond State GTE, Bell Bell Bell Bell Tel. Bell C&P Contel, Tel. Va. C&P Tel. Md. and other Pacific Southwestern C&P Tel. D.C. non-Bell Bell Bell operators South Southern C&P Tel. W.Va. Central Bell Bell
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-255 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Traditional Long Distance Network Structure
• Switching hierarchy of AT&T Long Lines – class 4 toll centers – class 3 primary centers – class 2 sectional centers – class 1 regional centers with international access • Number of switching offices Class Bell System Other – 1982 just before divestiture 1 10 – note large number of non-Bell 2 52 LEC central offices 3 148 20 4 508 425 5 9803 9000
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-256 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Early Long Distance Competition
• 1963: Microwave Communications Inc. formed • 1969: MCI licensed by FCC, begins service in 1970 – point-to-point microwave links • 1978: Southern Pacific Communications – fiber optic cables along rail right of way – spun off as SPRINT (Southern Pacific Rail …) • 1983: GTE acquires Sprint from SP Railroad • 1986: Sprint merges with US Telecom – US Sprint jointly owned by GTE and United Telecom • 1989: GTE sell share of US Sprint to United Telecom
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-257 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz PSTN History and Architecture HA.2.2 Deregulation and Modern Architecture
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.2.1 Regulated monopolies HA.2.2 Deregulation and modern architecture HA.2.3 Mobile cellular telephony HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-258 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Bell System Divestiture
• 1982 MFJ (modification of final judgment) – required AT&T to divest 22 BOCs (Bell operating companies) • 7 RBOCs (regional BOCs) • 2 independent BOCs (not wholly owned by AT&T) – local exchange areas • combined into ~160 LATAs (local access and transport areas) – equal access required to IXCs (interexchange carriers) – central services organisation • Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) piece of Bell Labs – AT&T keeps long distance, manufacturing • 1 Jan 1984: divestiture
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-259
ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Divestiture: AT&T
• AT&T Communications (IXC) – traditional interstate long distance (was Long Lines) – other inter-LATA IXC services • Western Electric – development and manufacturing of switches, phones, etc. • AT&T Bell Laboratories – research • Others – AT&T Information Systems – AT&T International – American Transtech (stock transfer)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-260 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Post-Divestiture RBOCS (1982)
NYNEX does not U.S West show Bell overlaid Pacific Ameritech GTE, Atlantic Contel, Telesis and other Southwestern non-Bell Bell operators Corporation Bellsouth
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-261 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN
Divestiture: RBOCs1 • Bell Atlantic – 14.2 M access lines – Bell of Pennsylvania – C&P Tel. of Md., D.C. W.Va., Va. [separate operating cos.] – Diamond State Telephone (DE) – New Jersey Bell • Ameritech 14.0 M access lines – Illinois Bell – Indiana Bell – Michigan Bell – Ohio Bell – Wisconsin Telephone
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-262 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN
Divestiture: RBOCs2 • BellSouth – 13.6 M access lines – South Central Bell (KY, TN, MS, AL, LA) – Southern Bell (NC, SC, GA, FL) • NYNEX – 12.8 M access lines – New England Tel (MA, RI, VT, NH, ME) – New York Telephone • Pacific Telesis – 10.9 M access lines – Pacific Telephone & Telegraph (CA) – Nevada Bell
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-263 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN
Divestiture: RBOCs3
• US WEST 10.6 M access lines – Pacific NW Bell (WA, OR, ID), – Mountain Bell (ID,MT,WY,UT,CO,AZ,NM) – Northwestern Bell (MN, IA, ND, SD, NE) • Southwestern Bell – 10.3 M access lines – (MO,KS,AR,OK,TX)
• Independent BOCs (not RBOCs) – SNET (Southern New England Telephone – CT) – Cincinnati Bell (small part of IN, OH, KY) • 1991: GTE Merges with Contel
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-264 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN SNET and Cincinnati Bell
SNET
Cincinnati Bell
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-265 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN GTE and Contel
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-266 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Post-Divestiture Structure
IXCs interexchange carriers
interIXC trunks
LECs local exchange carriers
local loops
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-267 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN
Long Distance Carrier Turmoil1 • 1991: AT&T acquires NCR computers • 1995: AT&T restructures – 1996: Lucent spins off • equipment (old Western Electric) • part of Bell Labs becomes Lucent Bell Laboratories – 1997 NCR spun back off • 1999–2000: AT&T acquires CATV operators – TCI and MediaOne become AT&T Broadband • 2000: AT&T restructures – 2001 AT&T Wireless spun off – 2002 AT&T Broadband bought by Comcast • 2005: AT&T acquired by SBC; at&t name + deathstar 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-268 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN
Long Distance Carrier Turmoil2 • 1983: WorldCom begins as LDDS – long distance discount services • 1990s: WorldCom acquisitions include: – 1994 Williams – 1995 MFS and UUNet • 1997: WorldCom buys MCI, becomes MCI WorldCom • 1999: Sprint and MCIWC attempt to merge – blocked by EU and US regulators • 2000: MCI name disappears into WorldCom • 2002: WorldCom bankrupt due to securities fraud • 2004: MCI emerges from Chapter 11 • 2006: MCI merged into Verizon 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-269 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN 1996 Telecommunications Act
• Local loop competition – ILEC (incumbent local exchange carrier) still own local loops – ILECs required to allow access to other CLECs – CATV providers begins to compete with ILECs – cellular telephones begin to compete with wired – IP telephony increases – number portability allows users to switch providers, keep no. • ILECs offer long distance – contingent on open access to CLECs – long distance and local mergers begin
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-270 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Dominant ILECs (2006)
Qwest Verizon AT&T states AT&T with significant does not ex-GTE show Verizon other territory ILECs AT&T Bellsouth
AP&T Cincinnati Bell Hawaiian Telecom 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-271 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Dominant ILECs (2007+)
CenturyLink Qwest Verizon at&t states with significant ex-GTE Verizon at&t territory
AP&T: Alaska Cincinnati Power & Bell Telephone Hawaiian Telecom 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-272 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN RBOC Consolidation: from 7+2 to 3
• Verizon – 2006 MCI merged into Verizon – 2000 Verizon = Bell Atlantic + GTE (+old Contel) – 1997 Bell Atlantic absorbs NYNEX • CenturyLink – 2000 Qwest (long-haul fiber) acquires US WEST – 2006 Embarq local loops spun off from Sprint – 2009 CenturyTel acquires Embarq renames to CenturyLink • Embarq is former Sprint local loops – 2010 CenturyLink acquires Qwest
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-273 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz at&t Colbert US PSTN RBOC Consolidation: from 7+2 to 3
• at&t (formerly SBC) – 2006 SBC acquires Bellsouth – 2005 acquires AT&T; name changed to at&t with deathstar – 1999 acquires Ameritech (IL, IN, MI, OH, Bells, WI Tel) – 1998 acquires SNET (CT) – 1997 acquires PacTel (Pacific Bell, Nevada Bell) – 1995 Southwestern Bell (renamed to SBC)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-274 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Post-1996 Deregulation LEC Structure
IXCs interexchange carriers
interIXC trunks
CLECs competitive LECS
ILECs incumbent LECS
local loops (owned by ILEC)
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-275 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Recent Developments
• Local loop competition – CATV providers offer digital telephony over HFC plant – wireless providers beginning to offer service • 802.16 may become pervasive • PBX (private branch exchange) competition – VoIP installations (e.g. using Cisco IP phones) • VoIP: voice over IP – providers (e.g. Vonage) offer service over broadband access • ILECs unsuccessfully resisting access over DSL – VoIP clients on PCs (e.g. skype) • free calling to other PC clients (given data access charges) • cheap calling to/from PSTN telephones through gateways
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-276 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US PSTN Current Structure Internet–PSTN gateways GW GW Internet VoIP CATV GW IXCs interIXC trunks
ILECs incumbent LECS
local ILEC loops: analog or DSL, fiber
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-277 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz PSTN History and Architecture HA.2.3 Mobile Cellular Telephony
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.2.1 Regulated monopolies HA.2.2 Deregulation and modern architecture HA.2.3 Mobile cellular telephony HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-278 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US Mobile Telephone Network Early History
• 1947– 1977 – 1946: FCC allocates 33 FM channels in 35,150,450 MHz band – 1947: operator relay begins to US passenger trains – 1960s: direct dialing from automobiles in home area • extremely limited channel capacity – 1977: Bell Labs begins first AMPS cellular trial in Chicago
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-279 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network Architecture Overview
cell
mobile terminal base station PSTN (wired)
4 MSC MSC mobile switching center
• Network divided in cells each covered by base station – hexagonal packing of circles – adjacent cells use different frequencies (spatial reuse ) • Mobile terminals move among cells • Cells interconnected by mobile switching centers 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-280 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network Generations and Standards: Overview
• 1G: analog AMPS (advanced mobile phone sys.) • 2G: digital – world GSM (global system for mobile comm.) except – US/Korea CDMA IS-95 – Japan D-AMPS (digital AMPS) • 2.5G: 2nd generation with new data services – emerged with delay of 3G past planned deployment in 2000 • 3G: widely deployed for ~1Mb/s data in late 2000s • 3.5–3.9G emerging services (claiming to be 4G) • 4G: 1Gb/s stationary / 100Mb/s moving data rate – none deployed yet 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-281 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network Generations and Standards: 4G
• There are no 4G services, and won’t be for years – Sprint Xohm/Clearwire was first to advertise “4G” • Current 3.5–3.9G services – 802.16e Sprint 2010 (abandoning for LTE) – HSPA+ T-Mobile, AT&T 2010 – LTE Verizon, AT&T 2011 initial deployments • ITU formally denied certification of these as 4G – www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx – but recently admitted carriers are ignoring – LTE is sometimes called 3.9G • 4G will be LTE-advanced (and 802.16m) 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-282 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz US Mobile Telephone Network Recent History
• 1978–present: analog to digital and data services – 1977: Bell Labs begins first AMPS cellular trial in Chicago • 2000 car phones manufactured by OKI, E.F. Johnson, Motorola – 1979: first AMPS deployment in Tokyo by NTT – 1984: first commercial US AMPS deployment – 1991: first digital deployment – GSM in Germany – 1994: CDPD (cellular digital packet data) in US • 14.4 kb/s – 2000: GPRS general packet radio service) for GSM • up to 64kb/s; begins to replace CDPD in US – 2003: FCC requires number portability for wireless service
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-283 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network Penetration
[ITU ICT Development Index 2009] • Mobile telephone subscrivers exceed wireline in 2002
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-284 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network American Providers Operator HQ Notes System Sub. [M] Logo América CDMA MX 215 Móvil GSM
Verizon US Alltell 2009 CDMA 93
AT&T US Cingular 2006 GSM 93
Nextel 2005 CDMA Sprint US 56 51% Clearwire 802.16 Deutsche T-Mobile DE GSM 34 Telekom Globalive WIND CA .14 new 4Q 2009 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-285 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network European GSM Providers Operator HQ Parent Notes Sub. [M] Logo BT/O early owns 45% Vodaphone UK 2 428 competitor Verizon wireless Spanish bought O in Telefónica ES 2 278 incumbent 2006 France Orange FR 182 Telecom Norwegian Telenor NO 184 incumbent Deutsche T-Mobile DE 151 Telekom Sweden 2002 Telia and Teliasonera SE 144 Finland inc. Sonera merger
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-286 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Mobile Telephone Network Asian and African Providers Operator HQ Parent Notes Sub. [M] Logo China Mobile was China CN GSM 564 中国移动通信 Telecom China Unicom CN GSM 157 中国联通
Bharti Airtel IN GSM 200
Orascom EG GSM 129
MTN ZA GSM 137
NTT NTT GSM JP 56 DoCoMo W-CDMA 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-287 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.3 SCADA Networks
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-288 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz SCADA Networks Overview
• SCADA: supervisory control and data acquisition • Control network architecture and protocols – electric power grid; hydro and nuclear plants – natural gas and oil pipelines – water and sewer – traffic control • Generations – 1st: monolithic proprietary implementations – 2nd: distributed over fieldbus LAN and protocol suite – 3rd: IEC 60870-5 or DNP3 protocols over Internet • no security mechanism! 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-289 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz SCADA Networks Network Architecture field interface devices RTU
RTU SCADA master
PLC operator • SCADA master: central control workstations • remote sensor/actuators – field interface devices: sensors, actuators, controllers – RTU: remote telemetry (terminal) field interface devices – PLC: programmable logic controllers (local intelligence) 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-290 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz SCADA Networks Development
• 1st gen. monolithic proprietary implementations • 2nd gen: local functionality networked – fieldbus LAN and protocol suite • 3rd gen: open protocols over Internet – IEC 60870-5 or DNP3 protocols – over dedicated links or Internet TCP/IP flows – no security mechanisms: many serious exposures • attacks against SCADA protocols and systems • eavesdropping and jamming of wireless links • DOS attacks against Internet links carrying SCADA
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-291 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Network History and Architecture HA.4 Other Networks
HA.1 Internet history and architecture HA.2 PSTN history and architecture HA.3 SCADA networks overview HA.4 Other networks
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-292 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Other Networks Overview
• Global Internet is subsuming more networks – but not all networks are part of Internet or PSTN • Relationship to Internet and PSTN – segregated network with no connection to Internet • e.g. vehicle embedded control network – gatewayed to Internet but with restricted connectivity • e.g. military networks – overlay using transparent • IP tunnels through Internet • dedicated circuits in PSTN
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-293 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Military Networks GIG
• GIG: Global Information Grid – interconnected US military networks – supporting NCW: network centric warfare and operations – managed by DISA: Defense Information Systems Agency • GIG components – military Internet (NIPRnet, SIPRnet, …) – tactical military networks and MANETs • including gatewayed stovepipe architectures, e.g. LINK-16 – situational awareness and telemetry networks • e.g. iNET TmNS https://wiki.ittc.ku.edu/resilinets_wiki/index.php/ Highly-Dynamic_Airborne_Ad_Hoc_Networking 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-294 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Military Networks GIG: Military Internet
• Military Internet components
– NIPRNET (pronounced “nipper-net” ) Non-classified Internet Protocol Router Network • gatewayed to public Internet as .mil domains • formerly DDN – Defense Data Network • formerly MILNET military Internet (.mil)
– SIPRnet (pronounced “sipper-net” ) Secret Internet Protocol Router Network • segregated form NIPRnet
– JWICS (pronounced “jaywics” ) Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System • top secret and higher classifications – Intellipedia: wikis running on SIPRnet and JWICS 29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-295 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Supercomputing Networks Grid Computing
• The Grid: networked supercomputing resources – distributed resource administration – open standards – resource reservation and QoS (quality of service) • OGF (Open Grid Forum) – standards for grid computing – APIs, middleware, resource control protocols
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-296 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz Other Networks Partial List
• CATV VOD (video on demand) content delivery • Sensor networks – small low-capability sensors/actuators • Manufacturing and process control networks • Vehicle embedded networks • …
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-297 ITTC © James P.G. Sterbenz References Further Reading
• Gerald Holzmann and Björn Pehrson, The Early History of Data Networks, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995 • R.F. Rey, ed., Engineering and Operations in the Bell System, 2nd ed., AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ, 1983 • John S. Quarterman, The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide, Digital Press (DEC), 1990
29 January 2013 KU EECS 780 – Comm Nets – History & Architecture NET-HA-298