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Thèse De Doctorat THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Rôle des microARNs et de leur machinerie dans les hépatocytes et les cellules béta pancréatiques Role of microRNAs and their machinery in hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells Gaia FABRIS IRCAN CNRS UMR 7284 – INSERM U1081 Présentée en vue de l’obtention Devant le jury, composé de : du grade de docteur en Sciences Francesco Beguinot, Professeur d’Université Côte d’Azur d’Endocrinologie, Università di Napoli Mention : interactions moléculaires et Federico II cellulaires Giulia Chinetti, Professeure de Biochimie, Dirigée par : Giulia Chinetti UCA Nice Co-encadrée par : Patricia Lebrun Magalie Ravier, CRCN, Inserm, IGF Soutenue le : 7 Juin 2019 Montpellier Emmanuel Van Obberghen, Professeur de Biochimie, UCA Nice Rôle des microARNs et de leur machinerie dans les hépatocytes et les cellules béta pancréatiques Jury : Président de jury Emmanuel Van Obberghen, Professeur de Biochimie, UCA Nice Rapporteurs Faeso Beguiot, Pofesseu d’Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine translationnelle Université de Naples Federico II, Italie Magalie Ravier, CRCN, Inserm, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France Résumé Das le foie oal de l’adulte les hpatotes sot das u tat de uiesee, sauf los d’ue situatio d’agessio phsiue ou toique. Dans ces cas-là, afin de pouvoir aitei leu ôle das l’hoostasie de l’ogaise les hpatotes edoags ou sauvegardés vont proliférer. Un des facteurs limitants pour la prolifération est la psee d’aides ais, ui sot essaies pour la synthèse des protéines au cours de la polifatio et diisio ellulaie, et pou l’atiatio de la oie TOR, ui joue un rôle clef dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire. Le ut de o pojet de thse tait d’tudie das des hpatotes adultes le ôle des aides ais das la gulatio de la tasitio ete l’tat de uiesee et la croissance cellulaire. Pour cela nous avons utilisé comme modèle de foie partiellement reséqué des hépatocytes de rats adultes en culture primaire non-ofluete. J’ai douet ue l’asee d’aides ais iduit l’ete des hpatotes das u tat de quiescence couplée à une augmentation de la protéine Drosha; cet accroissement étant indépendant de la voie mTOR. Inversement, la réduction de Drosha permet aux hépatocytes de proliférer, et cet effet semble indépendant des microARNs, qui sont les pateaies lassiues de Dosha. L’esele de os sultats let das les hépatocytes adultes l’eistee d’effets o-classiques de Drosha dans le contrôle de la régulation de la croissance suite un stress nutritionnel. Un tel mécanisme pourrait te il pou la petio et/ou le taiteet de l’isuffisae hpatiue. Le second projet de ma thèse concerne le rôle du microARN-375 dans la régulation de la sécrétion de l’isulie e pose au gluose das les îlots de Lagehas de ats et d’oigie huaie. Le taolise gloltiue et odatif sot nécessaires pour la réponse sécrétoire au glucose. Alors que plusieurs microARNs sont connus pour odule l’hoostasie des ellules ta, le microARN-375 se démarque par sa forte expression dans les cellules béta dans lesquelles il régule le fonctionnement, la prolifération et la différentiation. Sachant que le métabolisme du glucose est au centre de toutes les fonctions de la cellule béta, nous avons étudié son impact sur le métabolisme dans des îlots humains et murins. Notre approche a fait appel soit à la surexpression du microARN-375, soit à sa réduction dans de îlots humains ou murins. Esuite ous aos aals la stio de l’isulie et le taolise. De plus, ous aos egad l’epessio du microARN-375 et la réponse sécrétoire au glucose dans des îlots de rats à différents stades de leur développement. Nous avons trouvé que la surexpression du microARN-375 dans les îlots murins et humains diminuait la sécrétion de l’isulie e pose au gluose, ais pas elle au α-cétoisocaproate ou au KCl. De plus, le microARN-375 duit la osoatio d’O2 engendrée par la glycolyse et le métabolisme du pyuate, ais pas elle e pose au α-cétoisocaproate. En même temps, la production de lactate est augmentée suggérant que le pyruvate est détourné des mitochondries. Enfin, la réduction du niveau du microARN-375 est associée à la atuatio des ellules ta de at foetal et l’appaitio d’ue pose stoie au glucose. Pris dans leur ensemble nos résultants identifient le microARN-375 comme étant un régulateu etal du taolise du gluose et de la stio de l’isulie, et ainsi il pourrait être un rouage déterminant pour la maturation fonctionnelle de cellules béta. Mots clés : hépatocytes, prolifération cellulaire, acides aminés, Drosha; diabète, métabolisme du glucose, stio de l’isulie, îlots pancréatiques, microARNs. Abstract In an adult healthy liver, hepatocytes are in a quiescent stage unless a physical injury, such as ablation, or a toxic attack occurs. However, to maintain their important organismal homeostatic role, the damaged or remaining hepatocytes will start proliferating to restore their functional mass. One of the limiting conditions for cell proliferation is amino acid (aa) availability, necessary both for the synthesis of proteins important for cell growth and division, and for the activation of the mTOR pathway, known for its considerable role in the regulation of cell proliferation. The aim of my main PhD project was to investigate the role of amino acids in the regulation of the switch between quiescence and growth of adult hepatocytes. To do so I used non- confluent primary adult rat hepatocytes as a model of partially ablated liver. I discovered that the absence of aa induces in primary rat hepatocytes the entrance in a quiescence state together with an increase in Drosha protein, which does not involve the mTOR pathway. Conversely, knockdown of Drosha allows the hepatocytes to proliferate and this effect appears to be independent of miRNAs, the canonical downstream partners of Drosha. Taken together, these observations reveal an intriguing non-canonical effect of Drosha in the control of growth regulation of adult hepatocytes responding to a nutritional strain, and they may help to design novel preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for hepatic failure. A side project of my PhD involved the role of microRNA-375 in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat and human pancreatic islets. Enhanced β-cell glycolytic and oxidative metabolism are necessary for glucose-induced insulin secretion. While several microRNAs modulate β-cell homeostasis, microRNA-375 stands out as it is highly expressed in β-cells where it regulates β-cell function, proliferation and differentiation. As glucose metabolism is central in all aspects of β- cell functioning, we investigated the role of microRNA-375 in this process using human and rat islets; the latter being an appropriate model for in depth investigation. We used forced expression and repression of microRNA-375 in rat and human primary islet cells followed by analysis of insulin secretion and metabolism. Additionally, microRNA- 375 expression and glucose-induced insulin secretion were compared in islets from rats at different developmental ages. We found that overexpressing of microRNA-375 in rat and human islet cells blunted insulin secretion in response to glucose, but not to α-ketoisocaproate or KCl. Further, microRNA-375 reduced O2 consumption related to glolsis ad puate etaolis, ut ot i espose to α-ketoisocaproate. Concomitantly, lactate production was augmented suggesting that glucose-derived pyruvate is shifted away from mitochondria. Finally, reduced microRNA-375 expression as assoiated ith atuatio of fetal at β-cells and acquisition of glucose-induced insulin secretion function. Altogether our findings identify microRNA-375 as an effiaious egulato of β-cell glucose metabolism and of insulin secretion and could be deteiat to futioal β-cell developmental maturation. Keywords: hepatocytes, cell proliferation, amino acids, Drosha; diabetes, glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, pancreatic islets, microRNAs. « Mientras el corazón suena y atrae la partitura de la mandolina, allí adentro tú filtras y repartes, separas y divides, multiplicas y engrasas, subes y recoges “ While the heart resounds and attracts los hilos y los gramos the music of the mandolin, de la vida, los últimos there, inside, you filter licores, and distribute, you separate las íntimas esencias. Víscera and divide, submarina, you multiply and lubricate, medidor you raise and gather de la sangre, the threads and the grams of life, the final vives distillate, lleno de manos the intimate essences. Submerged viscus, y de ojos, measurer of the blood, midiendo y trasvasando you live full of hands en tu escondida and full of eyes, cámara measuring and transferring in your hidden de alquimista. » alchemical chamber. “ Oda al hígado – Pablo Neruda Ode to the liver – Pablo Neruda Contents List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 6 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 13 Liver ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Anatomy ........................................................................................................................... 14 From the macroscopic to the microscopic structure ................................................... 15 o An overview on hepatic cell populations ........................................................
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