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Part 2 Biochemistry of Hormones. Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids Частина 2 Біохімія Гормонів. О

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Part 2 Biochemistry of Hormones. Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids Частина 2 Біохімія Гормонів. О МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ'Я УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний медичний університет PART 2 BIOCHEMISTRY OF HORMONES. METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Self-Study Guide for Students of General Medicine Faculty in Biochemistry ЧАСТИНА 2 БІОХІМІЯ ГОРМОНІВ. ОБМІН ВУГЛЕВОДІВ ТА ЛІПІДІВ Методичні вказівки для підготовки до практичних занять з біологічної хімії (для студентів медичних факультетів) Затверджено вченою Радою ХНМУ Протокол № 12 від 20.10.2016 р. Харків ХНМУ 2016 Self-study guide for students of general medicine faculty in biochemistry. Part 2: Biochemistry of hormones. Metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids / Comp.: O. Nakonechna, S. Stetsenko, L. Popova, A. Tkachenko. et al. – Kharkiv: KhNMU, 2016. – 84 p. Covpilers: Nakonechna O. Stetsenko S. Popova L. Tkachenko A. Методичні вказівки для підготовки до практичних занять з біологічної хімії (для студентів медичних факультетів). Частина 2. Біохімія гормонів. Обмін вуглеводів і ліпідів / Упоряд. О.А. Наконечна, С.О. Стеценко, Л.Д. Попова, А.С. Ткаченко. – Харків: ХНМУ, 2016. – 84 с. Упорядники: О.А. Наконечна С.О. Стеценко Л.Д. Попова А.С. Ткаченко - 2 - SOURCES For preparing to practical classes in «Biological Chemistry» Basic Sources 1. Біологічна і біоорганічна хімія: у 2 кн.: підручник. Кн. 2 Біологічна хімія / Ю.І. Губський, І.В. Ніженковська, М.М. Корда, В.І. Жуков та ін.; за ред. Ю.І. Губського, І.В. Ніженковської. – К.: ВСВ «Медицина», 2016. – 544 с. 2. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія. Підручник / Губський Ю.І. – Київ-Вінниця: Нова книга, 2007. – 656 с. 3. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія / Губський Ю.І. – Київ-Тернопіль: Укрмедкнига, 2000. – 508 с. 4. Гонський Я.І. Біохімія людини. Підручник / Гонський Я.І., Максимчук Т.П., Калинський М.І. - Тернопіль: Укрмедкнига, 2002. – 744 с. 5. Березов Т.Т. Биологическая химия. Учебник / Березов Т.Т., Коровкин Б.Ф. – М.: Медицина, 1998. – 704 с. 6. Биологическая химия: Практикум / Хмелевский Ю.В, Губский Ю.И., Зайцева С.Д. и др. – К.: Вища школа, 1985. – 212 с. 7. Биохимия: Учебник / Под ред. Е.С. Северина. – М.: ГЕОТАР-МЕД, 2003. – 784 с. 8. Біологічна хімія / Вороніна Л.М. та ін. – Харків: Основа, 2000. – С. 109–117. 9. Біологічна і біоорганічна хімія: у 2 кн.: підручник. Кн. 2 Біологічна хімія / Ю.І. Губський, І.В. Ніженковська, М.М. Корда та ін.; за ред.. Ю.І. Губського, І.В. Ніженковської. – К.: ВСВ «Медицина», 2016. – 544 с. 10. Практикум з біологічної хімії / Бойків Д.П., Іванків О.Л., Кобилянська Л.І. та ін. / За ред. О.Я. Склярова. – К.: Здоров’я, 2002. – С. 51–59. 11. Лабораторні та семінарські заняття з біологічної хімії: Навч. посібник для студентів вищих навч. закл. / Вороніна Л.М., Десенко В.Ф., Загайко А.Л. та ін. – Х.: Вид-во НФаУ; Оригінал, 2004. – С. 82–84. 12. Popova L. Biochemistry / Popova L., Polikarpova A. – Kharkiv: KNMU, 2012. – 540 p. 13. Harper’s Biochemistry / Murray R.K., Granner D.K., Mayes P.A. et al. – Prentice-Hall Int. Inc., 1998 – 1014 p. Extra Sources 1. Клиническая биохимия / Цыганенко А.Я., Жуков В.И., Леонов В.В. и др. – Харьков: Факт, 2005. – 456 с. 2. Бышевский А.Ш. Биохимия для врача / Бышевский А.Ш., Терсенов О.А. – Екатеринбург: Урал. рабочий, 1994. – 384 с. 3. Биохимия / Кучеренко Н.Е., Бабенюк Ю.Д., Васильев А.Н. и др. – К.: Вища школа, 1988. – 432 с. 4. Николаев А.Я. Биологическая химия / Николаев А.Я. – М.: Мед. инф. агентство, 1998. – 496 с. 5. Балаболкин М.И. Эндокринология / Балаболкин М.И. – М.: Универсум паблишинг, 1998. – 582 с. 6. Боєчко Л.Ф. Основні біохімічні поняття, визначення та терміни: Навчальний посібник / Боєчко Л.Ф., Боєчко Л.О. – К.: Вища школа, 1993. – 528 с. 7. Клінічна біохімія / Бойків Д.П., Бондарчук Т.І., Іванків О.Л. та ін. / За ред. Склярова О.Я. – К.: Медицина, 2006. – 432 с. 8. Halkerston I.D.K. Biochemistry: 2nd edition / Halkerston I.D.K. – The National medical series for independent study, 1988. – 522 р. 9. Stryer L. Biochemistry / Stryer L. – W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. – 1995. – 1064 p. - 3 - CLASS 1 (4 hours) TOPIC 1 (4 hours): General characteristics of hormones. Hormones of hypothalamic-pituitary axis IMPORTANCE. One of the conditions for the normal functioning of all organs and systems is homeostasis, i.e. the ability to maintain and provide quantitative and qualitative constancy of the internal environment through a complex mechanism of regulation, coordination and integration of processes taking place in it. The pivotal role in this process is played by the central nervous system and endocrine glands. Hormones are biologically active substances that play a regulatory role in metabolism and functioning of organs and tissues. AIM. Familiarize yourself with the general idea of hormones, their properties and features of the endocrine system, as well as the following classifications of hormones based on: 1) their place of synthesis; 2) chemical nature; 3) maintenance of homeostasis; 4) the primary contact with cells. Study the concept of receptors, their structure, localization and interaction with hormones. Read the main properties of hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones and features of their action on target tissues; molecular mechanisms of hormonal signal transduction for hormones of protein- peptide nature and derivatives of amino acids, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. It is necessary to become familiar with the role of cyclic nucleotides, phosphoinositides, Ca2+/calmodulin in hormonal signal transduction. Learn and be able to describe the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in accordance with the following scheme: 1) its name; 2) its place of synthesis; 3) features of its structure; 4) mechanisms of action and THEORETICAL QUESTIONS 1 Hormones: general characteristics, role in intercellular integration of functions of the human body. 2 Methods for the investigation of hormones 3 Properties of hormones and features of the endocrine system. 4 Classification of hormones based on their place of synthesis, chemical nature, maintenance of homeostasis. Groups of hormones and their representatives. 5 Classification of hormones based on their primary interaction with cells. Membrane (ionotropic, metabotropic), cytosolic and nuclear receptors. 6 Mechanisms of action for hormones of protein-peptide nature and derivatives of amino acids. Biochemical systems of intracellular hormonal signal transduction: G-coupled proteins, second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, 2+ Ca /calmodulin, IP3, DAG). 7 Adenylyl cyclase messenger system. Structure of ATP and cyclic AMP. 8* Guanylyl cyclase messenger system. Structure of GTP and cyclic GMP. 9. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for steroid and thyroid hormones. 10* Role of hormones in mechanisms of self-regulation and maintenance of homeostasis. – questions for self-study biological significance; 5) disorders associated with its abnormal synthesis. - 4 - 11 Hormones of hypothalamus – liberins and statins. Their structure and role in neurohumoral regulation. 12 Hormones of adenohypophysis. Pathological processes associated with dysfunctions of these hormones. 13 "Growth hormone (somatotropin) – prolactin – chorionic somatomammotropin" family; pathological processes associated with dysfunctions of these hormones. 14 Group of glycoproteins – pituitary tropic hormones (TSH, FSH, and LH). 15* Proopiomelanocortin family (POMC) – products of POMC processing (ACTH, lipotropins, endorphins). 16 Vasopressin and oxytocin: structure, biological functions. Pathological processes associated with vasopressin deficiency. Recommendations for self-study of theoretical questions Question Information 1. Methods used for 1.1. Research methods for hormones: biological, investigation of hormones. colorimetric, polarographic, chromatographic, fluorimetric, radioisotope. 1.2. Modern research methods: radioimmunoassay (RIA method): - It is used to determine very low amounts of protein- peptide and steroid hormones (hypothalamic hormones, pituitary hormones, hormones of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, ovaries, endocrine apparatus of the pancreas); - This method is the most accurate and informative for determining blood hormone concentrations; - RIA kits with radioactive tracers (hormones) are used; - The method is based on competition: antibodies bind the radiolabelled antigen. This process is inhibited by the unlabeled antigen. 2. Guanylyl cyclase 2.1. Components of the guanylyl cyclase messenger messenger system. system: guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors, Structure of GTP and guanylate cyclase, cGMP as a second messenger, cyclic 3',5'-GMP. cGMP-dependent protein kinases that amplify hormonal signals. 2.2. Types of guanylyl cyclase: - Cytosolic: 2 subunits (α and β), prosthetic group – heme; activator - NO; – Membrane-bound: transmembrane glycoprotein (regulators - natriuretic factor, intestinal peptide – guanylin, etc.). 2.3. Second messenger - cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) is synthesized due to the activation of membrane-bound or soluble guanylyl cyclase with - 5 - GTP (under the action of phosphodiesterases cGMP is degraded to 5'-GMP); Structure of GTP: nitrogenous base - guanine, carbohydrate - ribose, phosphate moieties; - Structure of cGMP: 3',5'-diphosphoric esters of guanyl acid (GMP). 2.4. Stages of transduction and transformation of hormonal signals: The interaction of hormone guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors→ activation of guanylyl cyclase → formation of cGMP→ activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases → cell response; -For example, natriuretic hormone acts via the guanylate cyclase messenger system in kidney cells causing sodium and water excretion, which
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