DOCSLIB.ORG

Muhammad Usama Zafar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Muhammad Usama Zafar WATER ANALYSIS AND CLIMATIC HISTORY OF GILGIT AND HUNZA VALLEYS (A DENDROCLIMATIC APPROACH) Muhammad Usama Zafar A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2013 Department of Environmental Science Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Gulshan-e- Iqbal Campus, Karachi, Pakistan 1 CERTIFICATE Certified that the candidate has completed the thesis under my supervision Prof. Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed (Foreign Professor) Laboratory of Dendrochronolgy and Plant Ecology of Pakistan, Department of Environmental Science Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi ii Research title: Water analysis and climatic history of Gilgit and Hunza Valleys (A Dendroclimatic Approach) Submitted by Muhammad Usama Zafar M. Phil/PhD Scholar Research supervisor Prof. Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed Foreign Professor Laboratory of Dendrochronology and plant ecology of Pakistan Department of Botany FUUAST, Karachi Co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Afzal Farooq Chairman Department of Environmental Science FUUAST, Karachi Graduate Research Management Council Department of Environmental Science Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus Karachi iii i-Note In Pakistan, family of dendrochronology is very small and still it is emerging as a new science. It has been introduced in three or four universities throughout the country but not at professional level. Therefore, I also included water analysis of the same area from where I worked over dendroclimatology. Although there is no correlation between water analysis and dendroclimatology but I analyzed both. It was very difficult for me to study the two different fields and to make comprehensive results. My basic concern was towards dendroclimatology and for seeking jobs in Pakistan; I included water analysis as a separate part of my thesis. iv ii- Abstract Twenty-nine samples from different locations of Upper Indus Basin from Gilgit and Hunza valleys were selected for the investigation of physico-chemical characteristics. Sampling was performed during July in the year 2012. Eleven parameters were chosen for water analysis to assess water quality and to observe the variations among different sites. Physical factors were analyzed at site while chemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory using standard techniques of water analysis developed by (American Public Health Association, APHA) and spectrophotometeric techniques. Multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were employed to interpret the data and to unravel the causes of water pollution. Results of physico-chemical properties showed that values of all parameters were in accordance with the permissible limits proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) but the high values of total alkalinity shows that water is of bicarbonate type. Knowledge of past climate variability is necessary for understanding present and future climate tendencies. This study used three species (Picea smithiana, Juniperu sexcelsa and Pinus gerardiana) ring-width chronologies to investigate palaeo-temperature history in Gilgit and Hunza valleys Northern Pakistan. The resultant reconstruction is among the first palaeo-series from Picea smithina produced for Pakistan to date. It is in good agreement with other tree-ring based records, and with instrumental (both local and grid) data. Ten pine chronologies including three species were developed. Ring-width measurements were detrended using the standardization method to preserve as much climatic signals as possible. Crossdating exposed the presence of a strong common signal among trees. Inter-site comparison showed that a common control mechanism affected tree growth not only within sites, but also across sites. To determine whether climate was the main factor that controlled the growth of three species from Gilgit and Hunza, correlation and response functions were analyzed. Temperature and precipitation were tested for their relationship with tree growth. Mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation were observed as the primary growth-limiting factor. Chronologies were negatively correlated with temperature and precipitation of spring season, and climate correlation modeling showed that temperature and precipitation explained 39-63% variance in the tree-ring data. Tree- v ring data from Picea smithiana Jutial contained the strong temperature signal, was picked for reconstruction. The Jutial chronology was then used to reconstruct March-June temperatures back to A.D. 1523. The calibration model explained 38.16% of the variance in temperature, and all calibration and verification tests were passed at good levels of significance. The reconstructed temperature was tested over decadal and century time-scale. The coolest decadal time scale period revealed that 17th century experienced lowest degree of temperature and ensuing the period of “Little Ice Age” (LIA). The temperatures reached their maximum in 19th century over century time-scale. As Pinus gerardiana Chaprot chronology exhibited strongest temperature signal among all chronologies therefore, separate exercise was performed where Jutial chronology reconstruction was compared with Chaprot reconstruction. Two species demonstrated the common pattern in spring temperatures. However, the temperature reconstruction from Chaprot was insufficient to produce a long term proxy temperature. This research has strengthened the Pakistan network of chronology sites, and confirmed that Picea smthiana, Juniperus excelsa and Pinus gerardiana have great dendro-climatic value. The last more than 450 years of temperature fluctuations were reconstructed with a high degree of fidelity. The current reconstruction added similar trend of temperature in comparison with the other studies throughout central Asia. vi iii-DEDICATION I would like to dedicate my thesis to my beloved mother vii iv-Table of Contents Note............................................................................................................................................ i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ............................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... xiii List of Symbols, Abbreviations or Other (Optional) ........................................................ xiv Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. ixx Part One: Water Analysis of Gilgit and Hunza Valleys Chapter 1 Water analysis ....................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Research objectives .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Review of literature .............................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Materials and methods ....................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 Sampling and on-site evaluation .................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Methods for the detection of chemical parameters ....................................................... 12 1.4.2.1 Chloride ................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.2.2 Carbonate alkalinity ............................................................................................... 12 1.4.2.3 Bicarbonate alkalinity ............................................................................................ 12 1.4.2.4 Total hardness ........................................................................................................ 13 1.4.3 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Results .................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Temperature ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 pH ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Dissolved oxygen ............................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Total dissolved solids ......................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Electrical conductivity ........................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Salinity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Magic Line, XC Magazine
    Over the next two hours John scratched from buttress to buttress along the south facing side of the Chogo Lungma Glacier, always edging towards freedom The Right StuffThere’s simply nowhere bigger and wilder in the world that the Karakorum Mountains in northern Pakistan. Yes, they’re even bigger than the Himalayas - although most consider them to be the same range – but for the concentrate of peaks and glaciers the Karakorum wins hands down. Crumpled between the greener Himalayan range to the south and the Pamirs and Tien Shen ranges to the north, the Karakorum is what you get when you combine a mountain range with a desert and then force-feed it steroids. The scenery is nothing short of violent. Seven to eight thousand metre mountains with sheer vertical rock walls punch up out of golden desert valleys, themselves painted elaborately with deep blue rivers and the colourful blossom of fruit trees. The air is dusty and moistureless. Cloudbase is stratospheric. Elevate yourself a few thousand metres higher, above the glaciers and seracs and nestle in between the ice walls, snow fluted summits and suddenly you’re ensconced in the frozen world of the high altitude mountaineer - a world only reachable though weeks, or even months, of hard and dangerous climbing. Until recently. The paraglider has opened up mountains like the Karakorum in a way that no other aircraft has. It’s allowed us to soar up close to giants, tip toeing around like thieves in the night, high beyond the reach of most helicopters. Men have died to reach these hostile places, yet we now walk through them like rose gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Eisrandtäler Im Karakorum
    Lasafam Iturrizaga Die Eisrandtäler im Karakorum Verbreitung, Genese und Morphodynamik des lateroglazialen Sedimentformenschatzes 2005 Photo auf der ersten Seite: Blick aus 3680 m in das Eisrandtal des Yukshin Gardan-Gletschers auf der Nordabdachung des Hispar-Karakorums. Die höchsten Einzugsbereiche sind der Kanjut Sar (7760 m) zur Linken und der Yukshin Gardan Sar (7641 m) zur Rechten. Aufnahme: L. Iturrizaga 07.07.2001 Die Eisrandtäler im Karakorum Verbreitung, Genese und Morphodynamik des lateroglazialen Sedimentformenschatzes Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der venia legendi im Fach Geographie vorgelegt der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie der Universität Göttingen von Lasafam Iturrizaga aus Berlin Göttingen 2005 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Wintersemester 2005 von der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie der Universität Göttingen als Habilitationsschrift angenommen. Die Habilitationsschrift ist beim Shaker Verlag in der Reihe „Geography International“ erschienen. This habilitation treatise was written during the years 1999-2005 and accepted by the Faculty of Geosciences and Geography of the University Göttingen. It was published by Shaker Verlag in the book series 'Geography International'. Iturrizaga, L. 2007. Die Eisrandtäler im Karakorum: Verbreitung, Genese und Morphodynamik des lateroglazialen Sedimentformenschatzes. Geography International (Ed. M. Kuhle), Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Vol. 2, 389 pp. ISBN: 978-3-8322-6903-6 http://www.shaker.de http://www.shaker.eu Vorwort Die vorliegende Habilitationsschrift wurde in den Jahren 1999 bis 2005 am Geographischen Institut Göttingen abgefasst. Die Durchführung dieser empirischen Forschungsarbeit ist mir durch die folgenden Institutionen und Personen ermöglicht worden, denen ich für ihre Unterstützung danken möchte: Die Feldforschungsaufenthalte im Karakorum sowie die Auswertungsarbeiten wurden zum großen Teil durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG IT 14/2-1, IT 14/2-2, IT 14/12-1) sowie durch den Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) finanziert.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence of Livestock Diseases in Nomal and Naltar Valleys Gilgit, Pakistan
    Pakistan J. Agric. Res. Vol. 25 No. 1, 2012 INCIDENCE OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES IN NOMAL AND NALTAR VALLEYS GILGIT, PAKISTAN A. N. Naqvi and K. Fatima* ABSTRACT:-A research project was undertaken to study the incidence of livestock diseases in Nomal and Naltar valleys, Gilgit. The data on cattle, goat, sheep and donkey were collected from the Animal Husbandry Department from 2003 to 2007. In total 19259 animals were found affected with various diseases. The disorders reported in the area were digestive diseases, infect- ions, mastitis, reproductive diseases, endoparasites, ectoparasites, wounds, hematuria, respiratory diseases, emaciation, hemorrhagic septic-emia, tumour, blue tongue, cow pox, enterotoxaemia, tetanus, paralysis and arthritis. In precise, endoparasites were found in 25.3% animals followed by respiratory diseases (24.74%). Most of the cattle (2053) and sheep (926) were found affected with endoparasites, whereas most of the goats (3960) were suffering from respiratory disorders. The seasonal data indicated that the incidence of diseases prevailed was high (33.94%) in winter while it was as low as 14.18% in summer. Key Words: Nomal; Naltar; Livestock; Cattle; Goat; Sheep; Diseases; Endoparasites; Digestive System Disorders; Infections; Mastitis; Foot and Mouth Disease; Pakistan. INTRODUCTION including self-employed business- Pakistan is endowed with diverse men. About 20% of population dep- livestock genetic resources. Analysis ends on the agriculture and very few of livestock population trends show on livestock for their livelihood. that cattle population increased by Agricultural land of this valley is 219%, sheep by 299% and goats by mostly plain, fertile and suitable for 650% in the last 45 years (Afzal and all kinds of crops, vegetables and Naqvi, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan 1997
    LINDSAY GRIFFIN & DAVID HAMILTON Pakistan 1997 Thanks are due to Pakistan Ministry ofTourism, XavierEguskitza andkem Mustafa Awanfor their help in providing information. 1997 will be remembered as the year of the best weather conditions seen in the Karakoram for several decades. Low rainfall during the winter and spring meant that there were few problems with fresh snow at the start of the season. Long spells of settled conditions during June, July and August permitted a remarkably high number of climbing successes on both the high peaks and lower rock walls. Pakistan government figures show that 70% of this year's expeditions were successful compared with an average of 42% for the previous five years. _ There were several notable climbing achievements recorded. A Korean party made the third ascent of Gasherbrum IV by a new route on the impressive West Face. A huge Japanese expedition split its resources between Broad Peak, Gasherbrum I and Gasherbrum IT and successfully placed team members on each summit. The fine weather also suited those climbing big rock walls. A German team made the second ascent of Latok IT by the unclimbed SW Face, while several groups succeeded on other hard technical rock routes. However the main news of the season was the increasing popularity of 'normal routes' on 8000m peaks and the relative decline of exploratory mountaineering on lesser-known objectives. In celebration of the nation's 50th anniversary the Pakistan authorities relaxed the normal restrictions on the number of permits issued for the 8000m peaks. Ministry of Tourism statistics show that 57 expeditions from 16 countries received permission to climb peaks over 6000m.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of Glaciers, Climate, and Runoff in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya
    Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 67668-SAS Monitoring of Glaciers, Climate, and Runoff in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Mountains Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Monitoring of Glaciers, Climate, and Runoff in the HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS b Monitoring of Glaciers, Climate, and Runoff in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Mountains Donald Alford, David Archer, Bodo Bookhagen, Wolfgang Grabs, Sarah Halvorson, Kenneth Hewitt, Walter Immerzeel, Ulrich Kamp, and Brandon Krumwiede i This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Acknowledgements This volume was prepared by a team led by Winston Yu (the World Bank) and Donald Alford (Consultant). Don Alford, David Archer (Newcastle University), Bodo Bookhagen (University of California Santa Barbara), and Walter Immerzeel (Utrecht University) contributed to the sections related to mountain hydrology. Wolfgang Grabs (World Meteorological Organization) developed the sections in the report on climate monitoring. Sarah Halvorsen (University of Montana) prepared the sections on indigenous glacier monitoring. Kenneth Hewitt (Wilfrid Laurier University) developed the sections on glacier mass balance monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of a Smut Disease on Grasses in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
    atholog P y & nt a M Abbas, J Plant Pathol Microbiol 2018, 9:10 l i P c f r o o b DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000e112 l i Journal of a o l n o r g u y o J ISSN: 2157-7471 Plant Pathology & Microbiology ReviewEditorial Article OpenOpen Access Access First Report of a Smut Disease on Grasses in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Aqleem Abbas* The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China Editorial References 1. Akbar M, Ahmed M, Hussain A, Usama Zafar M, Khan M (2011) Quantitative Gilgit and Skardu are two divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region forests description from Skardu, Gilgit and Astore Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, of Pakistan. Gilgit district is part of Gilgit division, which has geographic Pakistan. Fuuast J Biol 1: 149-160. coordinates 35° 55’ 0” North, 74° 17’ 49” East. The area of Gilgit district 2 2. Khan MZ, Khan B, Awan S, Khan G, Ali R (2013) High-altitude rangelands and is about 38,000 km (15,000 sq mi) and located 1600 to 3000 m above their interfaces in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Current status and management sea level [1] It is linked to China by Karakorum Highway (KKH) to the strategies. High-Altitude Rangelands their Interfaces Hindu Kush Himalayas pp: northeast, bounded by Afghanistan in the north and to its east Skardu, 66-77. to its south Astore and Diamer and to its west Ghizar districts are 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Jammu & Kashmir
    POK Volume 6 | Number 1 | January 2013 News Digest A MONTHLY NEWS DIGEST ON PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR Compiled & Edited by Dr Priyanka Singh Political Developments Violence in Gilgit: G-B Govt Under Fire for Failing to Maintain Law and Order Gilgit Baltistan: MWM Leader Detained Without Charges Pakistan Backed Armed Groups Target Shias in Gilgit Diamer Bhasha Dam: Turned Away from Elsewhere, Government to Now Knock on China's Doors Sectarian Violence: G-B Govt Plans Gilgit Deweaponisation Suicide Attacks Likely to Strike Gilgit Baltistan: GB Police Chief Economic Developments Cut Power Subsidies and Invest in Diamer Bhasha Dam, Says ADB Women Given Role in Economy International Developments US to Provide $200m for Preliminary Work on Diamer-Bhasha Dam: Shaikh Other Developments Azad Kashmir Landslide Kills Three Soldiers: Military Wildlife Threatened: Ibex Family Killed, Accused Caught No. 1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg New Delhi-110 010 Jammu & Kashmir (Source: Based on the Survey of India Map, Govt of India 2000 ) In this Edition The spectre of sectarian violence continues to haunt Gilgit Baltistan region which remained tense after a fresh bout of violence during December 2012. Popular unrest followed the arrest of Nayyar Abbas Mustafi, Secretary General of the Majlis-e-Wahdat-e-Muslimeen (a leading Shia organisation in Gilgit Baltistan) by the police earlier in December 2012. The local supporters of the Shia leader demanded immediate release and carried out protests on the streets. These people alleged that Nayyar Abbas was arrested without citing any reason for arrest. Sectarian tensions were yet again stirred and as reports included in the current issue note, the government failed to maintain law and order in the aftermath of violence.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 "32Nd PAKISTAN CONGRESS of ZOOLOGY (INTERNATIONAL
    PROCEEDINGS OF PAKISTAN CONGRESS OF ZOOLOGY (Proc. Pakistan Congr. Zool.) Volume 32 2012 CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ i Programme ........................................................................................................ ii Members of the Congress ................................................................................. xi Citations Life Time Achievement Award 2012 Dr. T.J. Roberts .............................................................................................. xix Prof. Dr. Fatima Mujib Bilqees ....................................................................... xxi Zoologist of the Year Award 2012......................................................... xxii Prof. Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg Gold Medal 2012 ....................................... xxiii Gold Medals for M.Sc. and Ph.D. positions 2012 .................................. xxiv Research Articles JAVED, A., MUZAFFAR, N. AND QAZI, J.I. Quality assessment of some branded honey samples marketed in Lahore ............................................... 1 ASLAM, S. AND QAZI, J.I. Profile of metals’ resistant denitrifying bacteria at different depths of tanneries’ effluents effected soil ................ 13 AMIN, N. AND QAZI, J.I. Cultivation of Bacillus subtilis-a4, a fish growth escalating probiotic in sugarcane bagasse ................................................ 25 SOME ABSTRACTS ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pok June 2013.Cdr
    POK Volume 6 | Number 6 | June 2013 News Digest A MONTHLY NEWS DIGEST ON PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR Compiled & Edited by Dr Priyanka Singh Political Developments Blueprints of Bunji Dam Complete Counter-Reaction: Mainstream Parties Shun Reservations Over Self-Governance Order Acting With Caution: G-B Politicians Stay Away From Party Campaigns PPP Leaders in Gilgit Baltistan in Search of New Camps Changing Faces: Governor GB to be Replaced World Bank Trying to Make Bhasha Dam Controversial Nawaz Not Keen on Overthrowing PPP Govts in GB, AJK Economic Developments Development Budget: AJK Goes Ahead With Projects International Developments USTATED Donates Pre-Fabricated House to AJK Women Varsity KNP Condemns Killing of Kashmiri Leader Other Developments Need to Curb Deforestation Conference on Linguists: South Asian Languages Fading Out: Experts No. 1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg New Delhi-110 010 Jammu & Kashmir (Source: Based on the Survey of India Map, Govt of India 2000 ) In this Edition The recently held elections in Pakistan has once again unleashed a debate on the constitutionally and identity of PoK, which neither participated in the elections nor its people got an opportunity to vote in it. Both the so called AJK and Gilgit Baltistan do not have representation in the Pakistan Parliament. In the wake of elections, a section of people has urged that relations between Islamabad and the so called AJK need to be revisited and redefined. They have demanded basic political rights which include empowerment and representation in the federal assembly of Pakistan. PML-N (Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz) 's victory in the elections has raised a great deal of apprehension in PoK as both AJK and Gilgit Baltistan currently have PPP-led governments.
    [Show full text]
  • PESA District Gilgit.Pdf
    PAKISTAN N W E EMERGENCY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS S FATA DISTRICT GILGIT Konodas Bridge, Gilgit “Disaster risk reduction has been a part of USAID’s work for decades. ……..we strive to do so in ways that better assess the threat of hazards, reduce losses, and ultimately protect and save more people during the next disaster.” Kasey Channell, Acting Director of the Disaster Response and Mitigation Division of USAID’s Oce of U.S. Foreign Disas ter A ssistance (OFDA) PAKISTAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS District Gilgit December 2012 “Disasters can be seen as often as predictable events, requiring forward planning which is integrated in to broader development programs.” Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, Bureau of Crisis Preven on and Recovery. Annual Report 2011 ©Copyright 2012 ALHASAN SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED 205-C 2nd Floor, Evacuee Trust Complex, Sector F-5/1, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan 195-1st Floor, Deans Trade Center, Peshawar Cantt; Peshawar, 25000 Pakistan For information: Landline: +92.51.282.0449, +92.91.525.3347 Email: [email protected] Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/alhasan.com Twitter: @alhasansystems Website: www.alhasan.com ALHASAN SYSTEMS is registered with the Security & Exchange Commission of Pakistan under section 32 of the Companies Ordinance 1984 (XL VII of 1984). ALHASAN is issuing this Pakistan Emergency Situational Analysis – PESA® series free of cost in digital for general public benefit and informational purposes only. Should you have any feedback or require for further details and Metadata information please call us at Landline: +92.51.2820449, Fax: +92 51 835 9287 or email at [email protected] LEGAL NOTICES The information in this publication, including text, images, and links, are provided "AS IS" by ALHASAN SYSTEMS solely as a convenience to its clients and general public without any warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Biotechnology and Microbiology ISSN: 2575-4750
    Page 311 to 313 Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 2018 Editorial Clinical Biotechnology and Microbiology ISSN: 2575-4750 Crown Gall Disease of Apricots in Nomal and Nagar Valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan Aqleem Abbas1*, Babar Hussain2, Altaf Hussain3 1Department of Plant Pathology, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan 2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 3Department of Plant Protection, Guangxi University Nanning, Guangxi Province China *Corresponding Author: Aqleem Abbas, Department of Plant Pathology, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Received: March 3, 2018; Published: March 20, 2018 March 2018 © All Copy Rights are Reserved by Aqleem Abbas., et al. Volume 2 Issue 2 Introduction Gilgit-Baltistan (Formerly known as Northern Area) is mountainous region of Pakistan (Hinman, 2011). The total area of Gilgit Baltis- tan (GB) is 72,971 km² (28,174 sq mi). GB having fifty highest peaks and three world’s longest glaciers is one of the spectacular regions of the world. It is linked by Karakorum highway (KKH) with Xinjiang region of China to the east, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, a highway with Azad Kashmir to the south and to its south Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan is located (Weightman 2005). Gilgit Baltistan (GB) is divided into three divisions i.e. Gilgit, Baltistan and Diamer which, in turn, divided into Districts i.e. Gilgit (Gilgit, Ghizer, Hunza and Nagar), Baltistan(Skardu, Shigar, Kharmang, and Ghanche) and Diamer (Diamer and Astore ) (Pamirtimes 2016). In source of income. Cherry, apricot, apple, peach and grapes are the common fruits. Among the vegetables potato is one of the main source 2000 majority of GB population was involved in the agricultural sector, but recently services have surpassed agriculture as the principal of income of farming community of GB.
    [Show full text]
  • Online First Article Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water of Springs of Sherqilla, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
    Pakistan J. Zool., pp 1-8, 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20160717150758 Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water of Springs of Sherqilla, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Nadia Islam1, Khalil Ahmed1,*, Maisoor Ahmed Nafees1, Mujtaba Khalil2, Ishtiaq Hussain1, Muhammad Ali1 and Raja Imran1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan 2 The Aga Khan Medical University, Karachi Article Information Received 17 July 2016 Revised 25 May 2017 ABSTRACT Accepted 31 January 2018 Available online 10 July 2020 This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological status of drinking water of Mishto uch (good spring) and Bar (big spring) springs of Sherqilla village, District Ghizer during Authors’ Contribution winter and spring seasons. A total of twenty one samples were collected and analyzed by membrane NI conducted the research and wrote the mansucript. KA superved the filtration method. At Misto uch, the mean temperature was 9.7°C and 15.4°C, turbidity was 0.44 NTU project. MAN and RI assessed samples and 0.67 NTU, electric conductivity was 147.4 µS/cm and 226.7 µS/cm, total dissolved solids was 99 in lab. MK collected samples. IA mg/l and 118 mg/l, pH was 6.8 and 6.8 and total phosphorus was 48.3 µgP/L and 64.3 µgP/L in both the analysed the data. MA proofread and seasons. Whereas Bar spring the mean values in both the seasons were 10.8oC and 16.0oC for temperature, edited the article. 0.21 NTU and 0.36 NTU for turbidity, 177 µS/cm and 268.8 µS/cm for electric conductivity, 104.8 mg/l and 115 mg/l for total dissolved solids, 6.9 and 6.9 and 58 µgP/L and 94 µgP/L for total phosphorus.
    [Show full text]