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How Many Species Are There? Folia Cryptog. Estonica. Fasc. 33: 29-33 (1998) How many species are there? James Ginns 1970 Sutherland Road, Pen tic ton, British Columbia, V2A 8T8, Canada Email: [email protected] Abstract: 1\ survey of the Corticioid fungi of North America lists 919 species. This is more than a 100% increase since the 1926 monograph by E. A. Burt. The species are distributed among 165 genera with 126 (76%) genera containing fewer than 6 species. The need for baseline data is noted and the hazards in compiling data from the literature are illustrated and discussed. The numbers of species in various regions of the World arc compared. INTRODUCTION cumulated in two ways. First, by collecting Some systematists are concerned with numbers within the area, see, for example, Parmasto & of specimens, because they are necessary to Parmasto (1997). Second. by searching the evaluate, for example, habitat preferences, geo- scientific literature for reports of species from graphic distribution, or variation of characters the area. The current emphasis on biodiversity within a species. Other systematists measure studies should promote the accumulation of numbers of, if one is a mycologist, spores, baseline data. Therefore, it seems appropriate cystidia or basidia to accumulate statistically to briefly review the status of the numbers of significant data. And a few systematists are the Corticioid fungi in North America. interested in numbers of species. When the topics of rare species, species con- DEFINITIONS servation, and biodiversity (see synopses by Hawksworth, 1991, 1992) became popular, I The term 'North America' includes just Canada became more interested in the numbers ofspe- and the United States, excluding Hawaii. These cies of the Cortlclaceae s.l. in North America. countries cover 7.466,913 square miles There were several reasons for my interest. 0,933,855,800 hectares) and include a variety First, a critical review of the species was needed, of habitats from subtropical to arctic tundra. primarily because the past 65 years of litera- The term 'Corticioid fungi,' proposed by ture was widely scattered. Second, there was Parmasto (1995). is convenient because it is no current. coherent body of baseline data for general, has no taxonomic status, thus can North America. And, most mycologists had a encompass species in several orders and fami- 'casual ignorance' of the size of the group and lies. It is used to refer to the Aphyllophorales of its relevance in the functioning of the eco- with effuse, sometimes reflexed, primarily systems where the species occur. nonporoid basldiomes. The importance of baseline data cannot be over- emphaSized. Before species can be labelled NUMBERS OF SPECIES 'rare' there has to be data on their distribution and occurrence in the past and at present. Such The only monograph of the Corticioid fungi of information is available for very few of the spe- North America is E. A. Burt's 'Thelephoraceae cies in North America. Before fungal species of North America," and ancillary papers (1914- can be proposed for conservation we need data 1926). He had a much broader concept of the on their habitats. And before the fungal Corticioid fungi and of North America than de- biodiversity of an area, whether a country, a fined above. Thus, to accurately compare Burt's park, or an ecosystem, can be assessed, it is data with current data only species ofCorticioid necessary to have data on the numbers ofindi- fungi are Included from his broad concept of vidual species in the area being studied. the "Thelephoraceae," and only species from Baseline data for a park or country can be ac- Canada or the United States are included. On 30 Folia Cryptog. Estonica this basis, Burt treated 441 species ofCorticioid type specimens (holotype and often paratype fungi, which were distributed in 18 genera. specimens). Some of these, as well as some In studying some species treated by Burt, I other species, lack detailed descriptions and il- found that his detailed citation of collection data lustrations. And only 33% of the species have for each specimen examined to be extremely been described in culture (Ginns, unpub!.). valuable, because they made it possible to con- Nevertheless, in the 67 years since Burt's mono- firm species concepts, geographic distributions, graph our knowledge of the Cortlcioid fungi has and morphological features. However, problems increased by more than 100%. became evident. The following two examples illustrate the problem ofspecies concepts. First, GENERA COMPRISING THE MYCOFLORA Burt (1926) proposed a new species, Corticium ravum Burt (now ConJerticium ravum (Burt) The 919 species are distributed in 165 genera Ginns & Freeman). The five collections Burt (Ginns 1998). Most genera are small (Table 2); cited from the United States were studied and 126 genera have fewer than six species. The only one specimen was judged conspecific with 15 largest genera are listed in Table 3, and they the holotype. Two specimens were two differ- account for 44% of the species. ent species of Gloeocystidiellum and one speci- men was neither Gloeocystidiellum s.l. nor ConJerticium. The second example is Burt's Table 2. Size of the genera of Cortldoid fungi tn treatment of Corticium auberianum Mont., a North Amertca species originally described from Cuba. He cited 10 specimens from the United States. Ginns Number of species Number of general (1992) studied the ten and reassigned them to eight species in six genera (Table 1). Was Burt's 1 45 species concept extremely broad or did he 2 36 misidentify specimens? Recently, Ginns & Lefebvre (1993). and Ginns 3 21 (1998), following a survey ofover 600 references, a critical evaluation of the synonymy, and study 4 17 ofsome poorly known species (see Ginns 1992), 5 7 recognized 919 species in North America. One hundred thirty species are known only from the 6to9 7 10 to 19 14 Table 1. Coriicium aubertaru.un Mont, speclmens from the United States dted by BLUt (1926). 20 to 54 12 Locality Redetermination I Data from Ginns (1998). Peniophora sp. nov. (2 Arkansas specimens) Flonda Phanerochaete sp. COMPARISON WITH OTHER GEOGRAPmC AREAS Georgia Scytinostroma sp. 1 The number of species of Corticioid fungi in the Scytinostroma sp. 2 (2 Louisiana World and in several major regions are shown specimens) in Table 4. Unfortunately there is no readily available number for all of Europe. The figure North Carolina Hyphoclerma sp. of 1845 species in the World was calculated by South Carolina Cortidum sp. adding the species numbers given by Hawksworth et al. (1995) for the families or or- Vermont Hyphoclontla sp. 1 & sp. 2 ders of Corticlold fungi. 31 Table 3. The fifteen largest genera of Corticioid Table 4. Cortidoid fungi - Worldwide distribution. funglln North America. Name Number of speciesl Area Ntunber Source Canada & Athelia 21 919 GInns (1998) United States Botryobasiditun 22 North 1320 GInns unpubl. Dendrothele 17 Amertca Hymenochaete 22 South Hjortstam & Larsson AmeIica (1994) Hyphoderma 40 Eriksson & Ryvarden Hyphodontla 30 (1973-1976), EIiksson Peniophora 36 North Europe 4631 etal. (1978-1984), Phanerochaete 28 Hjortstam et al. (1988a& b) PhIebia 29 Hjortstam & Larsson Afiica 4881 Sistotrema 21 (1994) 22 Stereum Hjortstam & Larsson Asia 3431 Thelephora 17 (1994) 54 Hjortstam & Larsson Tomentella Australasia (1994) 1Ubulicrlnls 20 Hawksworth et al. 23 World 1845 Tulasnella (1995) 402 Total ICyphellaceae and Thelephoraceae not Included. INumbers from Gtnns & Lefebvre (1993), except Botryobasidiumfrom G. Langer (1994) and Hyphodontiafrom E. Langer (1994). cepts has to be resolved before early and cur- DISCUSSION rent studies can be accurately compared. And before the number of species treated by Burt The question 'How many species of Corticiaceae can be compared with recent counts, it is nec- are there?' will not be answered in the near fu- essary to have an understanding of the syn- ture or, perhaps not, in the next few decades. onymy to prevent one fungus from being The principal reason is that there are many counted several times simply because it has geographic regions and ecological niches in the appeared under different names in the past. World that have not been sampled. And there Thus, 441 species of Corticioid fungi in Burt's are problems ofsynonymy and species concepts monograph and the 919 in Ginns (1998) must to be resolved. be interpreted as approximately correct. When collating numbers of species reported in The large number of small genera in the published studies some hazards became obvi- Corticioid fungi is primarily a result of splitting ous. The examples from Burt's work illustrate of the large Friesian genera to remove discord- the need for caution when compiling data from ant elements and improve the homogeneity of earlier authors. The question of species con- the parent genus. Parmasto (1991) presented 32 Folia Cryptog. Estonica an erudite discussion ofthe phenomenon/prob- plementary notes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard 6: lem of the relatively new, small genera of the 143-145. Corticioid fungi. His general conclusion was Burt. E.A. 1919b. The Thelephoraceae of North that many of the small genera are notjustifjed. America Xl. Tulasnella, Veluticeps. Mycobonia. Epithele. and Lachnocladium. Ann. Missouri Bot. Although the Corticioid fungi in various regions Gard. 6: 253-280. of the World (Table 4) were compared, the data Burt. E .A. 1920. The Thelephoraceae of North Is weak. The tally of 1845 known species in America XII. Stereum. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. the World seems conservative because over 7: 81-248. 1600 species are known in just North America Burt. E.A. 1924. The Thelephoraceae of North and some tropical areas (Ginns, unpubl.). The America XIII. Cladoderris. Hypolyssus. relatively few species reported for Africa, Asia, Cymatella. Skepperia. Cytidia. Solenia. Matruchotia. Microstroma. Protocoronospora. and Australasia. and South America are an indica- Asterostroma. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. II: 1-36. tion of our lack of knowledge of the fungi In Burt.
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