COVER: During the judging of the 10th Anni- versary Photo Contest this photograph of a Peruvian child so impressed Alfred Eisen- staedt that he asked the Famous Photog- raphers School to present it the Special Alfred Eisenstaedt Award. It was taken by What is Peace Corps? former Volunteer Wayne Roberson, now of Austin, Texas. \m\ At right: the beauty of people and plar; captured by Volunteers: (1) Tunisia: Bill Dix. princeton, - N.J. (2) west Malaysia: Jay Mather, Denver, Colo. (3) Ghana: Eric Mus- tonen, New York City. (4) Senegal: Lars Peterson, Washington, D.C. (5) Malaysia: Jerry Kamprath, Elmhurst, 111. (6) Philippines: Ronald A. Wilcox, San Francisco. (7) Ecua- dor: Bert Steves, Des Moines, la. (8 & 9) Bolivia: Mickey McGuire, Menlo Park. Calif.

facing more challenges happens to people who don't have despising the people and not knowing and conquering more fears enough to eat why than you ever thought struggling to communicate in a lan- loving people and knowing why possible guage that you think you'll never learn thinking, sharing, forgiving, bending your back for hours in a mud: seeing a small boy vomit up a 10-inch understanding, giving, rice field worm and having your own worms and learning, changing dysentary giving up a thousand and one times expecting to do work that is extraordi- vacillating between really liking the nary and finding that it is just ordinary trying to understand and being exas- perated with "their" inferior culture, then people and feeling close to them and struggling to understand your own realizing that yours is not a model being discouraged and disgusted with motives culture either their ways answering over and over again the same believing that your personal one-to-one being frustrated by rigid systems and questions about your country-"Is it relationship with people justifies your not being able to change them true that in America it doesn't matter presence in another country condemning yourself for wanting what race or color you are" finding excitement, opportunity for privacy, for not being able to adjust and "Why is the United States initiative, achievement and responsibility always at war?" realizing at the end of two years that you being sick and terribly lonely and think- have adjusted more than you ever feeling isolated, unwanted and thought you could and realizing its home misunderstood ing how ridiculous your being there is showering late at night under the becoming aware of how large the world eating rice everyday and learning to like it shimmering stars with cold water from is and how small you are your tank telling your students that they cannot being disappointed in yourself and in knowing that you will never be the same your' accomplishments come back to school next year because their English ability is too low again. longing to have someone talk to you holding a mosquito-infested child in -from writings of Ruth Book, straight, to jump and dance and run your arms and talking about adoption RPCV, Micronesia and David without the uncomprehending looks of Moats, PCV, Afghanistan, Fred a misunderstanding people coming to know death very personally Deter, PCV, Mauritius and EditL and frequently seeing hunger, and watching what Barksdall. RPCV, Philippines e being frustrated and angry with people for noifollowing sanitary methods with their children an intricate mosaic of 50,000 and one countries, what it has meant in our personal and individual experiences. country and to the people who have Peace Corps is the high point, or the low been a part of it directly or indirectly point, or perhaps even an inconsequen- would require thousands of volumes. tial point in the lives of people who have They have, in fact, been written-in been and are part of it. Interwoven are dozens of books, in hundreds of reports, patterns of people of developing in thousands of stories, in millions of countries who have seen and learned of words that have been said and written America through the Peace Corps every day of every year of these ten Volunteers who appeared in their midst, years. struggling to use their language, to This volume is, rather, a reflection of understand their ways, to work and live Peace Corps. In the words and photo- among them and who in some small way graphs which follow, Americans, some changed their lives. intimately involved in Peace Corps, It is a mosaic not without scars. It has others working on the periphery, talk been attacked by those who have seen about it. Here, too, are comments and it as inept, ill conceived, and of little observations from people in host value, as well as by those who have countries where Peace Corps people loved it most and want to make it better. have worked and lived. Without a doubt Peace Corps has The photographs are of special written vivid chapters in the continuing significance. Most were selected from saga of Americans abroad. It has placed more than 4,000 taken and submitted by Americans in the remotest villages of Volunteers and Returned Volunteers for Africa, Asia and Latin America. It has the recent Tenth Anniversary Photo helped Americans to know peoples and Contest. Taken over the decade, the countries they never quite knew existed photographs are of the places where before. Volunteers lived and worked and of the A people-to-people program, it was a people they knew. whole fresh, new idea that has set the pattern for many other countries and other programs, which today are work- At right: (1) India: Peter D. Vallone, Madi- ing to develop brotherhood among men. son, Wis. (2) Micronesia: Ray Battestilli, This is not, because it cannot be, even Birmingham, Mich. (3) Morocco: Ann Lar- son, Morocco. (4) Tanzania: Anne M. Turley, in the most remote sense, a complete San Bernardino, Calif. (5) Ecuador: John A. look at Peace Corps in its first decade. Bruning, Cincinnati, 0. (6) Iran: Larry Barns, Hancock, Vt. (7) Tanzania: Bruce Weber, Ft. What.Peace Corps is, what it has tried Collins. Colo. (8)Ghana: Eric Mustonen, New to do, what it has accomplished in host York City. (9) Tunisia: Bill Dix, Princeton, N.J.

For a decade Peace Corps Volunteers Order, naming Shriver as director. and lived among the people with who have left home and family and headed People everywhere have always con- they worked. It was a fresh, new overseas to cities and remote villages sidered the Peace Corps as belonging proach to international relations. ~1) in developing countries of the world. to Kennedy, and from the standpoint For Americans who stayed at home, Their purpose: to help people who that he believed in the idea and devoted Peace Corps provided armchair adyen- need help. Their method: to live and his skill and power to make it a reality, ture. There was something exhilarating work among the people, to speak their the Peace Corps does belong to him. about young Americans facing up to the language, to understand and adapt to Congress passed the Peace Corps formidable problems of an African vil- their culture. Act on September 22, 1961 and Ken- lage or a Latin barrio. Caught up by the The idea of young Americans going nedy signed it into history. Its purpose: excitement, the people at home created to work abroad took shape in early 1960 -to promote world peace and friend- their own image of Peace Corps, per- when Congressman Henry S. Reuss pro- ship; haps embellishing its accomplishments. posed a bill in the House to study the -to help the peoples of developing The Peace Corps was an almost instant possibility of a youth corps. A similar countries meet their needs for success because Americans would not measure was put to the Senate by trained manpower; permit it to be otherwise. Richard L. Neuberger. Later, Hubert -to help promote mutual under- Early thinking behind the Peace Corps Humphrey introduced a Senate bill call- standing between the peoples of held that a rapid start and sizable num- ing for creation of a "Peace Corps" to the United States and the develop- ber were essential to success. Volun- send young Americans abroad to work ing countries. teers were recruited, processed and sent in missions. That is how it began. overseas as quickly as possible. Nothing really happened with the The Peace Corps fired the imagina- The first group was assigned to Ghana idea, however, until mid-October when tion of people everywhere. It was an in August, 1961 and by the end of the John F. Kennedy speaking at 2 a.m. to idea born at the right time and in the year, there were 431 Volunteers over- students at the University of Michigan right place. seas. first defined the Peace Corps. The stu- Coupling brotherhood and service Young, most of them right off the col- dent response was immediate and en- with a promise for high adventure, lege campuses, these Americans found thusiastic and interest in it spread quick- Peace Corps gave a dynamic thrust to themselves in an alien land, an alien ly among the young people in America. public service. It was dedicated to work culture and an alien language, and they The idea generated such response, in developing countries, to attack hun- struggled to survive. that in January, Kennedy appointed his ger, disease, ignorance and poverty. A David Riesman who worked with eas brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, to de- people-to-people program, its Volun- Volunteers said that one of "the great velop a plan. And on March 1, 1961, he teers worked hard, learned the lan- educative experiences of the Peace created the Peace Corps by Executive guage, were sensitive to local customs up for as many Volunteers as they could THE BEGINNING. It was a happy day get. when President Kennedy signed the At home, the glamour of the Peace Peace Corps Act into law in September Corps brought applications flooding in, 1961. Among those on hand were Sar- gent Shriver, on the far left, and Senator especially from liberal arts campuses. Hubert Humphrey, near center. In the first full program year, applica- tions totaled 20,058 and reached a peak THE FIRST GROUP. The first group of Volunteers to go overseas was assigned of 45,653 in the 1965 program year. The to Ghana to teach in the secondary number of Volunteers peaked soon aiter, schools. The Volunteers were given an reaching a high of 12,866 in early 1967. send-off by President Kennedy in White House Rose Garden. In 1966, Jack Vaughn took over as director of the agency as Shriver moved EXAMS. Prospective Volunteers !ook to the Office of Economic Opportunity. exams prior to acceptance. The first exam for applicants was given on May 27 .in One of the original staff members, New York City. Vaughn felt that the agency had grown up, and that it was time for Peace Corps to play a more important role in the de- veloping world. Emphasis shifted toward development of more viable programs, to specific jobs within those programs and to Volunteers with more specialized skills. The change was in response to host country requests. Having had the help of Peace Corps through early develop- ment stages, countries were revising priorities in regard to national develop- ment goals. They asked for Volunteers with specific skills and experience. Peace Corps moved to better meet their needs. In the fall of 1969, Joseph H. Blatchford, who had replaced Vaughn as director earlier in the year, called together, for the first time, the directors of all 60 countries in which Peace Corps worked. Their task was to assess the new trends of Volunteer requests and determine how to improve the agency's capability of meeting those host country needs. Out of the conference came

FIRST DIRECTOR. Sargent Shriver headed the Task Force that de- veloped the Peace Corps idea, then became the agency's first director. The ebullience of the Shriver personality is credited with getting the agency off to a flying start, attracting both Volunteers and nations who requested Volunteers. SECOND DIRECTOR. Jack Vaughn headed the Latin American pro- grams before becoming Ambassador to Panama, Assistant Secre- tary of State, then Peace Corps director. He had already visited 3,500 Volunteers in more than 500 Latin American villages before he took over the top job. THIRD DIRECTOR. Joseph H. Blatchford was head of his own private volunteer agency in Latin America when President Nixon asked him to head the Peace Corps. The President has now asked him to be director of the new expanded Volunteer agency covering both foreign and domestic programs. set of "new directions" for Peace Corps in its second decade. Now being implemented these are: 1. Better programs. More Volunteer as- signments were shifted to the high pri- ority needs of developing nations. Coun- try directors working with local leaders developed four-year plans for utilizing Volunteers. Emphasis focused on teach- er training, vocational skills, public ad- ministration, natural resources develop- ment and conservation. 2. New Volunteers. New approaches were adopted to recruit people with skills to meet the new requests. Ar- rangements were made so that a person with a scarce skill could take his family along. 3. Bi-national staffs. Both to de-empha- size American presence abroad and to better understand and fulfill host coun- try needs, Peace Corps is using more and more host country people on its overseas staff. The goal is to make the 0dertaking a genuine partnership so

LANGUAGE TRAINING. Language has al- of them have sewed as recruiters, giving ways been the essential element in traininq. prospective Volunteers first hand information Peace Corps has taught more than 150 dif- about some of the countries to which they ferent languages and has developed teach- may be assigned. ing techniques which are so successful that they have been adopted by many universities. CULTURAL TRAINING. The trend now is to hold all training in-country. Volunteers often RECRUITING. In recent years, more and live with local families, facilitating language more host country people have been in- learning and helping them to adjust more volved in various agency activities. A number easily and rapidly to cultural differences. that it is "theirs" as well as "ours". 4. Multinational programs. Dozens of volunteer service programs are spring- ing up around the world. Peace Corps is encouraging volunteer service by in- ternational and multinational teams and staff and Volunteer support to these movements is provided wherever pos- sible. 5. Returned Volunteers. Efforts are be- ing made to relate the Peace Corps to the enormous problems at home by en- couraging better use of Returned Volun- teers and by developing change-oriented programs in areas of population, ecol- ogy and conservation problems, cur- riculum reform, urban planning and more. Returned Volunteers offer this coun- try a resource of experience and sensi- tivity in dealing with problems of social change. Back from two years living with the poor abroad and struggling with change, these Volunteers often have a ing, many of them in ghetto schools. An- better understanding of the problems in other third are working at all levels of our own country. Just their existence government, particularly in community has influenced change. action and poverty programs. Others In 1965, . President Johnson told a work in international and non-profit or- group of Returned Volunteers that his ganizations and foundations. "war on poverty" took some of its im- Returned Volunteers may, in truth, be petus from their achievements overseas, the significant return on the investment "because by fighting hunger, illiteracy the American people have made in the and poverty abroad, you have shown us Peace Corps. that we can and should and we must They are concerned Americans, grow- fight them at home." Many Volunteers ing in number each year, and they are joined the battle on the home front. one reason, if there is no other, why the Of the more than 46,000 others who Peace Corps effort has all been worth- have returned home, one third are teach- while.

SPECIAL SKILLS. Host countries are re- questing more Volunteers with skills such as plumbing, mechanics, carpentry. As a re- sult, a broader range of Americans now has the opportunity to serve overseas. FAMILIES. Family groups are the newe addition to the Peace Corps and almost are now overseas. NO AGE LIMIT. Although Volunteers are usually thought of as young college students. there has never been an upper age limit. Many people join after they reach retirement. Jim Berry reprinted with permission of Newspaper Enterprise Association. Drawing by Mulligan; Copyright 1963 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.

1 I I

"Well, there goes fourteen months of work on our 'image'!" "Mi.i.i Marrlzo,d. ?oa Ifto,~very tvell rllor rl!ir i.i co~lrron lo Peorc Corrlr policy." I I iL Fischetti in the Chicago Daily News. Courtesy of Publishers-Hall Syndicate.

I "Oh, the Peace Corps guys are all right but give me a good o17 American with dough every time."

7---- I

"Do ?off tllink ir ,vo,rlrl be all right 011 [I postc(~rlrcl to "My objection to those Peace Corps people is that they ~rfe~lrio~ffro;e11 /oo(ls, dirty .streets. cr011~1edrenefIIeff1.s. make good diplomatic relations look so simple." TI' r0111111ercia1.s.and rhin8.i like that?" J I I Drawing by Alan Dunn; Copyright 1961 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. Grin and Bear It by Lichty. Courtesy of Publishers-Hall Syndicate. Teaching and learning, giving and shar- are lives changed when a farmer is of a man who discovers that another ing, needing and wanting, these are at taught to plant a new, more productive world and a different life exist bejlond the heart of the Peace Corps. wheat? Who consoles the restlessness his mountains? And for that matter, what For ten years Peace Corps has been (------ha~~ensto a Volunteer who returns an interaction of people-individuals of home different from when he left? developing nations needing help and These things are part of Peace Corps. individual Americans wanting to give They happen personally to the people help. It is a relationship which many involved. This is why, for the most part, have sought to measure, to determine there can be no real measure of the who benefits more, who gives the most Peace Corps-of the people who are and if, in the last analysis, it is really part of it, of the people who are touched worthwhile. by it. Both teach, both learn, both give, But who can measure the effect one both share, sometimes for the better, human being has on another? Who can sometimes not. weigh how each is touched by an en- For some, the Peace Corps experi- counter and what changes will result? ence is a cruel disappointment, an un- When does change, in fact, begin? bearable frustration, for others, the most Where does it stop? important happening in their life. But How much, for example, does a one thing is certain, everyone experi- teacher affect a student or a group of ences change. This change, its causes, students? How does one health worker its direction, its consequences, is the inoculating a child change his life and central point of the contributions which that of its family? What comforts an follow. Change is, in fact, the constantly occurring theme throughout this entire American, who for the first time is sur- BRAZIL: Sallv Foster. Returned Volunteer, rounded by inescapable poverty? How Baltimore, ~d. ISSU~. LIBERIA: Don Hegernan, Volunteer in Liberia.

It all adds up to love the same way I respond when a host war are making war-like things harder national tells me that he and his com- to do now. People pressures have led munity or school have received more to this feeling, and so has youth. Forty from the Volunteer than they have been thousand people have been in the able to give him. Peace Corps and there is a conclusion "How could he stand it here," he that we are all in the same world boat- says "eating our food, living in a house that when you're talking about survival, like ours, working for so little pay, que there's nothing glorious in contemplat- sacrificio; and he had malaria twice. ing that Americans might be the last Why did he do it?" ones on earth. This is where my concept of love fits They learned this from the Peace in. People who are embarrassed to talk Corps and they taught it. And if we ever about love don't understand the con- lose track of this vague sharing that has cept or have a concept that is Holly- made the Peace Corps what it is-the Jack Vaughn, Peace Corps director from woodish. Foreign policy and concerns ambivalent and individualistic and subtle 1966- 1969, reflected on his three years for the gross national product and eco- thing of giving and receiving and never with the agency in an article in the May, nomic development are not part of our knowing who's receiving more-then ' 1969 issue of the Volunteer. This mate- charter. But sharing and service are. we're in for a demise that can come rial is excerpted from that article which And service and teaching and learning pretty fast. This kernel is the magic; it summed, up much of what is Peace and sharing-this adds up to my con- is why voluntarism works. It's the ambi- Corps. cept of love. It's built into the Peace valent mix . . . not knowing who is the There's a Peace Corps debate which Corps. benefactor and who is the beneficiary I hope is never resolved. It's the one So is peace. I think people today . . . or who sacrifices the most. It's the about who gains the most. You often generally have a better understanding nebulous nature of this sharing and lov- ear returned Volunteers say they got of peace than they did a decade ago. ing. We must go about it in our own ore than they gave. I respond to that Vietnam and the cataclysmic danger of soft way. Growing and ohangiwg with Amerloa

Perhaps better than anyone erous enthusiasm of young people and inherent in technical assistance pro- else, Margaret Mead knows the their lack of mature skills, the need for grams where a receiving country had no benefits of cross cultural expe- volunteers at home as well as abroad, chance to reciprocate the assistance riences and the values to be the need for a more sophisticated knowl- given by a donor country. In the opera- gained. This has been her life's edge of the social sciences to combine tion of the Peace Corps, America has work. Noted anthropologist and with generous effort, the weaknesses of benefited as much or more than the author, she has been personally national efforts at world change in con- countries in which the Volunteers have aware, personally interested in trast to the strength of international au- worked. Thousands of young people Peace Corps and what it has spices, the danger that programs origi- have returned to this country, more meant to the world. nally directed towards providing young aware of their own country and its The Peace Corps has grown and people a chance to contribute some- needs, and with a broad conception of changed as America has grown and thing in spite of their youth, tend to be the needs of the world that will stand changed, and the knowledge that the gradually transformed by demands for the United States in good stead in the Peace Corps was there has itself con- more skills. The whole movement to- coming years. tributed to that change. At a time when wards universal national service has In the past, fathers used to send their American young people were still called also been fed by the Peace Corps ex- children to distant relatives, and noble- the silent generation, the Peace Corps perience. men sent their sons to the courts of aroused them, both those who finally In the agency itself, we had an op- kings to be educated. In the 19601s,we volunteered and those who were the portunity to see how cross cultural sent our children to work in countries clearer about their hopes and purposes knowledge, laboriously accumulated dur- whose need, like our own need, is ur- because they had considered volunteer- ing previous decades and embodied in gent, as we and they adapt to techno- ing. regional training programs in the 1940's logical change. As in the past, they re- During this troubled decade, the could be translated into effective train- turn to us the wiser. Peace Corps experience has highlighted ing programs in the 1960's. many of the issues that confront the In his book, Gifts and Nations, Wilton country, the contrast between the gen- Dillon has sketched out the dangers

Oppo~=I~nifly off Uiving in anoQhso ~ulture

Kenneth "Paulo" Raeder is a remain as a stranger, a person of anoth- tional system of the state. I've contrib- Community Development Volun- er culture, the less opportunity you are uted to changing the educational sys- teer working in Poxoreo, a dia- going to get to do something. The re- tem of the state of Mato Grosso. I've mond mining community in the sult of your work can be far greater worked toward changing the ideas of interior of Brazil. Paulo, who working through the system, especially the local government officials. I've in- has extended for a third year, in a developing country. fluenced them to do something which works within the established In the United States, it is possible to I feel is improving the situation. For ex- system. achieve a goal outside the system. But ample, I've influenced the mayor to The greatest thing about the Peace it is far more difficult, almost impossible, build a school instead of a town square, Corps is-that you have an opportunity to achieve a goal working outside the I've influenced the prefect to build a to really live as a member of another system in Brazil or any developing certain road or bridge instead of paint- culture. If you don't assimilate, if you country. ing the inside of the prefecture. Is it don't have a certain relationship in your I could work three years building more important to change a poor peas- work with the people, you can't get any- privies or trying to convince my neigh- ant, or to change the prefect who's the thing done. You have to speak the lan- bors to plant a garden-Fine! I might director of the municipal government? guage of'the people, eat the food the achieve this in two years, and I could Which is of more value, of higher priority? people eat, dress the way they dress- say I have changed the attitudes of 100 In other words, I believe in workin the more you approximate the culture in people in my town or region. Or, in the from the top down. when possible, i;l) which you are living, the more satisfac- same amount of time I can say I've in- stead of from the.bottom up. tory the situation in terms of what you fluenced the attitude of the governor of are going to accomplish. The more you the state, or I've changed the educa- -. - -- - "Anywhere," was Barkley root cause of the misery of several mil- I went to lran in 1964. 1 was assigned Moore's answer to Peace Corps' lions of people in America and of count- to work in Community Development question "Where would you less more millions in Asia, Africa, Latin near the Russian border with a people prefer to serve?" He saw Peace America and Europe. who had been totally nomandic until Corps as an opportunity for So what do we do? just 40 years ago; 10,000 of them are service-and thought of that As individuals, we must believe in our still nomads. I didn't go with ideas of '' service in terms of people, not own worth, and in the worth of our fel- building schools, libraries, sports clubs, geography. He spent six years lows-of whatever race, creed, color, kindergartens-or teaching. Yet, I helped and four months in the Turko- or tradition. We must believe in the do all those things. man area in northeast Iran. Now home, power of each to make a difference, of I told myself that if I helped make he is helping to recruit other Volunteers. the potential of every single man or just one person's life a better one, I He feels the world is a classroom and woman. We must understand that the would be satisfied. It seemed a fair ex- the Peace Corps experience an educa- potential of each one realized is some- change-two years of my life to con- tion. thing beyond measure or price. tribute to the well-being and happiness Many people have asked me in recent I saw poor boys in lran with illiterate of another for an entire lifetime. So, I months, "Why go overseas when there fathers and one-room homes. I thought thought in terms of individuals, and do- are so many problems at home?" To of a boy in a one-room home in Ken- ing something with a number of individ- me, it is not a question of home or tucky in the last century. His name was uals. They, in turn, did some remarkable abroad, here or there, we or they. Our Abraham, and the name of his illiterate things while I was there and continue concern is people, their needs and their father was Lincoln. But, who, seeing to do so today. aspirations. Certainly the people of that little ragged boy knew that was I had no real technical skill. I was a northeastern lran are no more, and no Abraham Lincoln? What if Lincoln had history major and had studied law for less, important than the mountaineers of never had the opportunity to go to two years. But I believed, as Seth Till- Appalachia. I know. I've worked with school? What if there had been no man has written: "The work of the 0th People are people. Needs are school to go to and no teacher to teach? Peace Corps is primarily psychological eds. They are not divisible. How many potential Abraham Lincolns rather than technical, involving efforts 9. The selfishness of such a question, have lived and died? How many are to alter deeply rooted attitudes, to in- presupposing that humanity should be there today in Africa, Asia and Latin still some sense of their own capacity, divided into "us" and "them," is the America? individual and collective, in people who

VENEZULA: Fred Gridley, Returned Volunteer, Excelsior, Minn. Left: ECUADOR: John Brandi, Returned Vol- unteer, Geyserville, Calif. WORLD AS A CLASSROOM continued

have long been passive, submissive and unorganized. Technique is a necessary tool in this kind of work, but human empathy is absolutely indispensable." My approach can be summed up in a much used and abused word, but still the best one, LOVE. For example, discovering people's natural suspicion of a foreigner taking pictures, I put my camera away. It was just a small adjustment for me, the first American in their midst, to make. Being sensitive to the people and their feelings helped me win their confidence. I didn't come home without pictures. The peo- ple themselves gave me more than a thousand over the years! Love was my motivation for going to 'PERU: Dick Swift, Returned Volunteer, New York City. Peace Corps, and Peace Corps made possible my working with a wonderful ture. The word "gentleman" means just believe in another, the object of that people. I found, in those early months that-a gentle man, one who does faith will more likely find encouragement, when I couldn't speak or understand things gently with love. progress and try to rise to that potential Farsi so well as I later did, that Love Unselfishness. Many people think that you have discerned. As we try to influ- is understood by all. One can take no happiness consists in having and get- ence others, we see that success is in greater tool than the simple charm of ting, and in being served by others. proportion to their belief in our beli love, and one need take nothing less. Surely Volunteers, have learned that in them. For the respect of another b The elements of love that are impor- happiness is to be found in giving to the first restoration of the self-respect tant to a Volunteer, if he is to make some others. a man has lost. Our ideal of what he is lasting contribution, to make a differ- Good temper. This is important, not becomes to him the hope and pattern of ence, are all related to life and to the in what it is, but for what it reveals. A what he may become. This is one of the individual. I am indebted to something want of patience, a want of kindness, keys to Community Development-to I read many years ago by Henry Drum- a want of generosity, a want of courtesy, developing the "people resources" in mond for bringing these necessary quali- a want of unselfishness, are all instan- the nations that we presently work in. ties into focus for me. They are: taneously symbolized in one flash of Sincerity. Truth must be sought with Patience. This is surely necessary and temper. A scowl, a frown, a sour look a humble and unbiased mind. Involved a quality many Volunteers, like myself, are universally understood; words spo- ,is the self-restraint which refuses to. didn't have in abundance, but certainly ken in anger are understood for what make capital out of others' faults; the learned as a Volunteer. they are, whether one can understand charity which delights not in exposing Kindness. Time spent in simply mak- the language or not. To be easily ruffled, the weakness of others; the sincerity of ing people happy is important. Just a quick-tempered, or of a "tough" dis- purpose which endeavors to see things word or a smile can make another's position are qualities that will make as they are, and rejoices to find them day. Each of us needs the kindness of enemies out of potential friends. If a better than suspicion feared. 'others. How easily it is done and how Volunteer is not accepted by the people These are all tools needed by every superabundantly it pays itself back. with whom he must live and work, if he Volunteer. They are qualities that each Generosity. When we try to do a good remains a foreigner and an outsider of us must learn, and the Peace Corps work, we may find other people doing until the day he leaves, then his time experience provides an ideal setting for the same kind of work, and often doing has been wasted, no matter how tech- putting them into practice and proving it better. We should not be jealous. That nically skilled or scholastically qualified. their worth in the doing. We find the is an attitude that can make us "little" Guilelessness. The people who in- world, then, not a playground, but rather people when we must be "big" in spirit fluence each of us most are those who a classroom, and the two years not a if we are to be effective. really believe in us. In an atmosphere holiday, but an education. And the one Humility. This is so hard for us all, of suspicion or lack of respect, people lesson to be learned and taught, and even though we have much to be hum- shrivel up the world over. So we must good for a lifetime, is how better c ble about. Humility is an ingredient of respect the people we work with, and we love. love which waives self-satisfaction. the cultures that make them do the Courtesy. This is an important quality things they do-things that may be dif- for a Volunteer working in another cul- ferent or irritating to us. If you really In his book, The Challenge of World Poverty, published in 1970, Gunnar Myrdal, keep them there, a fact that helps ex- internationally respected political economist, examines the complex problems of plain the many dropouts and repeaters the Third World. He sees agriculture, not industry, as the essential need for devel- in primary schools, particularly in the oping countries, but finds their agriculture underproductive and its labor under- poorer countries, districts, and classes utilized. Not even the new miracle seeds can help he feels until the needed where the literacy rate is low, a problem incentive and land reform are achieved. The obstacle to these is the educational to which we shall return. system which he believes must be changed to emphasize adult education and "In most of the South Asian countries education basically linked with the agrarian program. there are organizations working to stim- He has given the Peace Corps permission to quote the following text from his ulate adult education, and the matter is book in which he discusses the developing countries' need for adult literacy. not entirely bypassed in most of the Peace Corps' maior work throughout the developing world in the last decade has Plans. But not much has come out of it. been in education, not a small portion directed to adult education. Volunteers In India, J. P. Naik in 1965 characterized working in rural and urban community development and educational programs the situation as follows: recognized the need and frequently initiated adult classes in addition to their "The liquidation of adult illiteracy is assigned projects. the most important programme of na- tional development and on it depend ". . . Adult education not only should parents tend to fall behind in scholastic several other programmes such as ag- be more important in underdeveloped achievement and that they more easily ricultural production, family planning, than in developed countries, where al- lapse into illiteracy. etc. This sector has been criminally most all are literate, but poses quite "The detrimental effects of an illiterate neglected and it is extremely desirable different problems. home and village setting begin in the to undertake a large-scale programme in "For another thing, adult education, preschool years, and these are singu- this sector and to liquidate mass illiteracy with emphasis on literacy, should help larly formative years when attitudes are in a few years-five or ten at the most. to make the school education of children shaped that will tend to persist. Also, "Later, the Education Commission more effective. All the information we illiterate parents are usually less inclined (1964-66) endorsed these views of its have suggests that children of illiterate to enroll their children in schools and to Member-Secretary and made far-reach- ing practical policy proposals. And in the preparation of the Fourth Five-Year Plan-which in the temporary eclipse of planning in India was never brought further than to the draft stage-adult education was calculated to be allotted 12 times as much; its share in the total outlay on education to be raised from 1.4 percent to 5.6 percent. These radical proposals have since then been quietly buried. "To an extent lndonesia is an excep- tion. Indonesia has also shown a rather remarkable speed in increasing literacy from one of the lowest levels in the re- gion. Even in the Philippines there has been, almost from the time when it was an American colony, a somewhat greater interest in adult education. "On the whole, this criticism is valid for practically all underdeveloped coun- tries in 'the free world.' Though in this book I do not usually make comparisons with the Communist orbit, it should be noted that the countries there follow a very different pattern. When a country becomes Communist, a vigorous cam- paign is usually waged to make the

BOLIVIA: Tom Barrett, Returned Volunteer, St. Paul, Minn. THE NEED FOR ADULT EDUCATION continued

whole people literate within a few years. "There should be nothing sinisterly Communistic about this particular pol- icy. It has its historical origin in the practice of rebellious students in Russia during the latter decades of the Czarist regime who went out into the villages to teach the peasants to read, write, and reckon. When they grasped power the Communists took over this practice and made it official policy. They finished off the literacy campaign that in Russia was then already approaching universal lit- eracy, at least in the younger generation. "W. S. Woytinsky, in his book on India, recalls experiences in Russia dur- ing his youth and reflects: We noticed nothing similar to that cru- sade in India. We heard complaints about mass unemployment among young graduates of the universities, but we could get no answer to the question: "Why cannot a million of them be mo- bilized for rural teaching?" Such a mobilization would be possible if Indian intellectuals felt the urgency of primary education for villages as keenly as did the Russian intellectuals in the days of my youth. "The answer to Woytinsky's question is that the young intellectuals in India VENEZULA: Fred.Gridlev. Returned Volunteer. Excelsior. Minn. I and in most of the rest of the non-Com- munist underdeveloped world have been masses. Meanwhile, graduates from in an underdeveloped country with much so conditioned by the rigid elite and schools in these latter countries them- illiteracy should be organized. It would class structure in which they have been selves would not think of doing the be unwise simply to take over methods brought up that they do not feel that same, but rather prefer to crowd to- and practices from the Western coun- deep identification with the poor in their gether in the cities as 'educated un- tries, where adult education has an alto- nation which the Russian intellectuals employed' or press their governments gether different function and a different felt. They do not feel it even when in to swell their administrations in order to type of student. some countries they are radically indoc- create 'suitable' jobs. "There may be need for entirely fresh trinated. This is merely one example of "One thing is certain: without a funda- approaches. The whole pattern, trans- the destructive influences of the fortified mental change of attitudes on the part mitted from the urbanized countries in class society inherited from the colonial of the 'educated,' a large-scale adult the West, of segregating children in era. education campaign in the underdevel- schools and then perhaps having "Without entering upon the problems oped countries is not possible. The uni- 'classes' for adults should be ques- of the, 'peace corps', organized not only versities themselves should be engaged tioned. It is quite possible that a pro- in the United States, but also in some in the effort. This, incidentally, would gram of teaching families or whole com- other Western developed countries, it benefit both the teachers and the stu- munities together would be more effec- should be pointed out how fantastic the dents by bringing them nearer to the tive. very idea must be in the host countries. acute problems of their countries and so "But the basic question remains: How Young educated people in the Western giving to both their studies and their is it possible to do anything substantial developed countries are being organ- lives more of a purpose and meaning. in the field of adult education before the ized in teams and sent to the under- "Assuming that such a fundamental increasingly inegalitarian social developed countries many thousands of change could be brought about, one economic structure in most of the u miles away, very often to go out into the could dream about the way in which derdeveloped countries is broken villages to assist and teach the poor a large-scale adult education program by radical reform or revolution?" Learning what is diflerent

Linda Bergthold was a Volunteer in the smells, language, food, housing . . . ed. While almost drowning, I learned Ethiopia. This description of learning to the different faces and expressions. I one very important thing about teaching live in another culture was written in a had to learn to read faces as if I were students who were different from me- letter which appeared in the Peace learning another language. An idiom in I was almost as incomprehensible to Corps' fourth annual report. Amharic can't be translated directly into them as they were to me. My combina- English and neither can a facial expres- tion of Right Guard, Gleem, Yardley and Immersing yourself in a totally different sion. That "inscrutable" look might con- Revlon hair spray was just as "repul- culture is sometimes more like drown- ceal great emotion or curiosity, so I sive" in a sense as 35 pairs of worn ing than swimming. It's very difficult to couldn't say the students weren't inter- tennis shoes. explain how "different" Ethiopia was: ested because they didn't look interest-

Many Americans who stay at home gain a new perspective of the world by par- ticipating in Peace Corps' School Part- nership Program which was initiated in 1965. In SPP, American students raising money to help build a school overseas, stablish a partnership and communica- n with a community and a people in 6a developing country which results in an interchange of educational and cul- tural benefits. For an overseas community, SPP projects give people a chance to edu- cate their children, and, at the same time, let them know that the United States is not just a far off land that shoots rockets to the moon. For Americans, SPP projects make unknown parts of the world known. Chicago students discuss artifacts and photos of Botswana In six years, more than 1,300 schools and community centers have been Volunteers. In Arizona, for example, a health clinics, well-digging projects, funded, more than $1.5 million has been school has sponsored seven projects in agricultural cooperatives and even a raised to carry on building programs in different countries, and students now are community development foundation. .In the Peace Corps' self-help spirit. Forty- studying and comparing cultural and so- addition to the many schools participat- eight countries have SPP facilities, cial differences of their various partners. ing, the American Freedom from Hunger sparked and guided by a Volunteer at In the Midwest, a predominantly black Foundation, service clubs, youth groups, the site. school used a SPP project in Africa to 4-H clubs and a labor union are now In Togo, more than half the schools spur interest in African culture studies, providing support. built during the last five-year plan and language classes in many schools What does it all add up to? (1965-70) were funded by SPP. The ac- have established long-term correspond- Overseas, it means a lot of children in complishment is more modest in other ence with overseas partners. school who never had a chance at edu- countries, but no less important for it Students and teachers who worked on cation before. has helped to meet the overwhelming SPP projects have gone overseas to At home, it means many Americans need for education facilities in hundreds visit partner communities in Latin Ameri- being a part of Peace Corps' self-help f rural communities. ca and Africa, and they have brought projects without ever leaving home. In this country, SPP has been used foreign students to study in America for And for the world, it means a little Qto put new life into classroom activities a year. more understanding among various and especially by teachers who are returned This year, SPP will support schools, diverse peoples. "We've got to demonstrate that things trained host country officials. Dominican revolt in 1965 and most re- can be accomplished by working to- Throughout the decade the Latin cently, the devastating earthquake in gether"-that was the style and early America region has been the largest Peru. direction of Peace Corps involvement in Peace Corps, with nearly 16,000 Today, Volunteers increasingly are in Central and South America. Volunteers sewing in 20 countries. Cur- working in specialized areas particularly Neither Peace Corps nor the host rently there are 2,400 Volunteers work- small business assistance, cooperatives, countries had a clear-cut understand- ing in 186 programs. The area where natural resources conservation and in ing of what Volunteers could do in Latin they work covers nearly 6 million square skills and trades. Some of the first fam- America, but both were anxious to give miles of the world's surface and in- ilies accepted by the Peace Corps are the concept a try. When Chile, Colombia cludes some 173 million of its people. working in Ecuador, Venezuela and and islands in the Eastern Caribbean The largest number of Volunteers work Colombia. requested Volunteers in 1961, most of in agricultural programs. Emphasis is on Language training for Latin America them were assigned to Community De- increased food production-better cul- is basically Spanish, although there are velopment projects in both urban and tivation of crops, improved breeds of a number of Indian languages which rural areas. poultry and animals, expanded fishing are essential for work in certain areas. There has never been a simple defi- cooperatives. For example, working with Latin American programs still accept nition of a Peace Corps Community small groups of farmers, Volunteers a large number of liberal arts graduates, Development project. It involved what- study the feasibility of increasing culti- but in training, more emphasis is given ever was not strictly education, health vation or initiate new crops, encourage to technical skills instruction than was work or agriculture, yet it often involved farmers to try new planting methods, previously. More and more, however, all three. Volunteers basically lived then help to establish cooperatives for Volunteers are those with degrees in among the people and helped them to production and marketing. animal husbandry, agronomy, business do whatever they decided needed done, Education has played a lesser role or nutrition and those with particulai but also substantially influencing the in Latin America than it has in Africa, skills-plumbers, carpenters and elec- decision making. Working towards but Volunteers have worked in elemen- tricians. short-term goals, they sought improve- tary and secondary education as well Responding quickly to Peace Corps, ments by getting individuals in villages as vocational and physical education. Latin American nations have continued and neighborhoods to work together. Now, host countries are interested in and expanded their programs over the The aim was to teach and stimulate upgrading their educational systems and ten years. Three exceptions are Panama, human skills to develop self-sufficiency. are requesting experienced teachers Guyana, and Bolivia, which in recent For the most part, Volunteers worked preferably with advanced degrees. Vol- months have asked that Volunteers be in isolated and unstructured assign- unteers work primarily in curriculum withdrawn. ments and it was the exceptional Vol- development and in teacher training. Perhaps the role Peace Corps has unteer who made a go of it and effected Health is another area where the played in Latin America is best summed some change. "Super Volunteers," as numbers of Volunteers assigned is less up by Dr. Eduardo Gaitan Duran, Deputy they were called, were few and far be- today than in earlier years. In the first Chief of Mission to the United States, tween, but it became the tendency in years, the needs were great and to meet who commented that the greatest con- Washington to program based on their them Peace Corps recruited generalists tribution Peace Corps has made in capabilities. The results were often pro- and trained them in health techniques. Colombia is the reconstitution of the gram failures and disillusioned Volun- With proper supervision they ran immu- country's communities. teers. Gradually came recognition that nization programs, set up clinics, taught Perhaps this is so throughout Latin Volunteers were happier and better able nutrition and maintained child care pro- America. to function when they were assigned grams. Some of the programs were In the pages which follow are reflec- to a specific job. Programming moved tremendously effective-especially in tions of the Peace Corps and Latin away from working in the community tuberculosis control in Bolivia and nutri- America from Volunteers, former Volun- at large to concentration on individual tion clinics in Colombia and Jamaica. teers and host country officials. projects within the community. And Medically-trained Volunteers as well as Volunteers increasingly worked with generalists have provided outstanding Right: PERU: Richard A. M. Scott, Returned well-established agencies and well- services in times of emergencies: the Volunteer. Lansing, Mich.

A ~on~Bw~8ngiwff Ouew~e

Rene F. Cardenas worked in a years following my tour with the Peace other peoples' lives in Colombia. Now Community Development proj- Corps, I worked with the Community and then, rummaging through the store- ect in Colombia. He describes Development Foundation in several house of my memories, I turn over an his experience as a "painful countries. I began realizing that in order incident, a conversation, a plan which process, but one which made to attempt the tasks which I felt were took place during my time in the Peace it possible for me to go on to essential to worthwhile Community De- Corps. These items become reinter- L - :! other, better things." velopment work, I needed a pass which preted in the light of my present experi- The Peace Corps experience was for would allow me into the ranks of the ence, thereby adding substance to those me the beginning of a journey into a professionals: Pursuing time-honored years. type of personal consciousness which ritual, I returned to college and obtained Two years ago I was granted a fellow- continues to have an influence on my my B.A. (Leveo Sanchez and Frank ship for Teachers College, Columbia life. This consciousness evolved slowly Mankiewicz persistently maintained that University. I am enrolled in the Pro- during the first few months of my work I should return to school.) This step was gram for Educational Leadership in that as a Peace Corps Volunteer Leader in particularly significant for me since it college's Department of Educational Colombia, but even as I was becoming had taken me 17 years from the first Administration, and I hope to finish writ- aware of the new demands being made time I had enrolled in college until my ing my doctoral dissertation this year. on my previous attitudes and feelings, graduation. My area of study will be Community there emerged the conditioning of a new Since my graduation in 1967, 1 have Development. Thus, for me, the Peace personal commitment. I don't suppose worked in a Migrant Program and as Corps experience was a rite of passage, that the idealism that one has can long a self-employed consultant in develop- and I survived through th'e painful proc- survive, or survive intact, the harsh ment programs here and abroad. Little ess, and it made it possible for me to realities of action; in Colombia, I came of what I have done professionally can- go on to other, better things. I can only face to face with truths about myself, not be linked to that early exposure to be grateful. my capacity to help others, but most importantly, about the inconsistency be- tween what I thought I was and what I was being called to be. I cannot say UNITED STATES that my Peace Corps experience re- /-/\Tc'7 solved in any way important questions )\ 'i I CUBA DOMINICAN of identity and direction-these ques- tions, in a different guise, remain. But

the opportunity for service which pre- HONDURAS o CARIB sented itself gave me a framework from which I could begin defining. My work was in Community Develop- ment at the beginning; later, I worked at the departamento level and assisted in the coordination of a large body of Voluntaries. And I became interested even skilled, at the .work of developing and organizing communities, I was also confronted with my lack of human rela- tions skills in many other fronts. This was perhaps the most glaring of the new conditions in which I found myself. As I became more committed to Com- munity Development as a means of fulfilling my idealism and my desire for action, I was also made aware of the need for further self-improvement. Friends like Jack Vaughn, Leveo San- chez and Frank Mankiewicz, in one way or another, assisted in the process. I was motivated by these insights to remain in Latin America and for two From Honduras to rural Ameri~a

Volunteers in Honduras, Brian Noble and his wife, Julie, settled in Boone, N.C. when they returned to the United States. Brian, who worked for the area anti- poverty agency, found that economic opportunity was limited in Boone be- cause residents lacked transportation to jobs. He suggested a cooperative tran- sit system and established the Green Eagle Community Transportation Co- operative. Since no prototype existed, Brian wrote the charter himself (pat- terned after an agricultural co-op). Today, the cooperative has 600 mem- bers and six buses. Because of member - - Brian Noble and his wife Julie with Mrs. efforts, the cooperative qualified for an Shelby Williams, president of the transporta- incentive Federal grant that put the tran- tion cooperative, and her father. sit system in operation. It serves six counties and hopes to operate state rector of the Green Eagle Rural Trans- wide. The area economy is changing- portation Cooperative. Our cooperative people are able to work because they experience in Honduras was the basis can get to jobs. Many, for the first time, from which I was able to help the peo- are off welfare rolls. ple in this mountainous area of North Just recently the Nobles moved to Carolina to begin to solve their trans- @shington, D.C., where Brian is con- portation problems. consultant in rural transportation to the Although we never worked directly Appalachian Regional Commission. His with transportation problems in Hon- job is to help the people in Appalachia duras, our Peace Corps work in com- get to facilities such as health centers, munity and cooperative development schools, jobs, etc.-a further extension has certainly been of value in this work, of his experience in Boone and in the and it was in Latin America that we got Peace Corps. the idea for cooperative or membership transportation as a possible solution to My wife, Julie, and I served as Volun- some of the problems here in the United teers in rural Community Development States. in Concepcion de Maria, Honduras, In Boone, my wife got her masters' - from 1964 to 1966, and we have been degree in Spanish from Appalachian BOLIVIA: R~chard A. M. Scott, Returned involved in similar work ever since. Our State University, and during this past Volunteer. Lans~ng,Mlch. main work in Honduras was in commu- year has been teaching Spanish and nity projects, cooperative development, basic English in the local high school. CUNA Program. It was there that we and for my wife, in literacy education In the coming year she hopes to use had our first training in credit unions and cooperative education. even more of the community develop- and cooperatives, and learned the dif: Immediately after Peace Corps we ment skills in a new job at Catonsville ficulties of teaching cooperative book- worked under contract to the Superior Community College in Baltimore, where keeping to a treasurer who didn't know Economic Planning Council of Honduras she will be working in the Department how many zeros to put on which side and USAlD to help plan and set up of Continuing Education with the non- of the ledger line. a national community development pro- credit programs. Thus, both my wife and I have really gram for INDECO. This work enabled In Boone, we have also been a part built our careers on the experiences us to learn a great deal about govern- of a group which organized the Watauga we had in the Peace Corps. When we ment agencies and red tape. Federal Credit Union, and my wife graduated from college, I was a history Returning to the United States we served as Secretary of the Board for major and Julie, an English-French nded in Boone, N.C., where I became the first year of operation. Our interest major. We never dreamed the Peace (Ir:volved in the community action pro- in this project was the direct result of Corps experiences would lead up where gram first as planning director, then the credit union project which we helped it did, but we have been more than as economic director, and then as di- start in Concepcion de Maria under the happy with the results. peace Corps Volunteers work in various oping world, and with the complex prob- areas of agriculture and urban develop- lem of their solution. However, I would ment, Colombia's two prime areas for like to present a newer approach, par- development concentration. Currently ticularly pertinent to the Peace Corps, there are 163 Volunteers in-country. that combines the better aspects of a Nutritionists working in the urban purely economic model with a wider areas, are developing school and hos- concept of social service. pital food programs as well as working The Problem: The incredible growth of with barrio people. To help develop Co- principal Latin American cities has been lombia's own business capabilities Vol- of serious concern to everyone connect- unteer business specialists are providing ed with the economic and social devel- technical assistance to small and opment of the hemisphere. There is medium-sized businesses. A project for alarm since most of the population live developing and constructing housing in reduced to the narrow limits of their the barrios will soon have a small group environment; limited by appalling con- of Volunteer specialists-architects, so- ditions of poverty, yet scarcely a few cial workers and nutritionists who are miles away from luxurious communities. employment opportunities are greater currently training in-country. Increasing awareness of their lot and than in rural areas. This, together with In rural sectors, Volunteers work at "rising expectations" result in profound availability of new or better health, edu- two levels: with the campesinos, helping frustration. The nucleus of this trend is cational and recreational facilities, con- to find and open new alternatives to im- the "tugurio" or "favela" which many tributes to the making of a potential proving farming methods and with gov- writers have likened to a boiling caul- consumer. ernment agriculture agencies engaged dron of discontent from which a revo- b) Agricultural development has no in national research, education and ex- lution will arise. been constant or well distributed. Ther tension work. Accepting the potential danger to in- 4 is a wide spectrum of techniques- The significance to Colombia, as well stitutional stability posed by the poor primitive hand-tool cultivation, oxen and as all of Latin America, of development urban masses, the very existence of wooden plows, and highly mechanized in urban and rural sectors is discussed these masses is proof that many and complexes in which giant tractors, com- in these comments by Eduardo Gaitan fundamental changes have occurred in bines and chemical fertilizers are effec- Duran, Colombia's Deputy Chief of Mis- the economic and social conditions of tively used. Thus, as the average income sion to the United States, Washington, the countries affected. Some of these of the rural sector improves, there is a D. C. are: profound disparity between the incomes Most readers are familiar with the eco- a) A farmer arriving at an urban center of the minority of highly productive nomic and social problems of the devel- doubles his family cash income, since farmers and the majority of "campe- sinos". Although various countries are present- ly implementing programs of agrarian reform, the ever-increasing use of mod- ern and highly efficient technology has displaced workers who are forced to migrate to the city. c) There is also substantial migration from small to large cities. Favorable changes in economic and social status has increased mobility. These factors, as well as a high birth rate, have produced a considerable in- crease in urban population. In Colom- bia, for example, Bogota has a popula- tion growth of 6.8% a year; in the 12 principal cities of the country, the growt rate is 6%; in minor cities (populationw under 100,000), yearly growth is 5%, VENEZUELA: Fred Gridley. Returned Volun- teer. Excelsior, Minn. Above: CHILE: Henry Hinds, Returned Vol- in 1966 to 7% in December, 1969. of foreign exchange and incipient in- unteer. Tucson, Ariz. b) Attitudes changed. Public facilities, dustrialization. parks and sport fields requested by Naturally, good conditions in the cities and in the countryside, only 1.6% a people of the different barrios were built; will not stop the migration, but the proc- year. they are fully utilized, maintained and ess of intensive urban development Indications are that the growth rate well kept. should be carried out until conditions, ill continue to expand, even if rural c) The effective demand for agricul- both social and economic, in the rural onomic and social conditions improve tural products increased appreciably. areas improve to the accepted levels 9o the level of the urban centers. d) Private construction expanded and that permit savings and investments The Solution: Expansion of the urban at the same time, the sale of manufac- characteristic of the more developed population does not in itself mean prog- tured goods rose to an all-time high. countries. ress. Nonetheless, even minimal eco- e) The city's annual rate of population The Strategy In a sense, the concept of nomic growth produces a spiral of growth during these three years aver- massive and continuous investment in favorable conditions, and unquestion- aged 6.8%, but the birth rate decreased. the urban sector is directed to raising ably, the overall improvement of the city This example shows the interrelation of the economic level of the poorer half of dweller influences the country as a urban and national development. Contin- the population. The allocation of scarce whole. Therefore, urban development is uous and massive investment in urbani- resources would not improve the pur- related to national development. zation, both public and private, can in- chasing power of a greater number of Bogota, for example, with two and a crease the employment in the cities. If people by a better distribution of income. half million people, represents 10% of this investment is of sufficient volume Therefore, urgent attention should be the country's population and 40% of its and duration, and is applied not only to given to urban development, and exist- gross national product. The city is grow- the capital cities but to urban sectors ing problems should be treated not as ing at a rate three times higher than the in general, it rapidly can create con- ones of social and political significance, rural sector. The city administration has sumer demand that will transform the but as the economic factors that could a definite policy to create new employ- economic structure by increasing em- rapidly determine the development of ment, not only at government, but at ployment opportunities and incomes of Latin America. private industry levels. Today, several the urban masses. This will lead to agri- As the Peace Corps begins its second results are noticeable. During the past cultural production expansion of such decade it is particularly appropriate that four years, due to administrative and levels that mechanization will be neces- the continuous examinations of devel- fiscal reorganization of the city govern- sary to keep up with the demand. This opment priorities should include an in- ment, excellent planning and rapid, new demand, in turn, will affect the in- crease in involvement by the Peace efficient and massive implementation of dustrial sector, and thus create more Corps in urban problems of Latin urban investment, considerable addi- employment. America. tional income was generated from self In effect, the creation of employment upporting rates of public utilities and reshapes the demand for goods and aity taxes, which in turn permitted a services, reducing production costs and more adequate tapping of external permitting countries to utilize fully their financing. own chronic factors of underdevelop- a) Unemployment decreased from 10% ment: abundant labor supply, shortage Working with Latins at home

Jewel Klein says she is the our clients and our families. senior partner in Leahy & Klein, During my former job-hunting days, attorneys-at-law in Chicago, I had run into another former classmate but a junior partner in Klein & who had been a Volunteer in Venezuela. Klein & Family. Both she and He was working in a Legal Aid office in .her husband were Volunteers a Spanish-speaking neighborhood in in Peru-a route which has led Chicago and, now, a large number of her to pleasant and fulfilling our clients are those who desire a work in the United States, still Spanish-speaking attorney, and who working with Latin American have been referred to us by his office. people. Chicago has a large Spanish-speak- My two years in Peru have paid off in ing population but a shortage of Span- a way as pleasant as it was unexpected. ish-speaking attorneys. There are a few My husband, Steve, and I entered the who are very good, but who are also Peace Corps after taking the bar exam, very expensive, but there are also a and upon our return from Peru I was, as large number of mediocre ones. planned, about four months pregnant. I A Spanish-speaking person may trav- worked part-time on legal research proj- el many miles across the city to reach ects both before and after our daughter, a Legal Aid office where there are bi- Tammy, was born. But the job was un- lingual attorneys. Many of these persons fulfilling; I yearned for active law prac- are "over-scale," i.e., too rich for free tice, but had no practical experience, services, but they want an attorney with and no one wanted to hire a lady lawyer whom they can communicate in their part-time. native tongue. Since Peace Corps taught Since it looked like I would never get me to speak Spanish, I can take these the kind of job I wanted, I agreed to cases which, for one reason or another, form a general practice law firm with a Legal Aid rejects. former law school classmate. Both I now have clients from several South "working mothers," we each work three American countries as well as from days a week, subject to the needs of Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Because I do a great deal of divorce work, I have and his traditional desire to own land. observed in detail the impact of Ameri- Meager savings are accumulated until can society on Latin values. Women they become enough for a down pay- suddenly discover the great freedom ment on an FHA mortgage and, owning available to the female here while their a home often comes earlier for my Latin husbands hang on to the Latin concept clients than it does for many of my own of male supremacy. The result is marital American counterparts. conflict. Compromise and forgiveness Another bonus in dealing with Latins remain impossible and ancient pecca- is that they bear fewer prejudices with dillos are rarely forgotten. regard to female professionals. Some In a real sense, I have learned more "norte-Americanos" have not called about the Latin family since our return back after learning that Jewel Klein is a than I did in Peru where we were work- woman, but I have yet to lose a Latin ing with agricultural cooperatives. A rice client for that reason. farmer to whom one is teaching account- In sum, Peace Corps gave me a mar- ing and cooperativismo does not need to ketable talent, the ability to earn some reveal to his teacher the intimate details money and to enjoy myself at the same of his family life. time. After all, wouldn't you, too, find it The practice of domestic relations vastly more satisfying to have a client law has forced me to read and learn who, after an interview, says, "Gracias, Above: VENEZUELA: Mark Krastof, Returned more about the Latin character. The real senora. Tal Fulano, para servirla. Mi olunteer, Chicago, Ill. estate part of my practice has also casa es su casa," than to have one who ar left: PERU: Mah'On A. Barash, Returned shown me that, despite the possibly merely says "Thanks a lot, Mrs. Klein"? Volunteer, Glendale, Ariz. Left: PERU: Dick Swift, Returned Volunteer, shattering psychological effect of her- New York City. ican society on his traditional values, Top: PERU: Richard Baldinger, Returned the Latin retains his industrious nature Volunteer. Mamaroneck, N. Y. Leton F. Thomas is Chief of the Educa- On October 15, 1961, 15 Peace Corps the whole, they are building up good tion Office, St. Lucia, a position he has Volunteers landed at Vigie Airport, St. relationships with those with whom held since 1961. A graduate of Colum- Lucia, accompanied by their director, they work, and are making every effort bia University (B.S. and M.A. degrees), Wendell Rolston; Charles Cadet, of the to understand our desires and aspira- he is a licentiate of the College of Pre- then Agriculture Department and Leton tions. Thirdly, their capacity for hard ceptors in London and is associate of Thomas of the then Education Depart- work was particularly noticeable dur- the University of London Institute of ment. Seven of the Volunteers were ing the Christmas vacation courses Education. assigned to the Education Department, for primary school teachers held two to the Health Department and six earlier this year." This year, Peace Corps celebrates its to the Agriculture Department. Over the years, 134 Peace Corps Tenth Anniversary. As St. Lucia was Volunteers have served in St. Lucia. The among the very first territories which Teacher Trainers Needed majority have been assigned to educa- requested and received Peace Corps It must be pointed out that it was tion working in teacher training pro- Volunteers it may be worthwhile to recall generally recognized that by far the most grams, curriculum development and in some of the activities of the first group, limiting factor, and certainly the one re- secondary schools. In the process, we some of the problems, difficulties and quiring the most urgent attention in the have experimented, learned from our contributions of this and subsequent development of education, was the lack mistakes, capitalized on our success groups of Volunteers. of trained teachers. It is not surprising, and seen education in the territory pro- The idea of an organization wholly therefore, that the highest priority was gress excitingly along. A few of the sa- directed to mutual understanding, pro- placed by Government on teacher edu- lient features of the experience are as viding middle level manpower assist- cation. Consistent efforts prior to 1961 follows: ance, promoting peace and friendship, were made locally to cope with the (a) Decisions regarding requests for serving in a developing country under problem and the addition of Peace Corps Volunteers, the specialties required and conditions of hardship, if necessary, Volunteers provided a welcome means the area of operation in the territory have were ideals that struck a loud and happy of supplementing the local efforts and been and must continue to be firmly an note in the hearts of many St. Lucians of developing further the teacher educa- squarely the responsibility of the ho when Volunteers were requested. a tion that was being provided within the government, and no agency should be limits of our financial resources. allowed to decide this. Indeed, ample The first group of Volunteers in edu- discussion, consultation and planning cation were assigned the following with Peace Corps representatives in the tasks: (1) in-service training of teach- field are necessary so that insights are ers; (2) the organization, teaching and shared regarding priorities of the host development of "home economics" and territory, the availability and requisite "rural science and agriculture" in sen- qualifications of Volunteers requested, ior departments of primary schools, and the plans of Government for their re- (3) the organization of adult education. placements and kind of emphasis that ought to be given in orienting Volunteers Extra Classes to their jobs, if they are to be effective. In all three departments they worked It is this kind of relationship between closely with local personnel. In addition Peace Corps field staff and host coun- to their normal duties, they undertook try officials that assists Volunteers in as extra curricular duties classes in lit- giving of their best. In this respect, Dr. eracy, current affairs, health education, Carolyn Payton, Peace Corps Director and home economics. The zeal and for the Eastern Caribbean, 1967 to 1969, dedication with whidh they carried out can be singled out for special mention. their work can best be summed up in (b) While programs having a clearly de- the following extract from a report in velopmental impact are most lasting in 1962: their effects, maintenance programs "Firstly, one cannot fail to recognize have in many cases been an essential in the Peace Corps Volunteers their phase in the movement towards devel- spirit of dedication and of enthusiasm opmental programs. We are a nation in for improvement in the phase of work a hurry and must both service and de- in which they are involved. Secondly, velop our systems. Our experience i the Volunteers have been able to ad- both maintenance and development . ------.-.------A rn VENEZUELA: Rosario Cambria, Returned just themselves with reasonable ease programs has emphasized the impor- Volunteer, Sunnyside, N.Y. to their work and environment. On tance of structure, supervision and sup- Port, on the one hand and on the other, Above: BOLIVIA: Mary Thompson, Returned effectively to the needs of Volunteers. the fact that the effectiveness of any Participation by host country nationals ~~~~:te~~~~~B~~i,"~~~ter, program is conditioned to a large extent ~~teer,Baltimore, ~d. has made the exercise truly bi-national by the background, insights and ability in the attempt to ensure that Volunteers of .the people who must carry it out. persons engaged in the educational are well prepared to adapt to their new This has not always been appreciated enterprize are not Volunteers. In fact environment and perform their tasks by many a visitor well meaning in his Volunteers in the first group like Carol efficiently. prescription for our ills, but insensitive to Watkins, Betty Anderson, Gloria Hous- (e) Over the years we have seen a our preference for certain approaches. ton, Carlos Naranjo are still fondly re- change from a five-year, in-service pro- (c) In the initial stages, the use of lib- membered. Every subsequent group has gram to a three-year program without eral arts graduates made it possible to had Volunteers who have endeared loss of standard. We established a fill certain manpower shortages in teach- themselves to their colleagues and St. Teachers' College in 1962 which offered er training and sustain viable programs. Lucians. They are remembered, I think, initially a one-year course. From an oreo over; with their idealism, dedica- for their happy fellowships and particu- initial intake of 30 students in the one- tion and little experience with failure, larly for the initiative, ingenuity and year course we can now move to an they can do a tremendous job where dedication they brought to their tasks. intake of 75 students for the two-year the most experienced person thinks course. When it is realized that 80 per twice before attempting solutions to Improved Training cent or more of the students entering problems. This has, however, given rise (d) Training programs organized for College come from the In-service Train- to certain frustrations both on the part orienting Volunteers to their jobs have ing Program, and that every year has of some Volunteers and host country been a valuable part of the experience shown an improvement in the quality of nationals. For example, Volunteers have in their emphasis on the technical as- students attending Teachers' College, it added to their problems by a lack of pects of the Volunteers' assignment, becomes clear that Peace Corps Volun- understanding of the system and the cross-cultural experiences necessary teers have helped in no small way in ay it operates; by a feeling that be- for understanding the host country and the achievement of that goal. Cause a problem is not immediately re- human relationships. Improvements in solved, those responsible for its resolu- the training design and techniques have Expanding System tion are indifferent; by forgetting that all enabled the programs to cater more But the educational system continues

(Continued on next page) 29 ST. LUClA EDUCATION continued

PERU DICK SWIFT. RETURNED VOLUNTEER. NEW YORK CITY to expand and develop with programs designed to improve and extend curric- ula offerings in schools, the establish- ment of junior secondary schools, a Technical College, and an Advanced Level College. In each, Volunteers are assisting. The spectrum of experience and training must of necessity be broad- ' ened if Volunteers are to play a useful role in our development. It is also clear that with more training facilities for host country nationals and the sensitivity of nationals to certain areas of develop- ment, a degree of flexibility is required in defining the new role which Peace Corps will be called upon to play in our rapidly changing society. I had the privilege and exhilarating experience of working on the staff of Peace Corps for one year as Program Technical Representative in education. This gave me new insights into the edu- cation system of the Eastern Caribbean territories as well as the work being done by Volunteers. The St. Lucian ex- perience is not significantly different from that of the other territories and helped enormously in examining strate- gies for maximally utilizing Volunteer personnel in Caribbean school systems. The Tenth Anniversary of Peace Corps provides me with the opportunity of ex- pressing our thanks and admiration for the contribution of Volunteers who have served and are serving in St. Lucia. Our thanks are due in no small measure to the fine staff members like Hank Schei- This tiny nobleman, this child that wears nost, Bill Watson, Larry Leighton, to A melancholy arc across his face, mention a few, who not only have shown interest and given support to our pro- Can teach you how to love, because he cares grams, but also have identified them- Across the crusted barriers of race. selves with our community life and The nations disappear; he knows no line shared their skills with others. That could forbid a friendship here and now. It is to be hoped that all Peace Corps He feels that when he rests his hand in mine Volunteers and staff associated with our activities have benefited by the oppor- Our cultures will dissolve themselves, somehow. tunity of sharing in a rich living experi- II his small steps can bring him all this way ence with us, as well as by furthering To offer love, to teach the heart to sing, the cause of friendships and mutual understanding. It is a pleasure, there- Then meet his eyes, for this may be your day fore, to be able to send good wishes to To learn what depths await awakening. all who have served in the Eastern This child repeats the question and the cry: Caribbean and to hope that Peace Corps Does love live in this world, and could it die? will continue to be true to the ideals -Darrell Bartee that gave it birth. Volunteer in Colornb~a Quotes from letters written by Volunteers in Latin America

, I was assigned to a remote mountain I village in South America to start vege- table gardens. When I found that it was impossible to break the soil without proper tools, I got a package of shovels and hoes from CARE. I felt I was well on the way to success when I suddenly realized that even the finest shovels are I useless if the intended user has no shoes. All at once I knew why there had been no large scale gardening in the village before. The reasons had nothing VENEZUELA: Mark Krastof. Returned Volun- should not be eaten. We were faced by to do with laziness or with lack of knowl- teer, Chicago, Ill. a glut of pork while the poor of Jamaica edge: it was a simple lack of shoes. I lived on a protein-deficient diet. I de- solved the problem, at least temporarily. stant success were shot down, but I cided to contact the local Raster leader I rotated the villagers at 30-minute inter- think that after my last year here, I no and explain what a boon cheap local vals, loaning each of them my left shoe. longer expect instant feedback, and am meat would be to the island. It worked. I I love Colombia and the campo and I now after the satisfaction in work and A few weeks later at Port Antonio a ish sometimes Colombians would real- something developing in the future, even strange ceremony took place. Hundreds ze how very beautiful their country is- though I am not here. I realize that low of Rastas gathered and in the sea *I but so many think that the United States periods hit when nothing goes right, but blessed two pigs-one black and one I have found out that a strong will just has a corner on all that is good, and so white. Pork had become an acceptable I chuckle,and love the Colombians, too. might get one through. There are prob- item on the table of Jamaicans. lems here as everywhere, but in many I have formed a brotherly type of love respects, they can be overcome. I look Today as 1 walked for many of these people and it's not forward to this next year, and I want it. Along the sea edge easy to just get up and leave. They ask I cannot stop when I have just started. On my way to my job me to stay, because we both enjoy the Ifelt the sea hurling itself I've discovered that the people here company we have formed. These people Crest after crest have trouble structuring their time, and mean something to me which I have Against the sea wall with they are absolutely bored to death. All never really felt before. It's hard to ex- Such force that they do is talk and most of the talk is plain, and I don't think I can as yet. It created another angry wave reminiscent, there is very little talk about They are learning from me, and I am Going back out to sea. learning from them. But it's not all that the future. They talk about the time easy either. It's not all on the books and someone almost drowned, and the time The water was grey, brown recorded as what I am to do or how it that someone caught so much fish, or Muddy with white splashes should be done. It's a play-by-ear thing, they talk about football games, or the And it was as though the and it has to be that way. I could not go coming of Christmas or Easter and Entire thing to another village and use the same that's all. This changed in class. We'd Was reaching methods I use here. These people are talk about simple things like learning to Down to the very depths of itself different, and I have become integrated add, and they would begin to ask ques- To gather everything it could into that difference. tions. I would indulge them, and we To hurl at the retaining wall. . . . I have deep personal reasons for would end up talking about the solar As it was, staying. When we were in training a system and all sorts of things. After a The sea was whipped up into the air rosy picture was presented, and we were while I bought some textbooks and With force given hopes of brillant success. But taught Brazilian history and geography. And thrown over onto the road onning the cap of reality was a shock, They made maps and colored them. And Ifelt the cold spray of it and my groups seemed to fall flat. I was And just by coloring the maps, they be- Angry at me / one of these. My hopes for so much in- gan to discover how big the country is. As Ipassed by. Prized Photographs

That beauty exists-in people and places the world over-is evident from the more than 4,000 photographs submitted in the Tenth Anniversary Photo Contest. Only Volunteers and Returned Volun- teers were eligible. Entries had to reflect in some way their Peace Corps experi- ence. Categories were in color and black and white. Overwhelmingly, the photographs are of people-men, women and children involved with life. That is as it should be, reflecting the true purpose of Peace Corps-people helping people. The photographs were taken in 59 countries. The greatest number were from India Volunteers with those from the Philippines, Ethiopia, Peru and Co- lombia close behind. The prize winners and those which re- ceived honorable mention appear on these pages. Others which we felt de- served to be published are used throughout the issue. The contest judges were: Alfred Eisen- staedt, LIFE magazine; Robert Gilka, NA- TIONAL GEOGRAPHIC magazine; Carl Purcell, AID; Stan Tretick, LOOK maga- zine and Ernest Kolowrat, Peace Corps Public Affairs.

Upper right: First Prize-MALAYSIA. Jay Mather, Denver, Colo. Prize: Pradovit 250 slide projector from E. Leitz, Inc. Lower right: Second Prize-PERU. Jose Luis Sedano, Los Angeles. Prize: Box- mounted color display print from K & L Color Service, Inc. Top: 'Third Prize-ETHIOPIA. Christine Pat- tee, New Haven, Conn. Prize: Argus auto- matic slide viewer from Conn Camera and HiFi Center. Top left: First Prize-INDIA. Peter D. Val- lone, Madison, Wis. Prize: Kodak 850 slide projector with carrying case and two 140 slide trays from Frederick S. Welsh of East- man Kodak Co. Above: Second Prize-NIGERIA. Roger Lan- drum, New York City. Prize: Box-mounted display prints from Modernage Photo Lab. Left: Third Prize-SOMALIA. Jim Alinder, Lincoln, Neb. Prize: Pentaview Spotron light meter from National Camera Repair & Service.

Honorable Mention Awards- Above left: THAILAND. Robert W. Denniston, Columbus, 0. Above right: MICRONESIA. Christopher Seiberling, Albu- querque, N.M. Right: LIBERIA. Jeff Kennedy. Volunteer in Li- beria. Far right: SOMALIA. Tom Smoyer, Allentown, Pa. Honorable Mention Awards-Top: INDIA. Gary Hinegardner, Springfield, Mo. Far left: GHANA. Robert Paulson, Lansing, Mich. Left: PHILIPPINES. Ronald W. Wilcox, San Francisco. Above: PHILIPPINES. Juliet Blan- chard, Wooster, 0. Africa, historically the dark continent, involvement in Africa today is in agri- Last year, three new countries request- was, at the beginning of the sixties, a culture with Peace Corps programs ed Volunteers: Mali, Mauritius and the continent of emerging, independent focusing on rural Africa where 85 per- Republic of the Congo. nations. Having cast off centuries of cent of the people live. A total of 475 Throughout Africa, Volunteers have colonialism, they pulsated with newly Volunteers were involved in water de- had the opportunity to participate in th discovered national pride: they were velopment, range management, crop crucial process of nation-building impatient to move. The thrust was for improvement and extension, animal hus- newly independent countries. It meant development-as rapidly as possible- bandry, fisheries, conservation and more that they had to learn over 70 different and the urgent need was for education. agricultural programs last year. languages, and perhaps as many cul- New schools were opened by many Health is the third most important tures. In many cases, two languages are of the new nations to meet the flood program area with Volunteers working necessary-French, as well as the local of eager students, but the shortage of in paramedical training, disease eradi- language such as Wolof, Hausa or Dio- teachers was desperately acute. It was cation and control, general health edu- ula. The growth of social-political sensi- not surprising, therefore, that the first cation, family planning, nutrition and tivity about language, coupled with the group of Peace Corps Volunteers to go child care programs. Of the 2,139 Vol- fact that more and more Volunteers are overseas went to Africa. In August 1961, unteers in Africa last year, 285 were in working in rural areas has made it man- members of Ghana I, trained at the Uni- public health. Remaining Volunteers datory to master the local community versity of California at Berkeley to teach worked in a variety of programs-urban language. in Ghana's secondary schools, were and rural development, public works, Today, the largest Peace Corps pro- given a personal send-off at the White credit unions, cooperatives, small busi- grams are in Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana, House by President John F. Kennedy. ness development as well as industrial Liberia and Sierra Leone. The average They were in Ghana the following day. development. age of Volunteers is 25, but there are Education has continued to be the During the decade over 13,000 Amer- more than 100 who are over 40 and 17 major Peace Corps activity in Africa, but icans have served in Africa assigned to are over 60 years old. the emphasis has changed in the dec- 28 countries. Of the four countries which Volunteers in Africa find a continent ade. Volunteers today do less classroom asked for Volunteers in 1961, Ghana, where a stranger is nearly always wel- teaching and more teacher training and Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Tanzania come and where the essential outgrowth curriculum development, preparing Afri- (Tanganyika), only in Ghana and Sierra of Volunteer experience is the oppor- cans to fill their teaching needs them- Leone are there still programs. Peace tunity to learn as well as to teach. selves. The number of Volunteers in Corps was asked to leave, mostly for In the following pages are reflections education has always been high. In political reasons, by Nigeria and Tan- of the Peace Corps and Africa from 1970, some 1,700 were assigned in ele- zania, as well as Gabon, Somalia and Volunteers, former .volunteers and host mentary, secondary and higher educa- Mauritania. Guinea invited Peace Corps country officials. tion, special education, commercial vo- in 1964, asked Volunteers to leave in cational and physical education. 1967, reinvited them in 1969 and now SIERRA LEONE: Ellen Gagne, Returned Vol- The second ranking area of Volunteer has asked them to leave once more. unteer, Lewisburg, Pa.

Working with, ndfor our pmpO@

Mr. Nene Mate Kole is one of the most it must be pure, bold, and trustful of the There is one point I'd like to mention revered elder statesmen of Ghana. He basic goodness of man. The fortitude before I close. Our local dailies some- early advocated the right of his people of that mind has given the world yet times gives cause for mental disquiet- to rule their own destiny and has been another impetus in striving to achieve ness to the Corps. Articles in two of our one of the leaders since independence. the notion that every man is his brother's leading dailies on January 30, 1971, He is a member of Ghana's Council of keeper. suggested that some Volunteers of the State and is chairman of the Peace The Volunteers in our midst have ex- Corps have behaved in such a way as Corps Advisory Council in Ghana. This hibited tremendous dedication in their to constitute an improper example to is an address he gave before an Advis- work, and I believe that they are men our youth. If this is so, then it will be the ory Council meeting. and women who, having discarded the duty of this Council to advise on ways negativeness of fear and mistrust, are to counteract this problem. But we must here in bold support of a worthy cause. first make sure that this is truly the state The Peace Corps organization cannot They have not come merely to search of affairs. The tendency to label men be considered one of the old institu- for a new form of adventure, but to offer from other technical aid personnel or tions of our times. Being young, it is their knowledge and capabilities in vol- even tourist youth groups in Ghana as endowed with the vigour and dash of untary service with the belief that some Peace Corps people is too real to need youth, qualities which are so essential day all men shall be one. comment. With faith in the basic good- in bringing peace and progress to a One of the curses of colonialism is ness of man, and trust in the noble aim world which, in spite of tremendous its tendency to make the ruled people of the organization and its personnel of scientific and technological advances, look up to a super man, the colonial Volunteers, we in Ghana being a young has so belatedly realized the need for master, for all their needs; and this nation dedicated to freedom and dignity inter-dependence of world communities tendency which, we cannot pretend that as our way of life,can afford to brush in order that civilization on this planet we as a people have outlived, should aside the kind of suspicion of the Corps can endure. I do not pretend to know and can be replaced with self confi- which is held in other places and go the individual whose rich imagination dence and genuine pride that the Peace forward together to achieve peace a cradled the idea of this organization, Corps can generate by working with, progress for our country in order to b9 but I know that the mind that conceived not only for our people. able to help others achieve the same.

KENYA: Norman Segel. Returned Volunteer, Las Cruces. N. Mex. His Excellency Diori Hamani is president of the Republic of Niger and a key to the success of Peace Corps projects in that nation because "he has a iouch of Kennedy. He is pragmatic, articulate, a ball of fire, aware of the world, and deeply concerned about his country."

Like many other African countries, from the outset Niger was extremely interested in the late President John F. Kennedy's innovative offer to send young American men and women to all the corners of the earth for the noble purpose of serving mankind. When our country entered the com- munity of nations, it was in great need of assistance, and the Peace Corps gave it to us unstintingly, helping us solve some of our most pressing prob- lems in the fields of education, health and agriculture. Moreover, I feel that KENYA: Jonathan Gibson, Returned Volunteer, Chattanooga, Tenn. Peace Corps Volunteers, in their rela- I ns with bur young men and women, strived to maintain a close relationship two separate traditions. It is normal and e passed on some of their knowl- with Peace Corps Volunteers, directors even necessary that we should not al- 6edge to them, thus enabling them to and programs. I have followed the steps ways see things in the same way. If in- acquire new skills and to pursue more of former Peace Corps Volunteers after deed we have had problems, that has easily their subsequent endeavors on they left Niger with great interest, and been their sole cause. their own. I have been particularly happy when But our contacts and our joint en- Ever since the first Peace Corps Vol- some have returned to our country. deavors have taught us precisely that unteers arrived in Niger in 1962, we The vastness and the difficulty of our we can rely upon a spirit of mutual have attached a great deal of impor- development effort requires that all its loyalty which enables us to overcome tance to their relations with our people, facets be coordinated closely, and I our difficulties and to reach a deeper which relations have always been have always been favorably impressed understanding. Thus, by sharing each marked by mutual respect and close by the ease with which the Peace Corps other's lives, both the Peace Corps Vol- cooperation. I am happy to have this has adjusted to our structures. More- unteers and their Nigerien hosts have opportunity to state how fruitful this co- over, as we have progressed, we have become richer. Peace Corps Volunteers operation has been. asked higher skills and more extensive have returned to the United States with In my travels in Niger, I have always training of our friends. I am very grate- a new concept of Africa, its people and been impressed to note how, even in ful to the Peace Corps for responding its problems, and Nigerien, in turn, have the remotest villages, Peace Corps Vol- to our wishes by modifying its recruit- gained a better understanding of the unteers have shared very closely in the ment and training programs accordingly. United States and developed an interest lives of our people, worked side by side Many examples may be cited to illus- in that country. After that experience with them, spoken their language, adopt- trate the extent of our two countries' both parties will continue to be interest- ed their customs and, in sum, done joint achievements. But there is one ed in each other's progress. That, as their best to become one of them. point I consider particularly important: we all know, is the basis of international I also know that many Peace Corps we have both gained, we have both understanding. Volunteers have been sad to leave Niger given, and we have both received. I take great pleasure in extending my after completing their Peace Corps To be sure, our cooperation has not greetings and congratulations to the . service; some have even considered been without its problems. That was to United States Peace Corps on the Tenth settling here permanently. be expected because despite our peo- Anniversary of its foundation. We are In the nine years since the Peace ples' mutual friendship and devotion to indeed happy to be your partners in eps has been offering its generous the same ideal, they do have their own this noble and exciting undertaking, assistance to Niger, I have always originality, two different cultures and based on the ideal of world brotherhood. The way has not always been smooth

The Honorable Taita arap Towett is This enormous expansion, of course, ed with suspicion by local people, or Minister of Education in Kenya where placed a great strain on our limited perhaps criticized in public for their Peace Corps Volunteers have served teaching force, and an appeal to our strange appearance or peculiar manner since 1965. Today, of the 283 Volunteers friends overseas led to the arrival of the of dress. in Kenya, more than two-thirds are in first 27 Peace Corps Volunteers in Fortunately these have been excep- education. December 1964. tions and the vast majority of Volunteers Since that date a total of 479 Volun- have given loyal and devoted service, Upon the attainment of independence teers have arrived in Kenya for service often under very difficult conditions, and in December 1963, Kenya's ministry of in our secondary schools, and these have departed reluctantly at the end of education, under the inspiration of the Volunteers have worked in schools all their period of service leaving behind President, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, em- over Kenya alongside Kenyan teachers many friends both in their schools and barked upon a dramatic program of and Volunteers from Britain, the Scandi- among the local communities. expanding educational facilities at all navian countries, West Germany, France, We are particularly appreciative of levels throughout Kenya. Nowhere was Holland, and commonwealth countries. the work done by those Volunteers who this expansion more impressive than in They have taught at the coast and on have served in Harambee schools. These the field of secondary education. In the slopes of Mount Kenya, by Lake are schools built and maintained en- 1963, Kenya had a total of 27,209 chil- Victoria and in the desert areas, of the tirely on a self-help basis by local com- dren in 118 maintained and aided sec- northern frontier. munities yearning education, and im- ondary schools and 32 unaided schools. The way has not always been smooth. patient with the pace of official develop- By 1970, this had risen to a total of A few have fallen by the wayside, others ment. Volunteers in these schools have 126,855 children in 300 maintained or have had difficulty in adapting them- been provided by the Peace Corps at aided schools and 483 unaided or selves to strange customs and to life in no expense to the Ministry of Education "Harambee" schools. remote areas. Others have been regard- or to the local communities involved, and for this generous assistance on the part of Peace Corps, I am m grateful. Volunteers in these scho have worked usually on their own, and often under conditions of discomfort and hardship: But although their work has been hard, their rewards have been correspondingly great. They have be- come personally involved in the self- help philosophy and have identified themselves with the problems and the aspirations of the local community, sure- ly a very practical example of how to achieve international understanding and goodwill. As I travel up and down Kenya visit- ing these schools I receive many re- quests for Peace Corps Volunteers. What better testimony could we have to the value of the work they are doing?

Left: NIGERIA: Roger Landrum, Returned Volunteer, New York City.

Right: KENYA: Richard Beatty, Volunteer Nairobi, Kenya. Upper right: ETHIOPIA: Barbie West Van Meter, Returned Volunteer, Trinidad. Calif. Barry Wakeman had a bachelor's and a master's degree in botany when he joined Peace Corps in 1964. He was assigned to Uganda to teach biology at Namagunga College and his whole ca- reer changed. "My Peace Corps experi- ence carried me from plants, which had been my major study, to animals which have become my life's work." Barry is now zoologist at the Cincinnati (0.) zoo. This is why.

Fifteen men, armed with sticks and stones and talking excitedly, surrounded the one and a half-foot, blue-headed agama lizard. I could not understand them. They spoke in Luganda. But it was easy to guess what they shouted as I stepped in and caught the lizard. Their surprise and fear increased as I let, what I knew was a harmless reptile, bite me. As well as I could, I explained I was the new Peace Corps Volunteer who can zoo keeper. when it fell. Instead, they cut the tree was to teach biology at Namagunga Operating this miniature zoo, gave (75-feet tall). It fell, demolishing a house. ollege, and that I would give "bakshi- me some of the most memorable ex- Fortunately the fall also stunned the af hi" (presents, usually money) to any- periences of my life. snake, making its capture easy. one who would bring me wild 'animals, The first came when a man came to Word spread, and I soon was catch- alive and unharmed. my door shouting for help. There was a. ing many green mambas, gaboon vipers, My idea was to get a few pets to 'nyoka kali sana' in a big tree in his rhinoceros vipers and the like which we make my classes more interesting, but village. After following him for a mile, sold to venom-research centers and soon my house was overflowing with I saw about 150 people staring at a six- animal dealers. The proceeds helped baby monkeys, bush pigs, duikers and foot green snake with a yellow belly. It pay for our zoo. a goshawk. The school's headmistress was a green mamba, one of the quick- During school breaks I worked for gave me permission to build several est and most deadly snakes in the world. the Uganda Game Department, the Nuf- cages next to the biology building. Two Attempts to climb the tree and secure a field Unit of Tropical Animal University years later, the cages had expanded to loop at the end of a long pole over the on an ecological study of the cape 2Y2 acres of fenced-in land, housing snake's head failed. So I asked the buffalo, the cropping of hippopotamuses 104 animals representing 42 species. village chief to have someone cut the and elephants and collect pottos and There was even a trained, full-time Afri- branch and I would catch the snake galagos.

I've actually cured 20 malnourished children out of the hundreds I've exam- ined. That doesn't sound like much. But when I get discouraged, I remember that 1'11 be followed by another Volunteer, and another Volunteer will follow him. By that time, the mother whose baby I'm treating now will have a new baby, and maybe she will have seen that our advice does work, and the farmers may be growing more protein foods, and the schools may have established health courses. Some day, all these parts will fit together. But it's going to take time. -Jack Allison, former Health Volunteer in Malawi A valuable and vital expeuisn~e

Patricia Firer teaches English at the not everyone gets an opportunity to see proved by my own experience for a Msara Secondary School in Arua, a re- how warm-hearted, generous and loving language barrier does not prevent com- mote area in northern Uganda. She be- these Ugandans are. When I am with munication of emotions. Friendship is a lieves that one characteristic of a Volun- my students or their families, I never very valuable and vital thing to me, and teer is their need to be needed. feel lonely or homesick. some of my students are among the I had been told by Europeans that I finest and closest friends I have ever I often feel that I have learned more would never really get to know Africans had. It will be very difficult for me to from my students than they have learned as I could a person of my own skin leave them in one year. The true beauty from me. Anyone can teach English. Yet color. That statement has been dis- of East Africa is not its lakes, sandy beaches or mountains, but rather its sin- cere, friendly and generous people. Thus far my Peace Corps experience has been a mosaic as variegated as the market on a Saturday morning. Aca- demically, I have helped Ugandans by teaching them English and by providing them with a library that will remain after I have returned to America. There has been frustration, friction, and loneliness because I am a young American woman. (In the Ugandan culture, woman is in- ferior to man.) However, these obstacles have been surmounted by my determi- nation, patience and love of teaching When I decided to join the Peace Corps, I sought to understand people of another culture. I did not know that my love and understanding of these people would influence my character as deeply as they have. . . . I have gained a deep- er understanding and respect for myself and my own country. This past year that I have spent in Uganda has been truly one of the most beautiful, satisfying and meaningful years of my life. I have dis- covered that in the Peace Corps you can have your cake and eat it at the same time. . . .

Left: SOMALIA: Jim Alinder, Returned Vol- unteer, Lincoln, Neb. Above, right: LIBERIA: Don Hegeman, Vol- unteer in Monrovia, Liberia. Right: ETHIOPIA: Mary Lampe, Volunteer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Far right: LIBERIA: Richard B. Reeves, R turned Volunteer, Arlington, Va.

Mow long will Volunteers be here? As long as they are needed.

Mr. J. S. Ocran'has been a well-known ify my opinion. I came to admire the I admire their ability to adapt them- educator in Ghana for many years. In sincerity of the many Peace Corps selves to harsh living situations, and December 7969, he was asked by the teachers whom I met at work in various this has the virtue of cheering up the Prime Minister to become the first direc- higher institutions, and was much im- local community and giving them the tor of Ghana's National Service Corps. pressed by the spirit which led to such rare opportunity of enlarging the horizon honest work. of all concerned and fostering mutual Although I had heard about Peace I also came to realize that there were understanding and better international Corps Volunteers earlier, my first per- several expatriates who by their per- relations. sonal contact with Peace Corps was in sonal appearance had been taken for Some people wonder why there should 1967, when I was posted to the Ministry Peace Corps but who were, in fact, not be Peace Corps Volunteers in the coun- of Education, Accra. members of the Corps. It seemed unfor- try. They often argue that what Peace The first impression I formed of Peace tunate that there was no visible means Corps can do can be done by local Corps Volunteers was that they were to distinguish Peace Corps personnel personnel. This may be so, but my ex- people who cared little about their per- from any others. It must be said, how- perience is that what the Peace Corps sonal appearance, but were ready to ever, that a few Peace Corps Volunteers Volunteer is engaged to do is generally take up their assignment in any part of still have much in common with the what we have not enough local people the country and generally in the very other people who have often attracted to do; and not many people seem to unpopular parts-areas which would public attention by their unusual per- know that the Peace Corps is intended attract very few Ghanaians of compara- sonal appearance. to phase itself out as more local person- ble educational status. There was also Until recently, I knew Peace Corps nel become available to take over. talk that they delighted in serving in un- Volunteers as teachers. It was a pleas- The idea of introducing local person- popular areas, not always because of ant discovery to know that there were nel into Peace Corps administration in the work they were assigned, but be- Volunteers in other fields besides gen- the host country is worthy, and it is cause of other interests which had little eral education. I have seen Volunteers hoped that more local personnel will relevance to their occupation. In fact, it in agriculture, health, and commercial taken on in due time. That should he@ was commonly held that they were em- education. I would like to see them in to establish the correct image and pur- ployed to collect information of special other developmental fields. It would be pose of the Corps, and open the road interest to their home government. good to see Volunteers who will encour- to brotherhood. Since I became more intimately ac- age village industries, and even as or- If I am asked to say how long Volun- quainted with Peace Corps from 1969 ganisers in the field of games and teers will be necessary, I should say that in my capacity as the officer in charge sports, particularly in the rural areas. as long as there is a need in which Peace of educational administration in the GHANA: Steve Rendig, Returned Volunteer, Corps participation will help to meet it. Eastern Region, I had occasion to mod- Davis, Calif. -Quotes from letters written by Volunteers in Africa

The teaching here is frustrating one have said good-bye to so many good day and exhilarating the next. It is a real friends. I am anxious to leave, sorry to joy to see the understanding of a simple be going. But that is better than no feel- concept in science dawn on the stu- ing at all. I am becoming less and less dents. At other times I explain and dia- tolerant with people and I find myself gram and re-explain to find that my picking and choosing those with whom students don't understand a thing, either I wish to be. because of the terminology I use or the I guess if I were to seriously put my- example. These students just don't have self together and try to describe my the informal education Americans get feelings lately, it would have something from living in a technological society, to do with physical exhaustion, eating and I forget. alone after a dusty day in the sun, talk- ing to myself in the bathtub, dancing For me the biggest problem of all is alone in my frontroom to Sweet Baby eliness which seems to creep up James and getting up at seven tomor- row to do it all over again. 96 ry now and then. One seems to think that the grass would be greener back in LIBERIA: Richard B. Reeves, Returned Vol- the United States for there would be so unteer, Arlington, Va. My friendships with my students much more to do, and also maybe the have made me happy and have given results of our work would not be so me an understanding of the character Helping people is the damndest job frustrating. But these are individual of the West Niter. in the world. And the whole time you're problems that will be met anywhere. . . My girls have taught me how to pre- . here you'll ask yourself at least one of On the whole I would say that .I am pare and enjoy African food; I have these questions: "Am I doing the best quite happy here. The biggest satisfac- taught them how to cook American food poss~blething for these people?" "How tion that I am getting out of this whole and celebrate American holidays. On can I help better?" "What am I doing thing is on an individual basis. Person- Halloween, for example, we carved here?" ally, I have learned more this past year pumpkins, making jack-o-lanterns out than I did in my four years of college. of them. My students are teaching me I just hope you can read between I'm ready for another year. to speak Lugbara, one of the five major the llnes and really get a feeling of my languages spoken in this area. . . . My love of the country and people and work real key to social integration is through A tribal proverb is: "Until you have -I can't help but be enthused about my students and several have asked me crossed the river, don't insult the alliga- everything when 1 sit down to tell others to their homes. Visiting the home of your tor's mouth." We translate it: "Until you about it. . . . Time goes too fast and student is one of the most pleasant and have lived in a place for a long time, before you can realize that you are really rewarding experiences in the world. You don't judge the people." in Africa, your time is half up. are treated with great respect and are given an excellent meal, if you like The student in the fourth row who Things are as frantic as always. I am "Enya" (which I do). Because I know never smiles and never works (I wasn't keeping very busy with the workshop some Lugbara I can speak a little to even sure she breathed) smiled at me and ordering cement, waiting for the their families. At present, however, the today. Then she handed in a very well- rains, more and more disappointed in best means of communicating is to have written assignment. If she did it herself, people. I am now between chapters try- my student interpret for me. I show the is very good. Suddenly everything ing to find some sort of new theme to parents pictures of America and we ex- ms very worthwhile. concern myself with. It seems as if I change questions and folk tales. The most diverse region of the Peace in close, day-to-day contact with rural husbandry, water resources and similar Corps, NANESA encompasses the area people. Every Nepali invitation to the projects are the major programs. Volun- from the Atlantic to the Bay of Bengal. Peace Corps has represented an extra- teers are also involved in teacher train- The common bond of Islamic religion ordinary act of confidence on the part ing programs, family planning and in lends some cultural similarity to many of people who must have pondered long helping small industrialists overco of the countries of North Africa and the and hard whether they were not, in fact, production and management proble Near East, but the South Asian coun- inviting Westerners to meddle in their Nepal also has given food productiona tries of India and Nepal have different domestic affairs. a high priority, and Volunteers are in- heritages though certainly affected by Of the eight countries that are part of troducing the new miracle wheat and Islam. the region, lndia has had Peace Corps rice to farmers. Other Volunteers work And yet, from the days of Genghis programs since 1961; Tunisia, Afghanis- in education, forestry and public works. Khan and Alexander, this area has tan, Iran, Nepal and Turkey since 1962; In Afghanistan, Peace Corps pro- shared some of the same great history, Morocco since 1966 and the newest grams are in teaching, health, and a and its peoples today reveal an amal- country, Malta, requested Volunteers wide range of professional services. In gam of assimilated practices and beliefs. just last year. During the decade Volun- Iran, Volunteers work in a variety of Unlike Latin America and Africa, this teers were in and out of Pakistan, Cey- agricultural projects, urban planning, region embraces societies with very old lon, Cyprus and Libya. vocational education and teaching Eng- cultures and institutions that have sur- In the ten years more than 8,600 lish as a foreign language. vived the colonial period, societies gen- Volunteers have served in this region. Volunteers are involved in education, erally "neutralist" in the world political Today there are some 1,130 working in agriculture and public works projects in context. 102 programs. Morocco and in teaching English, urban This diversity within the region and As in other developing areas, NANESA planning and physical education pro- the fact that we are dealing with long Volunteers went first as teachers es- grams in Tunisia. In Malta, officials of established institutions run by people pecially teaching English as a foreign that country's government are staffing proud of their history, has had a marked language since English is the common and administering a professional serv- influence on NANESA's philosophy and denominator in the world business com- ices program. strategy. munity and is essential for nations bent On the pages which follow are re- A notable example of the Peace on development and progress. Educa- flections of Peace Corps in North Africa, Corps' ability to communicate is the tion continues to be the major effort in the Near East and Southwest Asia from trust it won from the government of all the countries except India. Volunteers, former Volunteers and host Nepal. In a country whose history has Agriculture is the major thrust in country people. been shaped by suspicion of the outside India. This is not surprising since of the world and until less than 20 years ago, 630 million of the earth's people who self imposed isolation from the world- live in the region, 524 million of them it is remarkable that the Nepalis in their are in India. Programs geared to food efforts to improve life in rural areas, production-introduction of the new .TUN,S~,: Christopher Jr,, Returned have sent dozens of Volunteers to live miracle rice and wheat grains, animal Volunteer, Syracuse, N.Y.

An awakened Oran

In November, 1970 Mrs. Effat Nahvi, fallow, and to supply much needed ing. Seed improvement, soil fertility, Chief, Technical Cooperation Bureau, electric power for the industrial plants plant pest control, animal pest control, Plan Organization, Government of Iran, which will soon rise in these newly animal husbandry and health, preserva- was invited by the American Peace opened up regions. Then will come the tion and development of forests, estab- Corps to attend a meeting of the Peace opening up of the country with the con- lishing pasteurized milk plants, con- Corps National Advisory Council in the struction of harbors and airports, to structing good water systems, utilization United States as a representative of the allow a free flow of traffic and goods of agricultural machinery and gradual Government of Iran. The following is a into the country. Also, internal com- mechanization of agriculture, and most statement she made after the meeting munications are being perfected by the important of all providing the necessary and a visit to Peace CorpslWashington construction of highways to link impor- training to a picked staff who would be Office. tant towns and cities within the coun- able to take over and run these schemes lran is a vast country with 1,648,000 try, so that as little delay as possible on their own and continue training others square kilometers of surface and nearly will occur in the movement of goods in these fields, likewise is something that 29 million inhabitants, and the popula- and passengers. deserves high praise. tion is increasing rapidly. The national Iranian Airlines is a great For the implementation of all these lran has awakened to its duties and help in this respect, in addition to the plans we endeavor, in the first instance, its possibilities as never before during railways and the motor transport sys- to benefit from our own trained experi- the course of its recent history. It has tem. Telecommunications systems have enced and young energetic, specialized realized that only through wise planning been instituted for the same purposes. human resources available. However, and perseverence in its effort towards Numerous other activities have fol- due to our very significant and rapidly raising the level of national income can lowed from these basic schemes. The progressing development programs, the it undertake to reach its goal of eco- great and courageous move towards training of the specialized human re nomic prosperity and national integrity. Land Reform has changed the face of sources cannot keep up with the phya These basic schemes, aimed at estab- lran from old feudalism to modern agrar- cal aspects of development. Therefore, lishing the foundation of a sound econ- ian economy, with modern methods of to fill the gap existing between these omy, were laid in the first, second, and farming, which make it possible for the two factors of development, it has been third Development Plans which have formerly landless peasant to own !he deemed advisable to seek the use of been carried out, and the fourth one, plot of land that he cultivated, thus pro- external specialized human resources, which is under execution and near its viding him with the incentive for inten- bilateral or international in nature. end. sified production. Land Reform has not Another important point is that the These Plans have been implemented stopped merely at revising land dis- implementation of our development pro- with a view toward providing such fun- tribution, but it has gone on to provide grams has not been limited to the damental needs as the building of dams the scientific facilities for the cultivation specialized elements of the Government. for the diversion of flood water into of land thus acquired by peasants who In addition, the entire population, es- irrigation canals which serve to water were thoroughly unfamiliar with the latest pecially young graduates, both boys and vast tracts of land that have so far lain developments in agriculture and farm- girls, has been mobilized for this cru- IRAN: E.D. Tunis, Returned Volunteer, Portola Valley, Calif

sade, by the formations of Iranian the Government of Iran, and most of the derful country of Iran. Volunteer Corps. Volunteers are assigned to the more I would like to mention that in my In addition to all these internal re- rural areas of the country, where more opinion, the aim of any technical assist- sources, lran has very well used exter- need is felt for their services. ance program should mainly focus on nal volunteer services extended to this Fortunately, the comprehensive pre- training of local personnel. This means country. The American Peace Corps is service training of the American Peace that upon termination of the term of one of these external volunteer organi- Corps Volunteers, which they receive in service or assignment of any technical zations. Iran, and which includes intensive Farsi officer, regardless of whether he is a At present, approximately 160 Ameri- language training, makes them familiar Volunteer or not, his knowledge should can Peace Corps Volunteers are serving with the culture and local conditions, have been transferred to his local coun- in various development projects such as which enables them to immediately start terpart, thus enabling the recipient municipal public works, horticulture, their services in a very pleasant atmos- agencies to use this new knowledge and home economics, nutrition, forestry, phere of understanding and mutual fresh know-how, through their own nursing, livestock management, food collaboration. people, thus permitting the external science, and technology, fish and game These words of "mutual collabora- human resources to be used in still management, animal science, agronomy. tion" have been used purposely, be- another new field. soil science, wildlife management, voca- cause this type of mutual collaboration Fortunately, in lran all these factors tional education, library science, Eng- provides opportunities for the Volunteers have been mutually understood and our lish teaching, computer science and themselves, while serving in important Government of Iran/American Peace small scale industry. It should be men- lranian Development programs and put- Corps programming procedure is a ned that all programs in which Ameri- ting their academic knowledge and work lively, revolving process, constantly ean Peace Corps Volunteers work are backgrounds into practice, to gain very bringing about involvement in fresh initiated by the interested agencies of valuable experience which will open for fields of activity. the Government of Iran, according to them, new doors of know-how, and give development priorities determined by them intimate knowledge of this won- A letter to the Pues~dent

Mary Boulgeri and Delia Maneki, both 25 years old, were Volunteers in India. Although they recently completed their two-year tour and returned to the United States, Mary and Delia are remembered with special affection by the people they worked and lived with. In a personal letter to President Nixon, S. K. Patil, vice chairman of the village of Nigadi in India's Dharwar District of Mysore State wrote: My village had an opportunity to avail the services of Peace Corps Volunteers viz 1. Miss Mary Boulgeri & Miss D. Maneki. Really they have done com- mendable work. The Volunteers participated in all the activ~tiesof the village, particularly food production, animal husbandry, co-opera- tion and public health, etc. and should- , ered the responsibility at every step. The villagers have appreciated their work and have informed me to convey this message to you. Accordingly; I am taking this oppor- tun~tyof addressing this letter. I also enclose herewith a note on the development of my village Nigadi at a , I- I - I glance, which also covers the work done in co-operation .with the Peace Corps. Lastly, I thank you for the services rendered through Peace Corps for the development of Indian Villages. I hope the same will be extended in future. A Community Development Volunteer in Turkey, Tom Turner saw ecological de- struction first hand. The sight of it had its impact, and Tom, now back in the United States, has made ecology his prime interest. He first worked for the Sierra Club. Now he is with Friends of the Earth, an organization "committed to the preservation, restoration and ra- tional use of the ecosphere," and the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies in San Francisco. These are his thoughts on ecology and the Peace Corps. There is no more graphic example of a ravished ecosystem than the Anatolian Plateau that is the heartland of Turkey. Several thousand years ago, with the first rudimentary agriculture and the domestication of animals, people began Tom Turner to "mine" the then rich forest and soil ources of that high plain for their benefits of fertilizers and pesticides are also the leader in the field of n benefit, with no thought to conserv- without being told about the hazards. technological mistakes, so we can warn ing what was there for future-genera- We learned how to get government other people away from bad projects. tions. The result is now painfully, tragi- money to help finance irrigation projects, But that's only half of it. As I recall, the cally obvious. Trees were felled for but weren't told that irrigating arid lands third goal of the Peace Corps is to teach building and burning, and the new can cause as many problems as it young Americans something about other shoots were eaten by sheep and goats solves. I felt that although Volunteers countries and hope that they will spread before they could take hold. Predators are not really likely to be in the position the knowledge around when they get were slaughtered as they began to com- of starting projects of the magnitude of home. The new environmental program pete for the cattle and sheep. As the an Aswan Dam (a near-perfect example should stress this idea. Many cultures trees disappeared, erosion began in of technology gone wrong), Volunteers around the world have treated their en- earnest until much of the topsoil washed will be helping instill attitudes that vironment better than we have, and the away, leaving the land barren and barely eventually will lead toward-or away Peace Corps can learn some of the capable of supporting human life. And from-Aswan Dams. secrets. now it's a vicious circle: there is no No action was taken, so 1 wrote again. For example, what's wrong with our wood to burn for heat in the winter, con- This time I got a phone call from Bob super agriculture that California's Im- sequently animal -dung that might be Poole, who told me about Peace Corps' perial Valley is dying of salt poisoning used as fertilizer to help rejuvenate the new ecology program in cooperation after just 40 years of cultivation? In fields is dried and used for fuel. Crop with the Smithsonian Institution. The other places, people have cultivated the yields decline, and now the only way out program's first aim, he said, would be same fields for hundreds of years. Or, seems to be chemical fertilizers-the to recruit Volunteers for requests al- how can many cultures throughout the kind that have helped kill Lake Erie. ready in from several countries for en- world exist in harmony with wild ani- *** vironmental experts: foresters, wildlife mals? We in the United States are ex- Three years ago, I asked the Peace biologists, watershed managers and so terminating our wildlife. And finally, are Corps to include environmental con- on. I think this is a great idea provided other people around the world really siderations in its training programs. In that the training given the Volunteers is suffering because they don't have air my own, we were given a crash course not the sort of "environmental aware- conditioning and frozen dinners and in aariculture" and told of the wonderful ness" nonsense that private coopera- color televisions and two cars each and tions hand out, and provided it avoids six layers of plastic wrapped around Far left: AFGHANISTAN: Carl Stroh. Returned resource-exploitation. everything? Volunteer, Milwaukee, Wis. Above, left: Otherwise, the idea of a Peace Corps In this program, as in many others, INDIA: David M. Heath, Returned Volunteer, we have at least as much to learn as Berkeley, Calif. Left: INDIA: Raymond Vaicai- Ecology project is very exciting. As the tis, Returned Volunteer, Chicago, Ill. world's leading technological nation, we we have to teach. The imffluemce off Nepal

.' Bailey H. Kuklin served in sub silentio, the assumptions basic to likely to have an effect on those around Nepal from 1967 to 1969. He is that culture. My internalized struggle me. Those poor farmers might listen if now assistant dean at the Uni- could not be externalized until I realized I told them to cultivate the nearby fields versity of Michigan Law School. the nature and extent of my leaps of because it would provide the money for

' He brings to his new position a faith. Nepal's non-Western culture, by medicine or education or wealth or pres- combination of academic cre- its differences, made apparent the non- tige. At home I had seen this taste of dentials and socially relevant necessity of some of these assumptions. "success" lead to insatiable cravings. experience necessary for effec- For example, I believed the striving for And I had not seen successful people tiveness. gain was a universal characteristic of with shanti, serenity. The responsibility My tour has been a substantial in- man. Yet, in a secluded jungle area of for helping these farmers learn to es- fluence on my "career" plans. When I Nepal I found incredibly poor farmers cape poverty, illiteracy and early death entered training I had completed my who let lie fallow rarely cleared land at the cost, perhaps, of shanti, could not study of the law and a year of teaching contiguous to their own. "But, Sahab, I be taken lightly. The first-hand lessons had completed my run from the Army. I have a family, enough to survive, and cannot be ignored. was prepared to get a serious job with shanti, peace. What more do I need?" These are but two elements of the a Wall Street firm and begin my climb I could not respond. The revelation, ob- Peace Corps influence on my career towards success and its concomitants, viously, was not new; but the personal direction. Too few, really, to explain my wealth and status. Gnawing,on the back experience gave me a deeper level of conclusions. Nonetheless, I close by of my mind, however, was the dogged understanding. observing that because of my tour I like feeling that . . . My roles as PCV, American, West- me better than before. To me, that's A familiar tale, no doubt. Need I ex- erner, engineer, governmental official, what counts. plain my anxiety further? dispenser of money, medicineman, wise The Peace Corps, via Nepal, pro- man, rich man, nonspeaker of Nepali, vided me with the time and framework speaker of Nepali, outcast, cow-eater, to work out this anxiety. The process of world traveler, etc., did not come with- experiencing and understanding another out responsibilities. The most difficult culture was an excellent laboratory. responsibility came from the awareness Below and opposite: TUNISIA: Christopher During my years as a member of that due to some of the roles I had as- Janus, Jr., Returned Volunteer, Syracuse, Main Street America, I had adopted, sumed and been granted, I was more N.Y. Quotes from letters written by Volunteers in North Africa, Near East and South Asia

The year is over, and I've become ac- fields, but rather whether or not I would customed to being here and, next year, be accepted by the people, whether I instead of seeming horrendous and would give my knowledge, or a small dark, seems exciting. That nagging devil part of it, to those who needed it and of indecision that for months sought to whether or not I would be looked upon hound me out of here vanished as soon as just another foreigner butting in as I decided I wasn't going. The most where he wasn't wanted. In this I am difficult times have passed and I seem very happy to say that either I have been to have endured them with enough exceptionally lucky, or that I have been enthusiasm left to carry me on; and it accepted at more or less face value or was, in fact, endurance that did it, very possibly a little of both. imply living through those days and If ecoming more agile at outstepping the sadness. I know what walls not to bang Moroccan people are 95 percent pure my head against and what doors are pleasure to work and live with. .Even open and can accept the limits as well though I can sense some future prob- as the advantages of being a foreigner. lems in work, the same happens in the It was endurance and a sense of black States. It's really nice to find out that humor that allowed me to laugh at my people are much nicer than I had be- own prostrated figure sick and hot and The villagers can visualize Americans a lieved. . . . They helped me find a alone in the summer and to realize that little better now because I'm here. They house, my neighbor gives me electricity, I was at least suffering through a unique can understand us as human beings. a daily supply of soup and helps me experience and there must be some We aren't tourists; I live here. They ask find things I need.

value to that. me what my family life is like, what kind ------of work I do, the kind of day I have in . . . Here you have to be able to work the States. And I describe my farm life, The rice is planted now, and the fields while people are watching you. There for example. They can picture it. They are brilliant, shocking green. I can are people everywhere, and when they have a concept of an American as a watch the planting and harvesting in see someone doing something, espe- human being. They've discovered that, fields right across the street from my cially a guy like me, dressed in my red after all, our human needs are not so school. I have happened on the low life and black checked forester's jacket, different from theirs. that so many Americans miss. Slowness they come and watch. One of our water- though, can kill you too, and my efforts sheds is in a tiny village called Beni to keep busy are self-conscious and Although I have been in India a rela- Hassan. I went there to put in a scale limited to but a few alternatives. I read tively short time. . . so far it has been a for the flume and I swear the whole vil- for hours. I cook. I stroll the bazaar and very fulfilling life for me. When I left lage came and watched. Here I was fields and talk to people and 1 write the States I had very mixed emotions working in the streambed, the men letters. I try not to think about the monas- about this program and others like it, standing by the Land Rover watching tic sexual life I'm leading and try to not that I had a lack of confidence in and the women and children on top of think of all the things I'm learning which myself, as I have over 35 years experi- the hills-not to mention a stray chicken ence behind me in this and related or goat that came by now and then. The domain of the East Asia and Pacific problems under the Smithsonian-Peace area of a major city. The school recon- region stretches from the Land of the Corps program. In Tonga, a plant pa- struction is also a vehicle to rebuild Morning Calm to the Friendly Islands. In thologist, a home economist, a marine self-confidence in barrio dwellers by between is the world's largest archipel- biologist and an entomologist are work- teaching them trade skills. ago and one of the world's smallest ing on separate programs intended to The Green Revolution began in EAP, kingdoms. Traditional cultures with ori- determine how best to restore the bal- in the Philippines, when two Volunteers gins lost in antiquity compete with cul- ance of nature to that area. began spreading the word as well as the tures which have emerged only after Because Micronesia is a trust territory seed of Dr. Norman Borlaugh's "mir- World War II. It is a region of contrasts of the United States, the Peace Corps acle" high yield grain. From the Philip- and extremes. established itself early as a manifesta- pines, Peace Corps involvement in the Into this mixture of climate, topog- tion of American concern for the totality new grain spread to other countries. In raphy, vast distances and differing val- of life on the islands, becoming involved Malaysia and Thailand today, the aver- ues, the Peace Corps has sent some in many programs unlike others else- age yield per acre under rice is steadily 9,000 Volunteers since 1961. In view of where in the region. One Volunteer climbing as more and more farmers con- the great diversity and the political prob- edited the Marshall Islands Journal, the vert. Southeast Asia has always been lems which have inundated Asia, it is district's only newspaper, an eight-page the rice bowl of Asia, and famine, while surprising that of the nine countries mimeographed tabloid written primarily not unknown, is not a recurrent theme in which have hosted Volunteers during in English, but with two pages of Mar- the history of the region. The great the past ten years, the Peace Corps still shallese. On Ponape, Peace Corps ar- problem is in assuring that proper farmrn has active programs in eight. Only in chitects have given the islands a face- ing techniques and farm management Indonesia is there no longer a Peace lift, with low-cost housing, new schools, procedures obtain the maximum benefit Corps presence. public buildings and public facilities possible. In Malaysia, high-yield rices The first I00 Volunteers were assigned such as the new Ponape airport. Legal have been widely introduced but cannot to the Philippines as elementary school Volunteers have codified the common be produced to capacity by traditional teachers in August 1961, and education law of the islands so there could be a methods. Also among Volunteers partici- continues to dominate Volunteer activi- set of precedents to serve as a founda- pating in rural development is a group ties. Of the 1,750 \iolunteers currently tion for a legal system uniquely their working in farm mechanization centers, serving in EAP countries, 1,200 are in own. Volunteers also wrote the first offi- training equipment operators to use, education. Teaching English as a for- cial history of the islands and the work maintain and repair farm machinery. eign language is the primary class- has become a standard textbook in Today, agricultural projects claim about room activity, but more and more host Micronesian schools. 200 Volunteers. countries are asking for help in teacher In Korea, where Volunteers have Another 200 are involved in health training, especially in critical disciplines worked since 1967, Peace Corps is a projects. Most of the work is in rural such as science and math. Curriculum model for a larger effort undertaken by public health in such projects as mass development has become a Peace the Koreans themselves. Korea, wishing inoculations against malaria. The ma- Corps specialty within the .region and to participate in the United Nations' vol- jor emphasis of health programs is in cuts across all educational lines: while unteer program, asked for guidance preventative medicine, a new concept a group of Peace Corps education spe- from the local Peace Corps staff. The in the region. cialists in Thailand developed guidelines Deputy Director collaborated in writing In total, more than 1900 Volunteers for teaching the new math, in Malaysia, a charter for a domestic Korean Peace are now serving in some 87 programs. a Volunteer drew up the curriculum for Corps which provides for one year of In the pages which follow are reflec- teaching vocational trades for the entire service at home before going overseas tions of the Peace Corps in East Asia country. with the United Nations group. In this and the Pacific from Volunteers, former Volunteers are working in other excit- way, the tradition of service begins at Volunteers and host country people. ing programs. There are 30 accountants home. and computer specialists in Malaysia Back where it all started, 15 school reforming that country's budgeting and construction specialists in the Philip- accounting practices. In Micronesia, pines are rebuilding schools leveled by , four scientists are studying ecology a typhoon which devastated the barrio KOREA: John S. Knapp, Volunteer in Korea.

THAILAND: Bill Boudra, Jr. Returned Volun- teer, Russellville. Ark.

I am pleased in sending this short message to celebrate the Tenth Anni- versary of the Peace Corps. The avail- ability of the Peace Corps se this country is considered many ways. They have establ working relations with the Th I hope that the Peace Corps tinue to contribute to the advancement of my country. On my part, I would like to see the Peace Corps stre expand their activities. This WESTERN of the growing needs for their services in Thailand. -Apilas Ostananda Deputy-Director-General Department of Technical and Economic Cooperation Thailand Ruth Book and her husband, Loren, were Volunteers in Micronesia. They now live in Nevada, Iowa.

My husband, Loren, and I lived as Peace Corps Volunteers with the Pona- pean people for two years. I was an Eng- lish instructor at the Micronesian Teacher Education Center, Loren, an animal scientist at the Agriculture Station. We purposely lived about a mile from the district center where our neighbors were subsistence farmers and fishermen and Ponapean government workers. We joined in rice planting, garden produc- tion, weekend work activities, and feast- ing and socializing. These Ponapean families became our close friends. Here we met Maria, a shy, yet lively, young Ponapean. She was one of ten children of the family across the road from us. Her family adopted us and took care of us in many ways. Not until the last quarter of our two- r stay did we seriously consider 6ringing a Ponapean home with us. Our hearts had somehow singled out this quiet, intelligent and pretty, young girl. After the initial inquiries and some very serious thinking as to whether we could handle the responsibility finan- cially, as well as emotionally, Loren and

I approached Maria and her parents. periences. Transportation was a dizzying Yes, they were eager for her to have this ordeal for her, whether in plane or car. opportunity to see America and get a It has taken several months for her to good education. We went to court for adjust to the sensation of speed. The temporary legal guardianship. Passport, greatness in numbers of cars, buildings, visa and shots became a tedious, but people, and other things still produces a necessary routine; soon all preparations youthful excitement. The memory of Cal- were completed. ifornia's big shopping stores where she Leaving was painful for everyone. first saw floors and floors of "magical" Marie's parents had never had to say items is still vivid. good-bye to any of their children-they Maria has also proved that teenagers are a very close family. The trust they around the world are basically the same. were putting in us, two young Americans It's Pepsi and pizza and no vegetables whom they had known only a few short for her. Her skirts keep getting shorter, years, was overwhelming. the radio music keeps getting louder. From the moment Maria stepped on Sledding, walking on a frozen lake, and the jet plane she began many new ex- playing in the snow and cold have been definite firsts for this tropical islander. Adjustment hasn't been limited to Above: THAILAND: Barent Springsted, Re- Maria. Besides our own readjustment to turned Volunteer, St. Joseph, Mo. Left: MALAYSIA: Bill Allen, Volunteer in home, we've been learning and experi- Malaysia. encing the joys and pains of "parent-

(Continued on next page) BRINGING PONAPE HOME continued

hood." And being parents of a child only ten years younger than you is even more challenging! Naturally, since we had no part in the first fourteen years of her growing, we are combating family discipline and upbringing along with deeply instilled cultural beliefs and ac- tions. Nevertheless, we all have a re- spect and love for each other and have been able to meet many everyday living crises from homesickness, to jealousy and stubbornness, moods, and culture differences. Maria attends sixth grade in a small country school. Her acceptance by children, teachers, and the entire com- munity has been extremely positive and friendly. She has found no trouble com- municating, her warm, friendly person- ality has won many friends. Maria is an extremely diligent and conscientious student. She struggles to overcome the lack of educational and United States cultural background, her sense of com- petition is keen. Are Loren and I glad we accepted my nine months active pregnancy duty! riencing and remaining a part of th6 this challenge? Definitely yes, despite We're comfortably settled on one of the Ponapean life we were introduced to the financial strain since we ourselves family farms on which Loren will be through the Peace Corps. And the fact are just getting established. Loren is working with his father and brother. I'll that we are able to continue to share soon to complete his six months active have the option to teach school or be a our life with Ponapeans through Maria duty in the Army Reserve Veterinary full-time mother and housewife. has made the whole idea of Peace Corps, and I am also soon to complete It's been wonderful to continue expe- Corps more complete.

SAIPAN, MARIANA ISLANDS: Katheri Bradbury, Returned Volunteer, Boston, M Above: MALAYSIA: Zane Baldwin, Volunteer.p in Malaysia. Left: TONGA: John Haugeland, Returned Volunteer, Berkeley, Calif. Quotes from letters written by Volunteers in East Asia and the Pacific

To be perfectly frank, there has been no There's a feeling of a slower-paced way specific accomplishment so big that I of life. There's a feeling of serving a real can point to it . . . but . . . there have purpose, when the needs in all profes- been many small accomplishments by sions here are so critical. the Volunteers that are putting this proj- ect over, just little things like attending Some of us have begun to use the buses the barrio elections, showing interest in for a telephone. We realized the advan- the barrio council meetings, playing ball tages of such a means of communica- in the town plaza with the kids. tion when we discovered we could find out about our Peace Corps companions Supper time. I wince. What on earth is at other sites simply by riding the bus. that? Sure enough, they are moving. Everyone seems interested in Peace Monong Ben smiles. "We're having a Corps and Volunteers-we are the topic delicacy tonight. We call it 'jumping of local conversation. salad' because the salad jumps in your - - mouth." He kind of smiles to himself and Things I don't have: a bathroom, running PHILIPPINES: Larry Pischke, Returned Vol- water, a mosquito net (the rats ate mine), y little adi's (heaven knows sometimes unteer, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Dk w you live with eight little girls1 kind a place to hang clothes, a sink for wash- of smile to themselves in their own little even concrete bureaucracy can't de- ing dishes. Things I do have: floors you way. I think of all those memos about stroy or even water down the value ob- can see through, lizards 9 to 12 inches not eating raw pork and not wading in tained from the face-to-face confronta- long, a black kitchen, a nice, hard, rivers, but I can't remember one about tion with the "other" society. wooden bed, a kerosene stove. All in all, eating live shrimp. Anyway, I've eaten I love the place. I don't think I could everything else from dog meat to boiled An outstanding feature about the people be happier anywhere else. All the hard goat so, I'll try one. Monong Ben tries to with whom you develop close relation- work is worth it. It's doing me good be helpful. He deftly grabs a shrimp and ships is their way of displaying friend- mentally, physically and weightwise. pulls off its head and eats the rest minus ship to you. Unlike Americans, most the shell. Well, here goes. Ouch! Monong Micronesians that you get to know are Malayans are extremely hospitable and Ben shows me where to grab the shrimp literally very "touchy" people. After a have an insatiable curiosity about life in so my finger won't be bitten the next couple of months on Saipan, there were the United States. Photos of home and time. I eat one. Not so bad. I eat an- many occasions when local acquain- family do better than words on our other and mumble something about "it's tances, as well as my family, would hold part. We give them our copies of Time pretty good." My host is pleased. The my arm or hand as we talked, walked and the Times' News of the Week. They next day I overhear that the "new Vol- or stood together. My first reaction was borrow our paperbacks. Our student unteer likes our food." Thank goodness to pull away. I just wasn't used to hold- friends from the University are particu- shrimp will be out of season next month. ing the hand of another person (male) larly interested in contemporary Ameri- - - about my own age. But that's done reg- can literature, sports and the American I've finished my first year now and will ularly here and at all ages whether male way of life. We have introduced them to finish my second. After that I will return or female. It's just another way of ex- American food and records, both clas- to the home front and hopefully utilize pressing friendship. sical and folk music, etc. They, in turn, the thoughts I have had a chance to have taken us to visit rubber plantations, gather here. I expect someone else will Here in Malaysia, there's a safe feeling beaches, scenic spots, their favorite come here and further develop their own in being able to walk home at night- restaurants and told us more than we skills. The Peace Corps is as bureau- without fear-a feeling which I suspect can possibly remember about this mar- Wicas any Government agency, but exists in few, if any, American cities. velous country. - -1 For all those Peace Corps Volunteers and staff associates having the courage to believe in, and to work for peace, the real gratification in service to Peace Corps is understanding. Simply stated: The real benefit received in being a Peace Corps Volunteer is understand- ing-the human understanding that removes the elegant cloak enveloping men different only in culture and wealth and having the opportunity for self determination. Having served in the Peace Corps as a Volunteer secondary school teacher and again as Regional Director for Peace Corps in Tanzania, and Associate Director in Uganda, I believe the organi- zational hierarchy felt that world peace could be achieved with the beginning Peace Corps movement. Even though the Peace Corps was forced to leave some countries, our records read "pretty good" compared to some of our sister government programs. The Peace Corps presence in Tan- zania was most typical of what the Peace Corps is all about. The presence of the Peace Corps in some countries was, at times, embarassing to other United States agencies serving side by side. For example, how difficult it is for some developing country people to accept totally our presence in their land? Young men like Jonathan Peck (the son of Gregory Peck) and the hundreds of others like him, were visible signs of America's changing image to the newly independent, developing countries of the world. It is most unfortunate that we have not yet seized the time to mobilize the same skilled Volunteers in rebuild- ing our own declining society. The Peace Corps spirit continues to live-let's make it the master plan for the future peace, happiness and love for all mankind . . . Robert W. Kelley, Sr. Metropolitan Nashville Education Association Nashville, Tennessee

DOMINICA: James W. Murray, Returned Volunteer, Los Angeles, Calif.

62 Left, top: PERU: Dick Swift, Returned Volunteer, New York City. Left, center: BRAZIL: Betty Pollock, Returned Volunteer, Daly City, Calif. Left, bottom: BOLIVIA: Brooks Otis, Returned Volunteer, Eureka, Calif. Below, top: SOMALIA: Jim Alinder, Returned Volunteer, Lincoln, Neb. Bottom: PERU: Richard Baldinger, Returned Volun- teer, Mamaroneck, N.Y. Above: INDIA: Peter Vallone, Re- turned Volunteer, Madison, Wis. Left: ECUADOR: John Brandi, Re- turned Volunteer, Geyserville. Calif. Lower left: GAMBIA: Jim Shaw, Re- turned Volunteer, Honolulu, Hawaii. Below: EL SALVADOR: Shirley Moeckel, Returned Volunteer, Reed City, Mich. A6Ykmword By Joe Blatchford, Director

answered by positive action. In some Peace Corps there is a touch of romance countries, Peace Corps Volunteers are -the romance of a love affair with man- almost the only American presence per- kind. mitted. And this is so because so many Perhaps the best measure of our suc- of our people have so truly served those cess has been the spread of the Peace of other nations. Corps idea. At present, some 24 other Over the past decade, there have been nations have borrowed from and built changes. The days when one heard talk upon the Peace Corps experience. And of parachuting Volunteers into remote the United Nations is now building its areas with little more than a toothbrush own volunteer corps. We have worked and an arm-load of enthusiasm are gone. closely with the UN and with other coun- In fact, they were never really here. The tries in creating these new volunteer pro- people of the developing nations have grams. In the field, Peace Corps Volun- always needed more than just a warm teers work side-by-side with volunteers American body. They have needed some- from other countries. Now, plans are one with whom they can share experi- being worked out to enable volunteers ences, someone from whom they can from one developing nation to serve in learn and build for a new existence. And yet another so that the growing experi- the Peace Corps has always been aware ence of these countries can be shared. of that need. Today the Peace Corps is part of a With the passage of time, the Peace new challenge in voluntarism. A fresh call Corps has broadened its base of Volun- for service has been issued through a teers. Today, Volunteers include me- new agency-ACTION-which combines chanics and nuclear physicists, account- Peace Corps with VISTA and other vol- For ten years, Americans have been ants and veterinarians, as well as still- unteer services. In creating ACTION, 0-writing a record of accomplishments needed English teachers and public President Nixon said, "America must en- across the face of the earth. They are health assistants. The generalist contin- list the ideals, the energy, the experience more than 46,000 Peace Corps Volun- ues to play a major role, but joining his and the skills of its people on a larger teers who have left an indelible part of ranks increasingly have been men and scale than it ever has in the past. We themselves etched into the fabric of women with specialized skills and train- must match the vision of youth with the cities and villages from Afghanistan to ing-some with their families as well. wisdom of experience. We must apply Western Samoa and many places in Just as nations in which we have the understanding gained from foreign between. served over the last ten years have de- service to domestic needs, and we must The challenge which has sent Vol- veloped new needs, so has Peace Corps extend what we learn in domestic service unteers to 69 developing countries and developed new ways to meet those to other nations." The same spirit which which has produced dramatic response needs. We work closely with schools and has made the Peace Corps a symbol to from Americans was set forth by Presi- universities to develop intern programs the world will, I am confident, infuse this dent John F. Kennedy. In October 1960, designed to meet host country require- new agency with a very special life and he asked a group at the University of ments,and we work closely with organ- sense of purpose. Michigan, "How many of you who are ized labor to reach a new pool of Vol- The traditions built and experiences going to be doctors are willing to spend unteer manpower among those Ameri- shared over the last ten years will be your days in Ghana? Technicians or cans in the skilled trades. with us for ten years and more yet to engineers, how many of you are willing We have learned that it is not age or come. From the beginning of the Sixties to work in foreign service and spend background that determines whether a to the opening of the Seventies, the your lives traveling around the world? person will be a good Volunteer. Rather, Peace Corps has been a witness and a On your willingness to do that, not it is the spirit of dedication and sense of participant in turmoil and stress and great merely to serve one or two years in the achievement one feels that can make the change-a part of some of the best of service, but on your willingness to con- difference. And we cannot neglect the the history of our times. There is more tribute part of your life to this country, sense of adventure that impels a Volun- history yet to be made, more needs to be I think, will depend the answer whether teer to leave the familiar sights and met, more calls for help to be answered. we as a free society can compete." sounds of home for the stimulating sur- Those who have responded since 1961 Today, though times have changed and roundings of another land, another, peo- have set a standard which those who ompetition has given way to partner- ple and another culture. It was Joseph come forward tomorrow and the next day ."ship among nations in service, that chal- Conrad, who said, "A task, any task, must match. It will be no easy task. But, lenge to serve both the nation and the undertaken in an adventurous spirit ac- if it were easy, it would not be the Peace people of the world has clearly been quires the merit of romance." Certainly in Corps.

"Some things are worth serving.. ."

*That is one American's view of the Peace Corps. Others see it as peace, helping hands, growth. Their impressions were con- veyed in some 2,000 posters entered in the Peace Corps' Tenth Anniversary Poster Contest. Selected as the $1,000 Grand Prize win- ner is a poster by David Hale, a 23-year- old graphic design student at San Jose (Calif.) State College. Nine others were picked as runners-up; each won $500. In addition were two special awards: the Inter- national Entry, a tie between Volunteers Jim Hayes, Fiji and Caryl Strom, Micronesia; and the Children's Entry won by Eric Scott, age 4 of Mitchell, Ind. Judges included: James M. Brown, Ill, American Association of Museums; J. Carter Brown, National Gallery of Art; Peter Max, artist; Mrs. John Sherman Cooper, wife of the Kentucky senator; Alan Hurlburt, LOOK magazine; Charles White, Otis Art Institute and Rollin Smith, Peace Corps Graphics director.

Runner-up prize winners: (8) Ray- mond Canty, Peoria, 111. (9) Christain Staub, Seattle, Wash. (10) Bob Volk, Cincinnati, 0.Posters by former Vol- unteers: (6) Ken Miller, Reno, Nev. (7) Tim Murray, Los Angeles. PUBLISHED BY THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. PEACE CORPS. WASHINGTON. D.C. 20525

- -. ------THAILAND: Bill Boudra, Jr Returned Volunteer, Russellville. Ark.

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