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Bulletin 129 - February 2007 ESA Bulletin 129 - February B129cover 2/9/07 9:35 AM Page 1 www.esa.int number 129 - february 2007 Member States Etats membres Austria Allemagne Belgium Autriche Denmark Belgique Finland Danemark France Espagne Germany Finlande Greece France Ireland Grèce Italy Irlande Luxembourg Italie Netherlands Luxembourg Norway Norvège Portugal Pays-Bas SPACE FOR EUROPE Spain Portugal Sweden Royaumi-Uni Switzerland Suède United Kingdom Suisse Building the Future ESA bulletin 129 - february 2007 ESA Publications Division ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel: +31 71 565-3400 Fax: +31 71 565-5433 Visit ESA Publications at http://www.esa.int IFCb129 2/9/07 9:37 AM Page 2 european space agency Editorial/Circulation Office ESA Publications Division The European Space Agency was formed out of, and took over the rights and obligations of, the two earlier European space organisations – the ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) and the European Organisation for the Development and Construction of Space Vehicle Launchers The Netherlands (ELDO). The Member States are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Tel: +31 71 565-3400 Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Canada is a Cooperating State. Editors In the words of its Convention: the purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for and to promote for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among Andrew Wilson Carl Walker European States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems: Design & Layout Isabel Kenny (a) by elaborating and implementing a long-term European space policy, by recommending space objectives to the Member States, and by concerting the policies of the Member States with respect to other national and international organisations and institutions; Advertising Lorraine Conroy (b) by elaborating and implementing activities and programmes in the space field; (c) by coordinating the European space programme and national programmes, and by integrating the latter progressively and as completely as The ESA Bulletin is published by the European Space possible into the European space programme, in particular as regards the development of applications satellites; Agency. Individual articles may be reprinted provided (d) by elaborating and implementing the industrial policy appropriate to its programme and by recommending a coherent industrial policy to the the credit line reads ‘Reprinted from ESA Bulletin’, plus Member States. date of issue. Signed articles reprinted must bear the author’s name. Advertisements are accepted in good faith; the Agency accepts no responsibility for their The Agency is directed by a Council composed of representatives of the Member States. The Director General is the chief executive of the Agency and content or claims. its legal representative. Copyright © 2007 European Space Agency The ESA HEADQUARTERS are in Paris. Printed in the Netherlands ISSN 0376-4265 The major establishments of ESA are: THE EUROPEAN SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands. THE EUROPEAN SPACE OPERATIONS CENTRE (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany. ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. Chairman of the Council: S. Wittig Director General: J.-J. Dordain agence spatiale européenne L’Agence Spatiale Européenne est issue des deux Organisations spatiales européennes qui l’ont précédée – l’Organisation européenne de recherches spatiales (CERS) et l’Organisation européenne pour la mise au point et la construction de lanceurs d’engins spatiaux (CECLES) – dont elle a repris les droits et obligations. Les Etats membres en sont: l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, l’Espagne, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l’Irlande, l’Italie, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaumi-Uni, la Suède et la Suisse. Le Canada bénéficie d’un statut d’Etat coopérant. Selon les termes de la Convention: l’Agence a pour mission d’assurer et de développer, à des fins exclusivement pacifiques, la coopération entre Etats européens dans les domaines de la recherche et de la technologie spatiales et de leurs applications spatiales, en vue de leur utilisation à des fins ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang during the scientifiques et pour des systèmes spatiaux opérationnels d’applications: second of his three spacewalks in December 2006 to reconfigure the power system of the (a) en élaborant et en mettant en oeuvre une politique spatiale européenne à long terme, en recommandant aux Etats membres des objectifs en International Space Station. (NASA) matière spatiale et en concertant les politiques des Etats membres à l’égard d’autres organisations et institutions nationales et internationales; (b) en élaborant et en mettant en oeuvre des activités et des programmes dans le domaine spatial; (c) en coordonnant le programme spatial européen et les programmes nationaux, et en intégrant ces derniers progressivement et aussi complètement que possible dans le programme spatial européen, notamment en ce qui concerne le développement de satellites d’applications; (d) en élaborant et en mettant en oeuvre la politique industrielle appropriée à son programme et en recommandant aux Etats membres une politique industrielle cohérente. L’Agence est dirigée par un Conseil, composé de représentants des Etats membres. Le Directeur général est le fonctionnaire exécutif supérieur de l’Agence et la représente dans tous ses actes. Le SIEGE de l’Agence est à Paris. Les principaux Etablissements de l’Agence sont: LE CENTRE EUROPEEN DE RECHERCHE ET DE TECHNOLOGIE SPATIALES (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Pays-Bas. LE CENTRE EUROPEEN D’OPERATIONS SPATIALES (ESOC), Darmstadt, Allemagne. ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. Président du Conseil: S. Wittig Directeur général: J.-J. Dordain www.esa.int ContentsB129 2/9/07 10:45 AM Page 3 8 18 26 The Changing Earth Reaping the Rewards Sleeping Satellites New Scientific Challenges for ESA’s Coordinating Europe’s Earth Nursing Cluster through Critical Eclipses Living Planet Programme Observation Ground System 34 40 48 Building the Future Electric Propulsion Proving the Technology Acquiring Experience for Space Station A Technology Milestone for SMART-1 Proba-1 Passes 5 Years in Orbit and Columbus bulletin 129 - february 2007 Contents The Changing Earth 8 Proba Proves the Technology 48 New Scientific Challenges for ESA’s Living Planet Programme Proba-1 Passes 5 Years in Orbit Volker Liebig et al. Frederic Teston et al. Reaping the Rewards 18 Strengthening the Management of ESA 54 Coordinating Europe’s Earth Observation Ground System The Inter-Directorate Reform of Corporate & Risk Management Eugenia Forcada et al. Jörg Feustel-Büechl et al. Sleeping Satellites 26 Developing Trends in Public Procurement 62 Nursing Cluster through Critical Eclipses and Auditing Jürgen Volpp et al. A Unique Symposium for Space and Defence Procurement Eric Morel et al. Building the Future 34 Acquiring Experience for Space Station and Columbus Aldo Petrivelli Programmes in Progress 68 Electric Propulsion on SMART-1 40 News – In Brief 82 A Technology Milestone Denis Estublier et al. Publications 92 www.esa.int esa bulletin 129 - february 2007 1 Liebig 2/6/07 11:09 AM Page 8 The Changing Earth Changing Earth Volker Liebig, Einar-Arne Herland & Stephen Briggs Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes Hartmut Grassl Chairman of the Earth Science Advisory Committee lobal change is the most fundamental challenge facing humanity today. As we Gbegin to understand more about the Earth as a system, it is clear that human activity is having a profound and negative impact on our environment. For example, our understanding of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and the strong link between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature both point to human activity leading to a warmer world, unlike anything seen over the last million years. A better knowledge of the Earth System and of the effect of increasing human activity is crucially important for managing our environ- ment and our ability to derive sustainable benefit. Introduction Since observing the Earth from space New Scientific became possible more than 40 years ago, satellite missions have become central to monitoring and learning about how the Challenges for ESA’s Earth works. When ESA established its Living Planet Programme in the mid- 1990s, a new approach to satellite Living Planet observations for Earth science began, with focused missions defined, developed and operated in close Programme cooperation with the scientific commun- esa bulletin 129 - february 2007 9 Liebig 2/6/07 11:09 AM Page 8 The Changing Earth Changing Earth Volker Liebig, Einar-Arne Herland & Stephen Briggs Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes Hartmut Grassl Chairman of the Earth Science Advisory Committee lobal change is the most fundamental challenge facing humanity today. As we Gbegin to understand more about the Earth as a system, it is clear that human activity is having a profound and negative impact on our environment. For example, our understanding of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and the strong link between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature both point to human activity leading to a warmer world, unlike anything seen over the last million years. A better knowledge of the Earth System and of the effect of increasing human activity is crucially important for managing our environ- ment and our
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