News: Report Puts Timeline on Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, p. 446 Meeting: Multidisciplinary Monitoring Experiments at Kawah Ijen Volcano, p. 447 What’s on the Web: Antarctic Expedition, Teaching Professional Skills, and More, p. 447 About AGU: Amazon Hack-A-Thon at Fall Meeting, p. 448 Research Spotlight: Magnetic Field Data, Ocean Acidification, and More, p. 452

VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

Magnetic Storms and Induction Hazards

Magnetic storms are potentially hazard- Electrical conductivity in the Earth’s inte- ous to the activities and technological infra- rior ranges from about 10-4 siemens per structure of modern civilization. This reality meter (S/m) in some parts of the upper man- was dramatically demonstrated during the tle to 3 S/m in the ocean. Generally speak- great magnetic storm of March 1989, when ing, electric power grids are susceptible to surface geoelectric fields, produced by the interference from naturally induced geoelec- interaction of the ­time-​­varying geomag- tric fields that vary with periods from about netic field with the Earth’s electrically con- 10 to 1000 seconds. Geomagnetic and geo- ducting interior, coupled onto the overlying electric field variation over such periods ­Hydro-​­Québec electric power grid in Can- plumbs the Earth’s interior across diffusive ada. Protective relays were tripped, the grid depth and length scales of between about 2 collapsed, and about 9 million people were and 3000 kilometers, but localized conduc- temporarily left without electricity [Bolduc, tivity anomalies can reduce the upper length 2002]. scale to about 50 kilometers. A magnetic storm that was, by some mea- As a subject of natural science, estimat- sures, the most intense ever recorded fol- ing the geoelectric field as a function of geo- lowed a solar flare observed by astronomers graphic location is distinct from the engi- Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson neering subject of electric currents that

in September 1859. Should a storm of simi- flow in power grids in response to geoelec- Tebnad/Dreamstime.com lar intensity occur today, technological sys- tric fields [e.g.,Kappenman , 2001; Pirjola, © tems around the world could be adversely 2002]. Mapping the ­time-​­dependent geoelec- Fig. 1. Electric power lines at sunrise. affected. According to some scenarios, the tric field is needed to evaluate the design, future occurrence of a rare “perfect mag- emplacement, and ever-­ evolving​­ opera- function of time. For magnetotelluric stud- of geomagnetic activity generated by netic storm” might cause widespread failure tion of electric power grids [e.g., Viljanen ies, geoelectric measurements are conven- ­magnetospheric-​­ionospheric electric cur- of bulk electric power networks (see Fig- et al., 2012]. Here we focus on the ­present-​ tionally made in conjunction with magnetic rents. In principle, empirically parameter- ure 1), with deleterious impact on the Ameri- ­day challenges and opportunities for study- variometer measurements, with sensors ized maps of the temporal evolution of can economy and security [e.g., Baker et al., ing and quantifying hazardous geoelectric deployed over specific geographic regions ­ground-​­level magnetic disturbance can be 2008]. induction. on a temporary basis. The EarthScope constructed by fitting basis function model Public and private agencies have program of the National Science Founda- parameters to ground magnetometer data responded to these findings. Notably, in Geomagnetic Monitoring tion has supported a transportable grid of [e.g., Pulkkinen et al., 2003], thus filling in May 2013, the Department of Energy’s Fed- magnetotelluric sensors across the United the geography between magnetometer sta- eral Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Magnetometers around the world, such States. Deployed from 2006 to 2011 in the tions. Time-­ ​­convolutional filtering of a mag- directed, through Order 779, the North as those that are part of the International Pacific Northwest, the sensor grid is now netic activity map through a conductivity American Electric Reliability Corporation ­Real-​­time Magnetic Observatory Network being deployed across the north midwestern model can give a geoelectric field map [e.g., to develop reliability standards to address (INTERMAGNET), record the temporal evo- United States [Schultz, 2009]. Thomson et al., 2009]. Geoelectric model the potential impact of geomagnetic distur- lution of the geomagnetic field Love[ and In contrast, long-­ ​­term measurements of accuracy can be established by comparison bances on the operation of the bulk power Chulliat, 2013]; an example time series is the geoelectric field at observatories are with geoelectric measurements, and indeed, system. Concerns in the private sector have shown in Figure 2(a). As part of NSWP, the much more sparsely distributed in geogra- a geoelectric modeling project can inform motivated reinsurance companies to com- USGS magnetic observatory network pro- phy. The Japanese Meteorological Agency evaluations of the adequacy of the existing mission related assessments of risk. duces ­high-​­quality magnetometer data for has supported ­1-second measurements of ground magnetometer network. In the end, As part of an interagency project coor- real-time nowcasting of magnetic storm con- the geoelectric field at its three magnetic estimates of the storm time geoelectric field dinated under the auspices of the U.S. ditions [Love and Finn, 2011]. Similarly inte- observatories since 1983; see Figure 2(b). need only be accurate enough to make oper- National Space Weather Program (NSWP), grated geomagnetic monitoring projects are Geoelectric measurements at observatories ational hazard assessments and to enable the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the supported in other countries, such as in Can- are supported by Germany’s GeoFor­schungs­ mitigation of deleterious effects. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- ada, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Zen­trum, the British Geological Survey, and istration (NOAA), and NASA are working Most national magnetic observatory net- France’s Institut de Physique du Globe de Space Weather Prediction together to improve regional assessments works are relatively sparse in geographic dis- Paris. Analog geoelectric measurements and real-­ ​­time operational estimation of tribution. For example, the USGS operates were supported at the Tucson magnetic The space weather that drives magnetic natural induction hazards that can be real- only six stations in the lower continental observatory from 1932 to 1942, but other- storms originates at the Sun. Abrupt ejec- ized at the Earth’s surface during magnetic United States, which is sufficient to resolve wise, very little ­long-​­term geoelectric moni- tions of concentrated plasma from the solar storms. geomagnetic activity on a continental scale toring has taken place in the United States. corona can be detected using telescopes on and to assess the general dynamic state of However, the USGS is considering a proj- the NASA–­ ​­European Space Agency Solar The Natural Hazard the ­magnetosphere-​­ionosphere system. More ect for long-term 1-second­ resolution geo- and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) detailed analyses can exploit data from var- electric monitoring at a few of its magnetic spacecraft. Coronal mass ejections typi- The geophysical quantity that directly iometer magnetometer networks that are observatories. cally take about 2 days to traverse the ­Sun–​ interferes with the operation of electric operated for specialized space weather proj- ­Earth distance; energetic ejections can cross power grids is the geoelectric field. It is gen- ects [e.g., Viljanen et al., 2004; Yumoto et al., Modeling and Mapping the distance in as little as 18 hours. If an erated in the Earth’s interior through geo- 2012]. ejection is directed toward the Earth, then magnetic induction driven by magnetic Although some geoelectric monitoring is NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center activity originating overhead in the magneto- Geoelectric Measurements important, it is challenging to directly use (SWPC) will issue a prediction of the com- sphere and ionosphere. geoelectric measurements to estimate induc- mencement time and intensity of a magnetic Direct measurement of the geoelec- tion hazards across continental or even storm. From an upstream orbit between the tric field is conceptually simple: The volt- small-scale regional geography. Storm time Sun and Earth, NASA’s Advanced Compo- by J. J. Love, E. J. Rigler, A. Pulkkinen, age between a pair of electrodes, planted geoelectric fields realized at one site are not sition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft monitors and C. C. Balch straight into the ground, is measured as a always well correlated with those at another solar wind conditions, with transmitted data site, a difficulty that is partly due to the arriving at Earth 15 to 45 minutes in advance localized complexity of lithospheric electri- of an oncoming coronal mass ejection. cal conductivity [e.g., McKay and Whaler, Within the magnetosphere and above the 2006] and the relatively high conductiv- ionosphere, several satellites provide in situ ity of ocean water compared to the litho- magnetic field monitoring of the Earth’s sur- sphere. Therefore, a priority for induction rounding space environment. hazard science is the development of ­three-​ Improved predictions of space weather ­dimensional models of Earth conductivity require improved monitoring and physics- that have a spatial resolution similar to the based modeling of the heliosphere and spatial scale of regional electric power grids. geospace environments. These develop- Some progress on this front is being made ments will, in turn, facilitate predictions in the United States. The EarthScope project of ground-level magnetic disturbance, the has, for example, enabled modeling litho- accuracy of which can be measured against spheric conductivity under the Pacific North- ground-based monitoring data [e.g., Pulk- west [Meqbel et al., 2014]. kinen et al., 2013]. Although forecasting Another factor affecting the induced geoelectric field is the spatial complexity Magnetic Storms cont. on page 446 445 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

Magnetic Storms cont. from page 445 induction hazards is still in its infancy and sectors will help maintain and expand ­real-​ dedicated research efforts are required for ­time operational monitoring and modeling further advancements, some new capabili- of the Earth and its surrounding space envi- ties are being transitioned from testing at the ronment so that induction hazards can be Community Coordinated Modeling Center better understood, evaluated, and predicted. at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center into operations at NOAA SWPC [e.g., Pulkkinen Acknowledgments et al., 2010]. We thank C. A. Finn, A. Kelbert, J. McCar- Extreme Events thy, and E. W. Worthington for reading a draft manuscript. We thank J. L. Gannon and Over timescales longer than a few solar W. S. Leith for useful conversations. cycles, historical data from observatories reveal the statistical relationship between References magnetic storm intensity and storm occur- Fig. 2. Time series recording the Halloween storm of 29–31 October 2003, each with 1-­second rence frequency [e.g., Riley, 2012]. This rela- Baker, D. N., et al. (2008), Severe Space Weather resolution, from the Kakioka Magnetic Observatory in Japan: (a) the north component of the tionship can be used to forecast the future Events: Understanding Societal and Economic geomagnetic field, with the quiet time baseline removed, and (b) the east component of the geo- likelihood of magnetic storms across a range Impacts, 144 pp., Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, electric field. Predicting the complex time-dependent relationship between the geomagnetic and of intensities. Because extremely intense D. C. geoelectric fields is an important goal of induction hazard science. magnetic storms [e.g., see Pulkkinen et al., Baker, D. N., et al. (2013), A major solar erup- tive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space netotelluric data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 402, Schultz, A. (2009), EMScope: A continental scale 2012] are, by definition, rare, retrospective weather scenarios, Space Weather, 11, 585–591, 290–304. magnetotelluric observatory and data discovery statistical inferences end up being made doi:10.1002/swe.20097.​ Ngwira, C., et al. (2013), Simulation of the 23 July resource, Data Sci. J., 8, IGY6–IGY20. from historical records of a small number of Bolduc, L. (2002), GIC observations and studies in 2012 extreme space weather event: What if the Thomson, A. W. P., A. J. McKay, and A. Viljanen intense storms [e.g., Love, 2012]. the Hydro-­ Québec​­ power system, J. Atmos. Sol. extremely rare CME was Earth directed?, Space (2009), A review of progress in modelling of Another approach for analyzing intense Terr. Phys., 64, 1793–1802. Weather, 11, 671–679, doi:10.1002/​2013SW000990. induced geoelectric and geomagnetic fields with space weather events exploits the modern Kappenman, J. (2001), Advanced geomagnetic Pirjola, R. (2002), Review on the calculation of special regard to induced currents, Acta Geophys., availability of solar wind data. For example, storm forecasting for the electric power indus- surface electric and magnetic fields and of geo- 57, 209–219. in July 2012 an extremely large coronal mass try, in Space Weather, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., magnetically induced currents in ground-based Viljanen, A., A. Pulkkinen, O. Amm, R. Pirjola, ejection event was recorded in situ by one of vol. 125, edited by P. Song, H. J. Singer, and G. L. technological systems, Surv. Geophys., 23, 71–90. T. Korja, and Bear Working Group (2004), Fast Siscoe, pp. 353–358, AGU, Washington, D. C., Pulkkinen, A., O. Amm, A. Viljanen, and Bear Work- computation of the geoelectric field using the NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Relations Observa- doi:10.1029/​GM125p0353. ing Group (2003), Separation of the geomagnetic method of elementary current systems, Ann. Geo- tory (STEREO) satellites. This ejection was Love, J. J. (2012), Credible occurrence prob- variation field on the ground into external and phys., 22, 101–113. not Earth directed, but it provided research- abilities for extreme geophysical events: Earth- internal parts using the spherical elementary Viljanen, A., et al. (2012), Continental scale mod- ers with an opportunity to study a space quakes, volcanic eruptions, magnetic storms, current system, Earth Planets Space, 55, 117–129, elling of geomagnetically induced currents, weather event that could have had deleteri- Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10301, doi:10.1029/​ doi:10.1002/​2013SW000990. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 2, A17, doi:10.1051/​ ous consequences [Baker et al., 2013; Ngwira 2012GL051431. Pulkkinen, A., et al. (2010), Solar shield: Forecasting swsc/2012017. et al., 2013]. Together with historical data Love, J. J., and A. Chulliat (2013), An interna- and mitigating space weather effects on high-­ ​ Yumoto, K., et al. (2012), ULTIMA: Array of ground-­ ​ from ground observatories, this type of anal- tional network of magnetic observatories, ­voltage power transmission systems, Nat. Hazards, ­based magnetometer arrays for monitoring ysis informs scenario modeling of extreme Eos Trans. AGU, 94(42), 373–384, doi:10.1002/​ 53, 333–345. magnetospheric and ionospheric perturbations 2013EO420001. Pulkkinen, A., E. Bernaubeu, J. Eichner, C. Beg- on a global scale, Abstract SM14A-01 presented events [e.g., Pulkkinen et al., 2012], and it is Love, J. J., and C. A. Finn (2011), The USGS gan, and A. W. P. Thomson (2012), Generation at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., guiding the development of geomagnetic Geomagnetism Program and its role in space of 100-­ ​­year geomagnetically induced current 9–13 Dec. disturbance standards, such as those man- weather monitoring, Space Weather, 9, S07001, scenarios, Space Weather, 10, S04003, doi:10.1029/​ dated by FERC. doi:10.1029/2011SW000684.​ 2011SW000750. McKay, A. J., and K. A. Whaler (2006), The elec- Pulkkinen, A., et al. (2013), Community-wide valida- Author Information Looking Forward tric field in northern England and southern Scot- tion of geospace model ground magnetic field land: Implications for geomagnetically induced perturbation predictions to support model transi- Jeffrey J. Love and E. Joshua Rigler, Geomagnetism currents, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 613–625. tion to operations, Space Weather, 11, 369–385, Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.; email: Induction hazard science is of increasing Meqbel, N., G. D. Egbert, P. E. Wannamaker, A. doi:10.1002/swe.20056.​ jlove@­ usgs​ .gov;​ Antti Pulkkinen, NASA Goddard relevance for today’s modern, ­electricity-​ Kelbert, and A. Schultz (2014), Deep electrical Riley, P. (2012), On the probability of occurrence of Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.; and Christopher C. ­dependent society. Continued collaboration resistivity structure of the northwestern U.S. extreme space weather events, Space Weather, 10, Balch, Space Weather Prediction Center, National Oce- between government, academic, and private derived from 3-D inversion of USArray mag- S02012, doi:10.1029/2011SW000734.​ anic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colo.

emissions could be compensated by CO2 uptake through reforestation or techniques NEWS such as carbon capture and storage, accord- ing to the report.

Limiting Global Temperature Rise Report Addresses Timeline For Cutting To limit global temperature rise to 2°C, the Greenhouse Gas Emissions total maximum amount of CO2 that could be emitted to the atmosphere from the 19th A new report states that “global car- The Emissions Gap Report 2014, issued century onward needed to be kept to about TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION bon neutrality” needs to be achieved by by the United Nations Environment Pro- 2900 gigatons (Gt), notes the report, which The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences 2055–2070 to limit global temperature rise gram (UNEP) on 19 November, also states builds on the Fifth Assessment Report by the to a 2°C increase relative to the preindus- that total global greenhouse emissions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. trial period. The report was released a few need to shrink to net zero between 2080 However, much of that emissions “budget” Editors weeks prior to the United Nations (UN) Cli- and 2100 to keep within that 2°C limit. already is used up, and to limit temperature Christina M. S. Cohen, José D. Fuentes, Wendy S. ­Gordon, David Halpern, and Carol A. Stein mate Change Conference, which will be Under a carbon neutral scenario with net rise to 2°C, the maximum amount of emis- held on 1–12 December in Lima, Peru. zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sions since 2012 now must be kept at just Editor in Chief 1000 Gt, according to the UNEP report. Barbara T. Richman The estimated gap for 2020 between emis- Staff sions levels that are consistent with the 2°C Editorial and Production: Randy Showstack, Senior limit and the levels expected if country cli- Writer; Ernie Balcerak and Mohi Kumar, Science mate change pledges and commitments are Writers/­Editors; Faith A. Ishii, Program ­Manager; Tricia met is 52–54 Gt of CO2, whereas the emis- McCarter, Production Assistant; Liz Castenson, Editor’s sions gap for 2030 is estimated at 14–17 Gt of Assistant; JoAnna Wendel, Writer; Valerie Bassett, Electronic Graphics Specialist CO2, the report states. At a news briefing to release the report, Advertising: Tel: +1-202-777-7536; E-mail: advertising@­ agu.org; Christy Hanson, Manager; Mirelle Moscovitch, Achim Steiner, UN ­under-​­secretary-​­general Marketing Analyst and UNEP executive director, said that con- ©2014 American Geophysical Union. Material in this tinued emissions present an enormous risk in issue may be photocopied by individual scientists Make a Global Impact terms of global warming, particularly under for research or classroom use. Permission is also a ­business-​­as-​­usual scenario. However, he granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific books and journals. For also pointed to positive parts of the report, permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Pub- at Fall Meeting! including its emphasis on the amount of emis- lications Office. sion reductions that could be gained through Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union energy efficiency measures and a greater reli- (ISSN 0096-3941) is published weekly except the ance on renewable energy. last week of December by the American Geophysi- Theory: (Union Session) Doing Community Science cal Union, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC In addition, he said that the 12 November 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Wash- with Rigor and Respect ­U.S.-​­China announcement to limit greenhouse ington, D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Member gas emissions—and other measures, including Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washing- Tuesday, 4:00 PM - 6:00 PM, Moscone North, Room 102 a recent commitment by the European Union ton, DC 20009, USA. To submit a manuscript, visit to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40%— http://eos-submit.agu.org. Practice Community Science: A Hands-On Workshop are indications that “the world is, in fact, mov- Views expressed in this publication do not neces- ing to accelerating to action” to cut emissions. sarily reflect official positions of the American Geo- Thursday, 1:40 PM - 3:40 PM, Moscone South, Room 307 physical Union unless expressly stated. Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO Some Evidence of Moving Network with Community Science: Lightning Talks and in the Right Direction http://www​.agu.org/pubs/eos Networking At the briefing, Andrew Steer, president Thursday, 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM, Marriott Marquis, Salons 1-2 and CEO of the World Resources Institute (WRI), said that “on the one hand, we are way off track” in cutting emissions and thrivingearthexchange.org that with every year that passes, the world News cont. on next page

446 EOS VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

News it might be unrealistic, but Steiner dis- cont. from page 446 missed the notion. “We don’t have that choice. It is an unethical choice, it is an MEETING is falling further from the least cost solu- irresponsible choice, and it is an unneces- tion to climate change. “On the other hand, sary choice.” there is increasing evidence that this can “You simply fi rst of all cannot defend a be done much more cheaply than had orig- set of decisions being deferred for another Multidisciplinary Monitoring Experiments inally been estimated.” WRI is part of a con- 20–30 years that lock in generations for at Kawah Ijen Volcano sortium of organizations involved in pro- 2000 years,” he said. “Everything that we ducing the UNEP report. are discussing here is not a matter of say- The report’s emission gap fi gures do not ing you have the luxury to choose not to Cities on Volcanoes “Wet Volcanoes” Workshop; yet incorporate potential emissions reduc- act. The question is how do we enable one Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 14–21 September 2014 tions that could result from the U.S.- China another to act faster.” announcement because it is too recent, Steiner Steiner added, “With every year that “Wet volcanoes” with crater lakes and of Singapore, GNS Science of New Zealand, said. However, former U.S. Senator Tim Wirth, passes, being able to meet that 2° threshold extensive hydrothermal systems pose chal- and McGill University of Canada to organize vice chair of the United Nations Foundation, gets more diffi cult, more expensive, and lenges for monitoring and forecasting erup- an international workshop in mid- September suggested at the briefi ng that reductions could riskier because you are relying on more tions. That’s because their lakes and hydro- 2014 at Kawah Ijen. The participants—25 sci- be signifi cant, including possibly a 2–6 Gt dramatic actions, you are relying on more thermal systems serve as reservoirs for mag- entists from 10 countries—conducted mea- reduction with just the U.S.- China agreement. unproven technologies, and you are relying matic heat and fl uid emissions, fi ltering and surements using broadband seismic and essentially on moments of catharsis where delaying the surface expressions of mag- infrasound arrays, thermal infrared imaging Retaining the 2°C Limit people suddenly have to jump” to act. matic unrest. of surface temperatures, differential optical One such volcano, Kawah Ijen, which absorption spectroscopy for sulfur dioxide Some scientists recently suggested that hosts the world’s largest natural acid cra- (SO2) emission rates, an ultraviolet SO2 cam- the 2°C limit should be abandoned because —RAndy showstACk, Staff Writer ter lake ( 30 million cubic meters, pH <1), era, multi- gas detectors for real- time mea- expelled large volumes of acidic lake water surement of multiple volcanic gas species, What’s on the Web? during its last major eruption in 1817, creat- newly developed diode laser spectroscopy ing lahars that inundated areas that are now for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mea- Read the latest offerings from the AGU Blogosphere: densely populated. Today, even small erup- surement, and samples of fumarole gases, GeoEd Trek: “Teaching professional tions from Ijen pose a hazard and put the acid waters, and gypsum deposits. skills…what exactly is a ‘doctor of philoso- local population, including sulfur miners, The workshop participants discussed ana- phy’?” (http://ow .ly/ Ex1Xs) and tourists, at risk. log volcanoes and monitoring methods, as During 2011 and 2012, swarms of locally well as interpretations of the magmatic and Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal: “And felt volcano- tectonic earthquakes, low- hydrothermal processes that are important this week’s most scientifi cally illiterate post frequency earthquakes, intense tremor, and when forecasting eruptions. One particularly on Twitter goes to…” (http://ow .ly/EB9tq) a 12°C increase in lake temperature raised useful outcome was the identifi cation of the concerns within Indonesia’s Center for Vol- Ruapehu volcano in New Zealand as a “sis- Nick Frearson Frearson Nick canology and Geologic Hazard Mitiga- ter volcano” of Kawah Ijen, with remarkably GeoSpace: “Fountain of youth underlies In the GeoSpace blog Kim Martineau reports tion (CVGHM). The center determined that similar and well- studied geologic structures Antarctic mountains” (http://ow .ly/ Excwy) on some results from a 2008–2009 expedition efforts are needed to better monitor and and geochemical/ geophysical processes. In to Antarctica, in which researchers flew over Georneys: “Kolmanskop in pictures” subglacial mountains in a Twin Otter outfitted understand Kawah Ijen and other wet vol- the absence of modern monitored eruptions, (http://ow .ly/ EBb61) with ice- penetrating radar. They found evidence canoes. The center asked the U.S. Geologi- information from analog volcanoes like Rua- that cold temperatures and high pressures cal Survey’s Volcano Disaster Assistance pehu aid in the interpretation and identifi - Terra Central: “Update: American Farm push the water uphill, in the same direction as Program (VDAP) to convene a workshop cation of precursory signals leading up to Bureau Federation et al. v. EPA oral argu- overlying ice flows. This process causes ridge- to develop recommendations on how to eruptive events at other wet volcanoes. ments” (http://ow .ly/ EB7Cx) lines to refreeze, thus warding off erosion. improve monitoring and forecasting at wet Recommendations include establishing volcanoes. a “best practice” suite of techniques and As a result, VDAP scientists teamed with appropriate instrumentation for routine colleagues from CVGHM, the Royal Obser- vatory of Belgium, the Earth Observatory Meeting cont. on page 448

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Meeting cont. from page 447 ABOUT AGU monitoring of wet volcanoes, taking into A detailed account of the results of the account the unique situation of each vol- experiments and recommendations for mon- cano (e.g., the extreme acid environment at itoring wet volcanoes is being prepared for AGU Hosts Amazon Hack-A-Thon Kawah Ijen). The international team recom- an upcoming publication on volcanic crater mended ­real-​­time (telemetered) monitoring lakes by the Geological Society of London. at Fall Meeting of gases (especially CO2, which can provide early warnings of unrest owing to its nonre- —Hendra Gunawan, Geological Agency, Center As part of the Amazon Web Services closest matches (i.e., the closest analogs in of Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation, activity in acid environments), coupled with ­Hack-​­A-​­Thon, this year’s AGU Fall Meeting the reference data set)…can be analyzed for Indonesia; John Pallister, U.S. Geological Survey traditional ­real-​­time seismic and geodetic and U.S.­ Agency for International Development’s attendees will be challenged to create an information about growing season lengths, monitoring, as well as frequent sampling of Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Volcano Disas- idea for a Web product based on climate species present, dominant crop types and acid seepage springs that have direct links ter Assistance Program, email: jpallis@­ ​usgs​.gov; and change data for individual cities. farming practices, insurance costs associated to active hydrothermal systems below the Corentin Caudron, Earth Observatory of Singa- The city climate projections will be pro- with climate extremes, and other natural haz- volcanic edifice. pore, Nanyang Technological University vided by NASA’s climate data set Earth ards,” Amazon explains on its website. “Dis- Exchange Global Downscaled Daily Projec- playing the locations of the closest analogs tions (­NEX-GDDP). Data will be available for itself provides a powerful visual impression of all cities with populations greater than 1 mil- the potential magnitude of climate change.” lion. Coupled with Amazon’s Web capabili- The ­Hack-​­A-​­Thon approach provides an Donate at ties, this will allow participants to address opportunity for scientists at the Fall Meeting the Hack-­ A-​­ Thon’s​­ two challenges: What apps to collaborate and foster unique ideas. By would you build if you had access to climate developing apps to showcase climate ana- projections for the rest of this century at the logs, participants will work to help get criti- GIVING.AGU.ORG scale of individual cities? How would you cal information into the hands of decision visualize these climate projections to effec- makers, all at the touch of a button. tively engage policy makers, managers, plan- “Amazon can provide resources on a ners, educators, and the general public? scale that most research institutions just “I contribute to the AGU Cryosphere Fund to help Find more Participants will work to conceive a can’t match. I think they can also make ensure that this great support network of my information mentors and peers can continue to thrive mobile or Web application that takes advan- it easier for us to share data and tools throughout my career.” about AGU’s new tage of the idea that the future projected cli- within our community,” said Robert Pin- - Alden Adolph, AGU member since 2012 mate of a city is likely analogous to the cur- cus, research scientist at the University

and exciting rent climate of a different city. Through such of Colorado Boulder and a judge at the Eli Burakian Burakian Eli donor analogs, city planners and resource manag- Hack-­ A-​­ Thon.​­ programming ers may be able to better quantify how cli- The 13−14 December event will be held Engage with your Community mate change will affect water supplies, the at the Amazon Loft on Market Street in San by visiting spread of disease, agriculture, and other Francisco. A panel of judges comprising in a New Way the Fall Meeting important factors, with the goal of address- climate scientists and technology develop- ing climate change on the local level. ers will select the winners based on cre- Join Alden in Supporting website: “We do expect to see some innovative ativity and the potential to bring data to and promising concepts emerge,” Amazon the public on a local level. Registration is AGU Sections and Focus Groups. fallmeeting said in a statement. “The hope is that this open via the Fall Meeting events calendar, .agu.org/ ­Hack-​­A-​­Thon will be a catalyst for continued but space is limited. For more information, 2014/donor- development in this topic and other similar visit http://​fallmeeting​.agu​.org/​2014/​events/​ areas of research.” ­awshack-​­a-​­thon/. events/ To help build apps for the ­Hack-​­A-​­Thon, participants can compare projections in —Tricia McCarter, Production Assistant, AGU; ­NEX-GDDP with a reference data set and “the email: tmccarter­ @agu​ .org​ Renew Your Membership Today! membership.agu.org

448 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

physics, ocean-atmosphere and land-atmosphere Environmental Biogeochemistry/Geobiology interactions, and atmospheric chemistry and Search Committee aerosols. We are now accepting applications for Department of Earth Sciences CLASSIFIED Dartmouth College 6105 Fairchild Hall Fall 2015. The deadline for application is March 1, 2015, although candidates wishing to receive full Hanover, NH 03755 consideration for all financial aid opportunities are e-mail: [email protected] encouraged to submit applications by January 15, Applications received by November 7, 2014 will ADVERTISING INFORMATION 2015. For further information and to apply, please receive first consideration. The appointment will be visit http://atmos.rutgers.edu. If you have further effective July 1, 2015. Eos is published every Tuesday, except the last week of December. For a classified or display adver- questions, please email Dr. Ben Lintner, GPAS Dartmouth is an equal opportunity/ affirma- tisement to be published in a future issue of Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 11:59 P.M. Eastern Director, at [email protected]. tive action employer with a strong commitment to time, 9 days prior (Sunday) to publication, except around certain holidays, which have earlier dead- diversity. In that spirit, we are particularly interested lines. No cancellations accepted after deadline. Biogeosciences in receiving applications from a broad spectrum of people, including women, persons of color, persons with disabilities, veterans or any other legally pro- For inquiries on advertising pricing and availability: Environmental biogeochemistry/Geobiology- Dartmouth College. tected group. E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7478 The Department of Earth Sciences at Dart- mouth College invites applications for a junior rank Ocean Sciences tenure-track position in the general areas of biogeo- POSITIONS AVAILABLE age, protected veteran status, or other protected chemistry and geobiology. We especially welcome UConn Marine Sciences - Postdoctoral Fellow I categories covered by the UC nondiscrimination applications from candidates with research inter- The Department of the Marine Sciences at UCo- policy. ests that include microbially-mediated biogeochem- nn, Avery Point is seeking a postdoctoral scholar Atmospheric Sciences ical interactions in processes of mineralization, to study the ocean’s role in glacial-interglacial CO2 GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS/CLIMATE weathering, and sequestration of contaminants; cycles. The candidate will work with Dr. David FACULTY POSITIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS hydrocarbon formation and degradation; biogeo- Lund to develop and synthesize stable isotope and CHEMISTRY at the University of California, The Department of Earth and Planetary Sci- chemical cycling in fluvial and/or cold environ- trace element archives of ocean chemistry over the Irvine ences at Northwestern University invites applica- ments, including river-channel, floodplain, and last 20,000 years. The project is part of a multi-insti- The Department of Chemistry at the University tions for a tenure track, assistant professor position lacustrine ecosystem response to environmental tutional data and model inter-comparison effort to of California, Irvine (Irvine, California) has two in geophysical fluid dynamics/climate dynamics, to change. Particular attention will be given to candi- understand the ocean’s biogeochemical response openings for outstanding scientists in atmospheric begin as early as fall 2015. dates who combine a focus on understanding fun- to perturbations in the deep circulation. For details chemistry at the Full Professor level. These posi- Specifically, we seek a scientist who employs damental processes with state-of-the-art laboratory on the position, qualifications, and application tions are part of an integrated, across-campus initia- theoretical, observational, and/or numerical meth- and/or field research programs that complement instructions, visit Husky Hire at www.jobs.uconn. tive in air quality and climate. We seek to build this ods to study coupled geophysical fluid dynamical and contribute to ongoing research activities in the edu. The University of Connecticut is an EEO/AA initiative through cross-cutting and transformative processes within the atmosphere, hydrosphere, Department as well as in Dartmouth’s Geisel School employer. (Search # 2015115) research programs that complement existing activi- cryosphere, and/or lithosphere. Candidates whose of Medicine and Thayer School of Engineering. The ties at UCI, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary expertise complements that of existing faculty in successful candidate will continue Dartmouth’s Solid Earth Geophysics activities and those that combine fundamental solid earth geophysics, planetary science, and strong traditions in graduate and undergraduate laboratory research with field observations, paleoclimate are particularly encouraged. The suc- research and teaching. Teaching responsibilities DIRECTOR AND ENDOWED CHAIR, ENVI- theory and modeling. Areas of particular interest cessful candidate is expected to teach both under- consist of three courses spread over three of four RONMENTAL DYNAMICS AND GEOECOLOGY include particles and their roles in air quality and graduate and graduate courses and lead a vibrant ten-week terms. INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, climate. Candidates must have a PhD in Chemistry externally funded research program. A Ph.D. is The Department of Earth Sciences is home RIVERSIDE or a related field and a demonstrated record of required at the time of appointment. to 11 tenured and tenure-track faculty members The College of Natural and Agricultural Scienc- accomplishments in atmospheric chemistry. The Deadline for applications is December 31, 2014. in the School of Arts and Sciences, and enjoys es (CNAS) invites applications for a tenured senior position requires both the establishment of a vigor- Applicants should visit www.earth.northwestern. strong Ph.D. and M.S. programs and outstanding rank position for Director of the new Environmental ous research program and a strong commitment to edu for submission instructions. undergraduate majors. To create an atmosphere Dynamics and GeoEcology (EDGE) Institute. The excellence in teaching at both the undergraduate AA/EOE. Northwestern University is an Equal supportive of research, Dartmouth College offers position will occupy a newly endowed chair and and graduate levels. Applications must be submit- Opportunity, Affirmative Action Employer of all pro- new faculty members grants for research-related will include a tenured faculty position in one of the ted electronically via the Internet at: http://recruit. tected classes including veterans and individuals expenses, a quarter of sabbatical leave for each departments of CNAS. The successful candidate ap.uci.edu/apply/JPF02661. Applicants should with disabilities. Women and minorities are encour- three academic years in residence, and flexible will lead a diverse group of faculty working in envi- upload a cover letter, a curriculum vita (including aged to apply. Hiring is contingent upon eligibility scheduling of teaching responsibilities. ronmental change, global change biology, paleo- a publication list), and a concise statement of pro- to work in the United States. Dartmouth College, a member of the Ivy ecology, earth sciences, and conservation biology posed research. A separate statement that address- League, is located in Hanover, New Hampshire over both deep and contemporary time scales. The es past and/or potential contributions to diversity, Graduate Student Opportunities in Atmo- (on the Vermont border). Dartmouth has a beauti- successful candidate will be expected to strengthen equity and inclusion should also be included in the spheric Science, Rutgers, The State University ful, historic campus located in a scenic area on interdisciplinary collaborations, develop new fund- application materials. Names and contact informa- Of New Jersey the Connecticut River. Recreational opportunities ing initiatives, and become fully engaged in the tion for three references must be provided; letters The Rutgers Graduate Program in Atmospheric abound all year round. To learn more about Dart- research and teaching mission of the institute and should not be requested at this time. Applications Science (GPAS) offers graduate programs leading mouth College and the Department of Earth Sci- the college. and supporting materials should be received by to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. GPAS comprises an ences, visit http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earthsci. The candidate is expected to develop an inde- December 31, 2014 for full consideration. The interdisciplinary group of faculty from across the To submit an application, send curriculum vitae, pendent and innovative research program explor- University of California is an Equal Opportunity/ Rutgers New Brunswick/Piscataway campus who statements of teaching and research interests and ing the impacts and mechanisms of environmental Affirmative Action Employer advancing inclusive conduct research in a variety of topics, including objectives, reprints or preprints of up to three of your change in arid or semi-arid regions. Appropriate excellence. All qualified applicants will receive climate dynamics from regional to global scales, most significant publications, and the name, address areas of expertise include, but are not limited to: consideration for employment without regard to synoptic meteorology and extreme events, tropical (including street address), e-mail address and fax/ race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, meteorology, paleoclimate, cloud and radiation phone numbers of at least three references to: Classified cont. on page 450

449 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign which be uploaded to http://dualcore.physics.mcgill.ca/ Classified is centrally located between Chicago, St. Louis, FACULTY/ cont. from page 449 and Indianapolis. PRI houses five large scien- Review of applications will begin 15 January tific surveys covering a wide range of expertise 2015, and continue until the position is filled. including biology, water resources, climate, geol- McGill University is committed to equity in geological/geochemical approaches to address the Juno Magnetometer ogy, sustainable technology and archaeology. employment. patterns and drivers of climatic and paleoclimatic CRESST/UMCP The ISGS is a premier state geological survey, All qualified applicants are encouraged to change, arid land dynamics, desertification or Mail Code 660.8, NASA/GSFC with over 200 scientists and technical support apply; however, in accordance with Canadian the global change processes related to arid land Greenbelt, MD 20771, or staff, serving the needs of the public, govern- immigration requirements, Canadians and perma- expansion, landscape ecology, biogeography Via e-mail to virginia.c.peles@nasa.gov ment, and industry with earth science informa- nent residents will be given priority. or ecosystem ecology in the context of global Information regarding the Juno mission is tion and research relevant to natural resources, change. found at http://missionjuno.swri.edu/ and http:// environmental quality, economic vitality, and Lecturer Department of Geology College of Applications must include a curriculum vita, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/. For public safety. The University is a land-grant insti- statements of research and teaching interests, a information on CRESST and the UMCP’s Depart- tution that provides access to world-class labo- William & Mary. perspective on leadership for a new institute, and ment of Astronomy, please contact Tracy Huard ratory and academic facilities, Big Ten athletic The Department of Geology at the College of full contact information for three to five referees. ([email protected]). events, and internationally acclaimed cultural William & Mary invites applications for a continu- All application materials must be submitted The University of Maryland is an Affirmative opportunities. ing non-tenure-eligible faculty lecturer position that through AP Recruit at:. Action, Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and We are seeking an individual to fill one posi- will begin August 10, 2015. The department has six https://aprecruit.ucr.edu/apply/JPF00236. minorities are encouraged to apply. tion to plan, coordinate, and conduct basic and full-time faculty and a laboratory coordinator, and For more information about the position, Applications will be accepted on an ongoing applied research related to bedrock geology and graduates ~25 undergraduate majors per year. We please contact Prof. Mary Droser, Chair EDGE basis until the position is filled. industrial minerals. Characterize sedimentary seek a colleague eager to interact with undergradu- Institute Director Search, Department of Earth Sci- rocks with a focus on the lithostratigraphy and ates in an environment in which both teaching and ences, University of California, Riverside, Califor- Interdisciplinary/Other sequence stratigraphy utilizing sedimentology, research are emphasized. Primary responsibilities nia. 92521. E-mail contact: [email protected]. biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and bedrock include teaching introductory geology courses, Review of applications will begin December 15, Assistant Professor - Earth and Environmental geologic mapping. Serve as principal investiga- geology labs, and one or more upper level courses. 2014 and will continue until the position is filled. Science tor, lead research and projects, and perform Other duties may include oversight of select depart- Information about EDGE and the College of Natu- College of Staten Island - City University of New tasks in that capacity, including management ment facilities (e.g., computer lab, analytical labs) ral and Agricultural Sciences at UCR is available York. and production of projects, grants, contract and supervision of senior research projects. While at http://edge.ucr.edu and http://cnas.ucr.edu The Department of Engineering Science and reports and other deliverables. Master’s degree in the field of specialty is open, we seek an individual The University of California is an Affirmative Physics at the College of Staten Island is accepting sedimentology-stratigraphy or related discipline. who can bring additional expertise to our program. Action/Equal Opportunity employer. All qualified applications for a tenure-track faculty member at the Ph.D. is highly preferred. A minimum of 5 years Candidate must apply online at https://jobs. applicants will receive consideration for employ- rank of Assistant Professor, in the field of Earth and related industry and/or research experience post wm.edu. Submit a curriculum vitae, a cover letter, ment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, Environmental Science beginning September 2015. master’s degree. Research experience in sedi- and statements of teaching and research interests. national origin, age, disability, protected veteran Visit our website at: http://www.apsc.csi.cuny. mentology-stratigraphy (both carbonates and You will be prompted to submit online the names status, or any other characteristic protected by law. edu/csiengdp/welcome/welcome.html. silicilastics) including lithostratigraphy, sequence and email addresses of three references who will A PhD in Earth and Environmental Science stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and other relat- be contacted by us with instructions on how to sub- Space Physics or a related discipline is required, with areas of ed field as applied to stratigraphic correlation mit a letter of reference. interest that include but are not limited to: Global and basin analysis. The successful individual’s For full consideration, submit application Jovian Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere Environmental Change, Hydrology, Oceanography, qualifications will determine the level to which materials by the review date, January 5, 2015. Postdoctoral Researcher Atmospheric Science, Climatology, Biogeochemis- he/she is appointed. Applications received after the review date will be Applications are now being accepted for a try, Carbon Cycle, Glaciology. Postdoctoral experi- Applications must be received by January 9, considered if needed. Postdoctoral Research Associate, funded through ence is preferred. Candidates must demonstrate the 2015. To apply, please visit https://jobs.illinois. Required: A Master’s degree in an appropriate the University of Maryland College Park (UMCP) ability to teach successfully; evidence of scholarly edu/academic-job-board to complete an online field is required. and the Center for Research and Exploration in achievement; and the ability to cooperate with oth- profile and to upload a 1) cover letter, 2) résumé/ Preferred: A Ph.D. or ABD is preferred at the Space Science and Technology (CRESST), to work ers for the good of the institution. The successful CV, 3) the names and contact information time the candidate begins the appointment (August in the Planetary Magnetospheres Laboratory of the candidate should be able to present credentials (including e-mail addresses) of three profession- 10, 2015). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in the appropriate for appointment to the doctoral faculty al references. All requested information must be Information on the degree programs in the area of Jupiter’s magnetic field and magnetosphere, of the CUNY Graduate School. Postdoctoral experi- submitted for your application to be considered. Department of Geology can be found at http:// using data from the Juno (New Frontier) mission. ence is preferred. Incomplete information will not be reviewed. www.wm.edu/as/geology/. Additional details are available on the AGU Career To apply and view complete job responsibilities For further information please contact Lori The College of William & Mary values diversity Center posting or at http://www.astro.umd.edu/ and requirements, long on to www.cuny.edu, find Walston-Vonderharr, Human Resources, Illinois and invites applications from underrepresented employment/#Juno. Job #11617. To be considered for this position, appli- State Geological Survey, at [email protected] or groups who will enrich the research, teaching and The appointment will be initially for one year, cants must submit curriculum vitae, a statement 217-244-2401. service missions of the university. The College is with the possibility of renewal in subsequent years. of scholarship interests, and the names of at least The University of Illinois is an EEO Employer/ an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer Applicants may be new postdocs or may be more three references. All items to be uploaded should Vet/Disabled http://inclusiveillinois.illinois.edu/. and conducts background checks on applicants for senior. Candidates should have a Ph.D. in a relevant be combined in a single PDF document. Job closes employment. scientific discipline with prior experience conduct- February 15, 2015. EO/AA Civil and Environmental Engineering and ing scientific research. Experience with magne- Utah Water Research Laboratory of Utah School of the Environment Washington tometer instrumentation and data, disciplined pro- Associate Sedimentologist or Sedimentologist State University has two water-related faculty State University Assistant, Associate or Full gramming skills (primarily Fortran and IDL), and (depending on qualifications) Illinois State openings. (a) Associate/Full professor level in Professor scientific writing experience are desired. Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute agricultural water management and (b) Assistant Assistant, Associate or Full Professor, Structural Each applicant should send a Curriculum Vita, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. professor level in remote sensing. For full details Geology/Tectonics, Washington State University list of publications, statement of research interests, The Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) is and application procedure, refer to jobs.usu.edu. Washington State University (WSU) is currently and contact information for three references to: part of the Prairie Research Institute (PRI) at the For any questions contact Melanie Ivans at melanie. seeking to fill a tenure-track/tenured Assistant, Associ- [email protected]. ate or Full Professor position in the area of Structural Geology/Tectonics. This position is a permanent, Joint Tenure-Track Faculty Position in Exo- 9-month faculty position located on the Pullman planetary Science Campus. This position is part of a multi-year series of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Physics new hires intended to contribute to the growth and Department, McGill University development of the School of the Environment, an The Department of Earth and Planetary Sci- interdisciplinary academic unit at WSU that focuses ences (www.mcgill.ca/eps) and the Department of on Earth, Water, and the Environment. Duties include Physics (www.physics.mcgill.ca) at McGill Univer- developing and teaching undergraduate and graduate sity invite applications for a joint tenure-track posi- courses and mentoring MS and PhD graduate students. tion at the rank of Assistant Professor, beginning The successful candidate will develop an internation- as early as September 2015 in the area of Exoplan- ally recognized research program in structural geol- etary Sciences. We encourage qualified individuals ogy/tectonics. Specific areas of emphasis within this with relevant research interests in experimental, broad field are open, but we are particularly interested instrumentation, observational or theoretical in candidates who will develop an externally funded aspects of exoplanetary sciences to apply. research program that includes a strong field-based This is the first of two faculty positions being component. created in support of the new McGill Space Institute Required: Assistant Professor: Earned doctor- (http://msi.mcgill.ca), bringing together research- ate in a discipline related to structural geology ers in astrophysical, geological, atmospheric and and tectonics, at time of employment; record of astrobiological areas from multiple departments research accomplishments as demonstrated by on campus. Existing complementary research peer-reviewed publications and/or extramural strengths at McGill include early Universe cosmol- grantsmanship; demonstrated ability and/or poten- ogy, galaxy evolution and compact objects in the tial to successfully teach and mentor students at Department of Physics, as well as geology, astrobi- the graduate and undergraduate levels. Associate ology and atmospheric sciences in Earth and Plan- Professor: in addition, 6 years of experience as etary Science and other departments. an Assistant Professor or equivalent. Professor: in We seek candidates with a proven record of addition, 6 years of experience as an Associate excellence in research and the capacity for excel- Professor or equivalent, and national/international lence in teaching. The successful candidate will reputation in their field. be supported by a generous start-up package. Preferred: Demonstrated ability to: develop col- Applicants should submit a detailed curriculum laborations; teach field camp and other field-based vitae, a statement of teaching interests, and a courses; lead field trips at the undergraduate and research plan. They should also arrange for three letters of reference. All of these materials should Classified cont. on next page

450 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

veteran status, or any other characteristic numerous opportunities for improved scientific Classified protected by law. Additional information and understanding of ecosystems through interdisciplin- cont. from page 450 application instructions can be found at http:// ary collaborations and systems modeling. www.bu.edu/me. Inquiries may be addressed to The UMCES mission includes advancing world- Joshua Semeter at [email protected]. class basic research, promoting graduate-level graduate level; and develop a strong field-based hydrologic variability at interannual to multidecadal education, conducting community outreach and research component. time scales with potential applicability to water The stable isotope lab at Duke (DEVIL) seeks science application, and providing scientific exper- For questions about the position contact Jeff resources management. The ability to productively new clients for tise for regional environmental policies on topics Vervoort at (509) 335-5597; [email protected] collaborate within CIRES, especially with Western 13C,15N, 2H and 18O analyses. Quick turn- such as air, land, and water management in the To apply visit: https://www.wsujobs.com. Appli- Water Assessment (wwa.colorado.edu) and Earth around for EA, GC-C, Chesapeake Bay watershed. We seek to build fac- cation materials must include a letter describing Science and Observation Center (cires.colorado. TCEA, dual inlet, GasBench. 20% discount for ulty at AL and across our three sibling UMCES labo- how your experience and training meet qualifica- edu/esoc) researchers, and across the wider first-time clients. ratories with complementary areas of expertise in tions for the position, a research plan, a statement Boulder climate and hydrology community will Contact Jon Karr at [email protected] or the environmental sciences. These faculty positions of teaching philosophy, current vitae, and names be desirable. This would include the ability to suc- 919-660-7418. provide 75% of salary support, with the expectation and contact information for three professional cessfully interact/communicate with researchers http://nicholas.duke.edu/devil/ of raising 25% salary from grants. The successful references. Screening begins January 6, 2015. EEO/ involved in natural resource and ecological man- candidates will be expected to mentor graduate AA/ADA agement and work as part of an interdisciplinary Turner Postdoctoral Fellowship University of students and carry a modest graduate-level teach- team. The successful candidate will have a tenure- Michigan ing load. The AL is located in the headwaters of the Senior Program Manager Positions Various track affiliation in a relevant academic department Locations This highly competitive fellowship is open to Chesapeake Bay watershed, with a diverse range including, but not limited to, Civil, Environmental candidates who have obtained a PhD in any field of forested and agricultural ecosystems found Global Science & Technology, Inc (GST), a & Architectural Engineering, Geological Sciences growing scientific and high technology company within Earth and environmental sciences. nearby. While research relevant to the Chesapeake and Geography. The distribution of effort for this The Department seeks qualified applicants Bay watershed should become part of the success- seeks experienced Senior Program Managers (PMs) position will be 40% research, 40% teaching, and for projects at federal agencies such as NOAA and who are interested in collaborating with one or ful candidates’ project portfolios, other regional, 20% service. more faculty members. Applicants are encouraged national, and global research domains are strongly NASA. Senior PM’s serve as the primary point of Review of applications and requests for letters contact with the government and provide overall to contact prospective faculty host(s) prior to the encouraged. of recommendation will begin December 1, 2014, application deadline to discuss areas of com- These two positions are the first of several coor- leadership for all contractor and subcontractor and will continue until a successful applicant is personnel assigned to a program. Please consider mon interest and to develop innovative research dinated new hires expected over the next few years. selected. proposals. Faculty positions at AL provide a unique opportunity to helping us support these federal agencies in their Questions can be sent to Professor Rajagopalan efforts to improve our understanding of global land Turner Postdoctoral Fellows receive an annual focus broadly on research, while also mentoring gradu- Balaji (Chair of the Search Committee) at balajir@ salary of $55,000, discretionary research funds of ate students and participating in collaborative regional cover/land use, weather, and climate. colorado.edu. Position Summary: $5,000 per year, and a generous benefits package. and global application and outreach of environmental Minimum academic requirements include a The fellowship is awarded for a one-year period, science. The AL offers strong administrative support Senior PM’s are fully responsible for the scope, PhD in Hydrology, Civil Engineering, Geology, schedule, cost, and technical status; and provide with an anticipated extension for a second year. and excellent research, computing, and teaching Geography or a related field with a demonstrated Application: Applicants must have a PhD. To facilities, including isotopic, molecular, plant, soil, and technical coordination and oversight of multiple research record in physical hydrology. task orders to meet technical requirements.. apply please go to: http://www.earth.lsa.umich. water analysis laboratories, growth chambers, and a To Apply: edu/turner2015/newapplicant. Complete the online greenhouse. The AL is located in Frostburg, MD, a small Job Description: http://www.jobsatcu.com/postings/90955 Senior PMs are responsible for managing large application, including the names and addresses of college town (Frostburg State University) in the heart Applicants must complete the Faculty/Univer- at least three references, and upload (as a single of the central Appalachian Mountains, with excellent multi-disciplinary workforces ranging in size from sity Staff and EEO Data (application) form, and 15 to 300 personnel in the delivery of a range of sci- PDF) the required application documents, which recreational and cultural activities nearby. upload the following required documents: should include a curriculum vitae and a research Applicants should send the following elec- ence, engineering and IT services including require- 1-Upload curriculum vitae including funding ments analysis, engineering, hardware and software proposal (5 pages maximum excluding references). tronically: (1) a curriculum vitae; (2) statement history and publications. Deadline: Applications and reference letters for of research interests and a brief discussion of development and operations. They manage 20-200 2 - Cover letter (Professor to Professor Rajago- task orders annually, employing technical, business the 2015 competition are due January 15, 2015. how their research aligns with one of the two palan Balaji Chair of the Search Committee) Inquiries should be sent to Michigan­ ​-­Earth​ job descriptions and would complement ongo- and enterprise practices, processes, tools and frame- 3 - List of 3 references, including all contact works (i.e., CMMI, PMP, Six Sigma, etc.). -Search@​umich.edu. Women and minorities are ing research at AL and UMCES; (3) statement on information. encouraged to apply. The University of Michigan is experience with and approach to graduate-level Education: 4- Document 1- should be a description of the At least a Master’s of Science degree in one of an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. teaching and mentoring of graduate students; (4) proposed research vision and program (up to 5 up to five selected reprints and preprints; and (5) the Physical Sciences or in Systems Engineering or pages). equivalent; a PhD is required for one of the Senior PM Two Open Positions in Evolutionary Ecology names of four references (including title, mailing 5- Document 2- proposed teaching program and Ecosystem Modeling address, telephone, FAX, and e-mail address) to positions or equivalent. PMP certification is preferred. and vision and possible academic department(s) Required Skills: The Appalachian Laboratory (AL) of the Univer- [email protected]. Review of applications (up to 2 pages). sity of Maryland Center for Environmental Science will begin on January 20, 2015, and will continue “10-15 years’ experience in program/project 6 & 7 upload two of your most relevant papers management. PMP certification is preferred. (UMCES) invites applications for two tenure-track/ until the positions are filled. Information about the as Publication 1 and Publication 2. tenured faculty positions at the Assistant or Associate AL and UMCES and this search can be found at: “Track record of successful program manage- 8- Proof of degree (unofficial transcripts or scan ment in all aspects of technical performance, Professor level. We are searching for highly collabora- http://www.umces.edu/al UMCES is an Affirmative of diploma) tive individuals who will complement our institutional Action/Equal Opportunity Employer, and women schedule and cost of large ($10M - 100M, 15 - 100+ The University of Colorado is an Equal Oppor- personnel) Government programs expertise in landscape and watershed ecology. and minorities are strongly encouraged to apply. tunity Employer committed to building a diverse We seek an evolutionary ecologist who applies Inquiries may be addressed to the AL Director, Dr. ““Strong background in science, engineering workforce. We encourage applications from wom- or IT modern genomic and traditional genetic tech- Eric A. Davidson: [email protected]. en, racial and ethnic minorities, individuals with niques to the study of terrestrial or aquatic ecosys- “Knowledge and experience in Federal Govern- disabilities, and veterans. Alternative formats of this ment IT Security requirements tems at broad spatiotemporal scales, consistent Student Opportunities ad can be provided upon request for individuals with UMCES’ perspective of “genes-to-ecosystems” “Experience working in a science related, high- with disabilities by contacting the ADA Coordinator technology environment and “mountain-to-the-sea” research domains. Graduate Fellowships and at [email protected]. Preference will be given to candidates who dem- Assistantships:University of Illinois at “Familiarity with civilian satellite projects, The University of Colorado Boulder conducts geophysical data products, processing and onstrate experience and vision for research that Urbana-Champaign background checks for all final applicants being integrates across levels, from the molecule to the Earn your graduate Geoscience degree at one reprocessing. considered for employment. “Excellent communication skills; both written landscape, with the objective of improving under- of the nation’s top public research universities, standing of how genetic diversity within ecosystems the flagship campus of the University of Illinois. and oral Faculty position: Space Technology affects and is affected by current and emerging Several fellowships and assistantships are available “Ability to speak and write clearly and under- The Department of Mechanical Engineering global change processes. Potential study organisms for students wishing to pursue Ph.D. or M.S. degrees standably in English (ME) at Boston University invites applicants for a include soil and sediment microbes, higher plants, beginning Fall, 2015. World class analytical facilities Selected applicants will be required to tenure track faculty position at the Assistant Pro- or terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. and computing resources as well as strong interdisci- complete a federal government background fessor level in Space Technology, and its commer- We seek an ecosystem modeler who employs plinary ties provide a rich research environment. Stu- investigation. cial, scientific, and societal applications. Possible state-of-the-art data-model fusion techniques to dents with interests in geophysics, geomicrobiology, GST offers competitive benefits. areas of focus include small satellites, spaceflight address ecological questions and to integrate geomorphology, igneous geochemistry, hydrogeol- For more detailed information and to submit control, sensors and instrumentation, robotics, ecosystem processes across time and space. ogy, and sedimentology are particularly encouraged your resume go to: http://gst.iapplicants.com/View- and space communications. The university Preference will be given to those candidates who to apply. Applications are due Jan. 15; for more infor- Job-639097.html. seeks to build upon its traditional strengths in demonstrate experience in using multiple datasets mation, visit http://www.geology.illinois.edu http:// All qualified applicants will receive consider- Space Science through the development of a to constrain landscape, ecosystem, or earth system www.geology.illinois.edu/. ation for employment without regard to race, color, synergistic technology program in the College of models, with the objective of utilizing systems mod- religion, sex, national origin, disability or veterans’ Engineering. The selected candidate will have eling to improve our understanding of ecosystem Graduate Student Funding Opportunities in status. GST is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative the opportunity to work with a diverse group of responses to global change processes. Scientists at Geology, Geography, and Marine Science and Action Employer. faculty through BU’s interdisciplinary Center for AL and other UMCES laboratories are at the cutting Policy Space Physics (CSP). A joint appointment with edge of producing increasingly large and diverse The College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Tenure track position in Physical Hydrology the department of Electrical and Computer Engi- datasets in hydrology, air and water quality, land (CEOE) at the University of Delaware is pleased Cooperative Institute for Research in Environ- neering is possible depending on background use/land cover change, wildlife habitat, species dis- to announce the availability of graduate student and interests. Interested candidates should have mental Sciences tributions and genomic variation, biogeochemistry, a Ph.D. degree in a relevant field of engineering University of Colorado Boulder and terrestrial and aquatic ecology, thus providing Classified cont. on page 452 The Cooperative Institute for Research in Envi- or applied science, and should have the ability to ronmental Sciences (CIRES, www.cires.colorado. develop and sustain a funded research program. edu), an interdisciplinary research institute within The applicant should be able to teach courses the University of Colorado Boulder, seeks to appoint in the graduate and undergraduate programs in a tenure-track faculty member at the Assistant Pro- Mechanical Engineering or related courses in fessor level specializing in physical hydrology. We the College of Engineering. Salary is competi- envision the successful candidate to have research tive and commensurate with experience. Boston interests in, and understanding of, one or more of University is an equal opportunity employer, the following areas: observational and modeling and all qualified applicants will receive consid- studies of hydrologic processes at watershed and eration without regard to race, color, religion, regional scales, land-atmosphere interactions, and sex, national origin, disability status, protected PLACE YOUR AD HERE

Contact [email protected] for information

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451 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 48 2 DECEMBER 2014

of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Virginia phd-program; the graduate program application Classified Tech seek a PhD student starting Spring or Fall 2015 deadline for Fall 2015 admission is December 10th. cont. from page 451 for a new multi-year NSF-funded laboratory and Interest from women and underrepresented minori- numerical modeling project in the area of hydraulics ties is particularly encouraged, and U.S. citizenship or and pollutant migration in river systems. Contact residency is not required. funding. Eligible students could be funded through anthropology, archaeology, international affairs, and ­[email protected]. More information on the opportu- various opportunities including fellowships, economics to meet critical societal needs in human nity, the Hester Lab, Virginia Tech, and Blacksburg The Geological Sciences Department at Cen- research assistantships, teaching assistantships and adaptation to ACC. Please see the program website for VA can be found at www.flow.cee.vt.edu/index.html. tral Washington University seeks motivated tuition scholarships. Students who apply and are descriptions of program goals and research themes. students for two NSF-funded projects; prior being considered for admission will be invited for Students in this program will receive an annual PhD positions in Atmospheric Physics and research experience is beneficial. Student a paid visit to campus. For more information visit stipend of $30,000 per year in each of the first Climate Change at UCLA. Projects will involve research positions (MS) are available starting Fall www​.ceoe​.udel.edu. 2 years, plus tuition, fees, and health insurance cov- understanding physical processes that play important 2015. erage. Students must be U.S. citizens or permanent roles in climate change, with a particular focus on the 1. Geodynamic modelling will focus on charac- IGERT: ADAPTATION TO ABRUPT CLIMATE residents to receive IGERT support. global cycle of mineral dust aerosols and its effects on terizing the extensional evolution of the West Antarc- CHANGE (A2C2) University of Maine Ph.D. Application instructions are provided on the climate. Methods employed will include data analysis, tic Rift System. The student must be willing and able assistantships available program website. For full consideration, submit all numerical modeling, use of first-principles physics, to participate in Antarctic fieldwork; computer pro- The University of Maine is seeking outstanding documents no later than February 1, 2015. Please and simple climate modeling. Desired qualifications gramming skills are beneficial. Contact: Dr. Audrey applicants for a doctoral graduate training program send any questions or inquiries about this program include strong quantitative skills and a B.S. or M.S. in Huerta ([email protected]). in adaptation to abrupt climate change (ACC) funded to the A2C2 IGERT Program Coordinator, Mr. Misa physics, atmospheric sciences, engineering, math- 2. Geochronology and thermobarometry will by the NSF IGERT program. This is a joint program Saros, at [email protected]. ematics or related fields. Contact Prof. Jasper Kok at focus on documenting the spatial and time evolution between the Climate Change Institute and the School [email protected] for more information, or see http://jas- of P-T conditions in the North Qaidam ultrahigh- of Policy & International Affairs at UMaine (a2c2i- PhD Opportunity in River-Groundwater Sci- perfkok.com. More information on the Department of pressure terrane, western China. A strong petrology gert.umaine.edu). The A2C2 IGERT is designed to ence and Engineering at Virginia Tech. Dr. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at UCLA is avail- background is required. Contact: Dr. Chris Mattinson train doctoral students in earth sciences, ecology, Erich Hester and Dr. Mark Widdowson in the Dept. able at http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/students/graduate/ ([email protected]).

A dearth of hurricanes When heavy hurricane rains raise the short-term variations in low clouds observed cannot explain Maya collapse water table, the cave floods, immersing the by satellites in the current climate. stalagmite in water for a few days. As the The researchers found that both mod- A thousand years ago the great Maya cul- water recedes, the stalagmite is coated in els and real-world observations show that ture of Central America collapsed. Climate a thin film of mud before it resumes grow- optical thickness increased with warming change was one factor that stressed the ing, and the distinctive mud layer becomes for the cold, low clouds common at mid- civilization until it fractured: A prolonged locked between carbonate layers. By count- latitudes to high latitudes, contributing period of intense and persistent drought left ing the annual couplets within the stalag- to an overall negative climate feedback. the Maya’s descendants to carry on without mite and noting which years contained mud The researchers attributed this trend to an a robust elite urban class. layers, the authors derived a rough measure increase in the water content of clouds at Living on the Yucatán Peninsula, the Maya of hurricane activity from year to year. higher temperatures. For warm, low clouds, depended on seasonal rainfall. In previous During periods of prolonged drought, on the other hand, the study found that research, scientists suggested that a pro- the regional water table is lower, so the optical depth decreases with temperature longed drop in hurricane activity pushed cave should not be flooded by hurricanes in model simulations and satellite measure- the region into drought from 800 to 950 C.E., as often. Contrary to their expectations, the ments, probably because these clouds tend coincident with the Maya collapse, or Ter- authors found that the cave flooded regularly to get thinner as they warm. Baerenzung minal Classic period. Using new observa- throughout the Terminal Classic droughts. The researchers showed that variations The velocity field and its associated intensity tions, however, Frappier et al. showed that The authors present two explanations for in the optical depth and temperature of low uncertainties at the level of the Earth’s core hurricane frequencies during the 9th and this curiosity: Either Yucatán hurricanes dur- clouds in the current climate provide a rea- mantle boundary below Africa for the begin- 10th centuries were not appreciably different ing the drought period were disproportion- sonable guide for how low clouds might ning of 2005. from those in the surrounding centuries. ately strong and frequent, or the megadrought behave under future climate changes, and The authors’ observations—a 1642-year was punctuated by breaks and had normal could be used as a target for calibrating cli- they created an algorithm to figure out what record of hurricane activity spanning 365 hurricanes. (Geophysical Research Letters, mate models. Currently, however, models behavior in the core would most likely result in to 2007 C.E.—are derived from a relatively doi:10.1002/2014GL059882, 2014) —CS overestimate the temperature dependence of a hypothetical set of magnetic field data. novel technique. optical thickness, suggesting cloud feedbacks After testing the process on made-up The northern Yucatán Peninsula’s Ring Cloud variations in current are more positive than previously thought. data, they created a snapshot of the speed of Cenotes region is peppered with caves climate a guide to climate changes (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmo- and direction of flow of the outer core at linked to the water table, and growing in spheres, doi:10.1002/2013JD021052, 2014) —JR the beginning of 2005, as well as the associ- one cave 4.5 meters above the water level is Clouds come in many flavors—like wispy ated uncertainty. The map included several a stalagmite nearly 17 centimeters tall. The cirrus, cotton-puff altocumulus, and ominous From magnetic field data, expected features, like the way that the liq- region has strong annual wet and dry sea- stratus—and each presents a unique set the flow of Earth’s core uid metal spirals on a planetary scale. (Jour- sons, and each year the stalagmite grows a of challenges for scientists trying to under- nal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, new layer couplet of bright and dark calcite. stand their effects on climate. Because of The outer core of the Earth is made of liq- doi:10.1002/​­2013JB010358, 2014) —SP this, clouds have long accounted for much of uid metal, and its flow both affects and is the disagreement between climate models, affected by our planet’s core magnetic field. Sea levels changing in response and for most of the uncertainty in estimates It is impossible to directly measure the outer to natural variations of how much the Earth is expected to warm core of the Earth, the outer boundary of with a doubling of atmospheric carbon diox- which is about 2900 kilometers below our Scientists have widely accepted that sea levels have been rising since the end of ide (CO2). feet. However, the turbulence of the core’s This uncertainty stems from the fact that liquid is so complex—including large-scale the 19th century due to human activities models suggest the extent, altitude, and opti- features and small-scale features—that it that warm the planet and melt land-locked cal thickness (a measure of how much short- cannot be modeled as a simulation. ice. Models of future sea level rise suggest wave radiation penetrates through a cloud) In a recent study, Baerenzung et al. devel- that sea levels will continue to increase at will change in different ways for different oped a method to determine the flow of the an accelerating rate if emissions of green- kinds of clouds in a warming world. To better core at the core-mantle boundary, using house gases continue at the current rate. understand these changes, Gordon and Klein satellite-­collected information on the outer This has motivated a number of scientists analyzed low clouds in an ensemble of cli- magnetic field. The authors focused on the to search for already existing accelerations Amy Frappier Amy in global and regional sea level during the The stalagmite that yielded Frappier et al.’s mate models. Then they assessed how model large-scale behavior of the core, devising an paleohurricane activity record, shown with a predictions of the change in low-cloud opti- equation to filter magnetic field data to leave past 2 decades. However, Dangendorf et al. marker pen on the left for scale. cal thickness with temperature compared to out features smaller than 500 kilometers. Then note that current attempts to detect a sig- nificant acceleration in sea level rise might have overestimated the role of anthropo- genic forcing. Ocean acidification worse The authors instead suggest that natu- in coral reefs ral variation could be playing a larger role in regional and global sea level rise than The rate of ocean acidification in coral previously thought. To test their theory, the reefs outpaces the rise in carbon diox- authors analyzed 138 years of tidal gauge ide (CO ) in Earth’s atmosphere, indicat- 2 and ocean reanalysis data and found that ing that anthropogenic carbon emissions natural variations may have caused random, alone are not to blame for the threat to persistent multidecadal changes of sea level coral reefs, a new study shows. that can be erroneously interpreted as a sys- Cyronak et al. demonstrated that CO 2 tematic acceleration of the rate of sea level levels have risen 3.5 times faster in coral rise. Such persistent patterns of sea level rise reefs than in the open ocean. Unlike in the are found in climate-related components open ocean, where long-term tracking of governing sea level change, such as thermal CO levels is done at many individual sta- 2 expansion and mass changes. tions, in individual coral reefs there is a The authors note that future sea level rise lack of uninterrupted measurements. To could be higher or lower than previously compensate for this lack, the authors com- estimated because rises due to anthropo- pared CO levels reported in the literature 2 genic warming are offset by deviations due from coral reefs throughout the globe.

Ashly McMahon Ashly to natural variability. The authors further The authors also developed a model of propose to include the effect of long-term reef metabolism based on data from Heron Coral reef and fish off of Heron Island in the Great Barrier Reef. correlations in the most recent projections Island (in the Great Barrier Reef) to investi- to fully understand anthropogenic effects gate the potential causes of this accelerated According to the authors, the results pollutants. The team cited a need for on global sea level dynamics. (Geophysical increase in ocean acidification. They found show that reductions in CO 2 emis- increased long-term monitoring not Research Letters, doi:10.1002/2014GL060538, that the increase is likely due to human sions alone will not be enough to end only of coral reefs but also of estuaries, 2014) —JW activities bringing elevated levels of nutri- threats to coral reefs, and local offi- which could be exhibiting similar prob- ents and organic matter from surface runoff cials will need to confront the man- lems. (Geophysical Research Letters, —JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer; and Eric O. and submarine groundwater discharge. agement challenge of dealing with doi:10.1002/2014GL060849, 2014) —EOB Betz, Shannon Palus, Julia Rosen, and Colin Schultz, Writers 452