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SOLAR FLARES and THEIR IMPACT on HUMANITY H. Brynkevich, O

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SOLAR FLARES and THEIR IMPACT on HUMANITY H. Brynkevich, O Nowadays the territory of the city and his suburban area are the leading form of the territorial and socio- economic organization of modern society. The components of environment of the city such as relief, atmosphere, ecotopes with artificial soil are changing because of urbanization process and household activities. It’s very im- portant to save the ecology of the city according to sustainable socio-economic development. Plants are one of the main components in environment of urbanization area and they do some important ecological functions. Plants are important sanitary-hygienic, town-planic and aesthetic element of landscape architecture of the city; they are re- ducing a harmful effect on working, living and rest conditions; we can use urban plants like bioindicators for de- termination anthropogenic contamination. Natural processes and anthropogenic activity like chemical contamination of air and soil, groundwater pollution are impact for the growth of urban plants. According to this impact flora and vegetation changes in the city, the stability of natural biocoenosis is reduced, new artificial bio- coenosis are created, the temperature in the city is increased because of process of desertification. In this reason it’s important to research natural and ruderal communities of plants. An analysis of the current state of the flora in Zhodino city will make it possible to identify species that have adapted to the conditions of the urbanized environment, which can later be used to optimize the vegetation cover and improve the hygienic state of urbanized areas. During the research we will: make an inventory of species composition of vascular plants in Zhodino with the identification of a list of aboriginal species; identify the nature of the change in the species composition of the vegetation of suburban and urban areas under the influence of anthropogenic factors; do taxonomic, chorologic, ecological, geographical, biomorphological analysis of flora Zhodino; develop recommendations aimed to improving the hygienic state of the urban environment by optimizing the vegetation cover. In a result syntaxonomy of industrial town Zhodino will be develop, which can use like scientific basis for the organization of phyto-reclamation activities and environmental monitoring. Typology of ruderal communities, de- veloped on syntaxonomy may be used in urban environment optimization projects (for development recommenda- tions aimed to reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of work on the reclamation of disturbed human landscapes at gardening of cities, landscaping lawns, parks, playgrounds and sports grounds, ruderal ecotopes). SOLAR FLARES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMANITY H. Brynkevich, O. Boyarkin Belarusian State University, ISEI BSU, Minsk, Republic of Belarus [email protected] Solar flares and their impact on humanity are described. Keywords: solar flare, Sun, negative effect, people. At the beginning of the last century it was observed that solar activity has a direct impact on the Earth, as well as on all living and nonliving objects. One of the most significant manifestations of solar activity is a solar flare (SF). Today scientists in many research centers and institutes study this phenomenon. Like any other star, the Sun represents a huge gas ball. It rotates around axis. The speed of rotation of different parts of the Sun is different. The poles move slowly, and the equator rotates faster. As a result, the magnetic field of the Sun together with the plasma is twisted in a special way and becomes so intensive that it begins to rise to the Sun’s surface. In these places, the activity increases, what leads to the appearance of the SF’s. Scientists identify the five classes of this phenomena: A, B, C, M and X. Depending on the class, the power of ejected energy and the speed of solar particles these categories are assigned a corresponding numerical value. During a class X of the SF there may be violations of radio signals and satellite broadcasts. In addition, during few days magnetic storms can be observed. M-class SF’s cause weak magnetic storms, as well as irregularities in signals, mainly in Polar Regions. All other SF’s do not cause significant harm to our planet and are visible only in the Earth's atmosphere. The SF’s have a negative effect on the operation of technical devices: radar devices fail or work intermittently; there is often a loss of communication with ships and submarines, navigation devices of airliners sometimes stop working. Also, the SF’s have a negative effects on the human body: people lose attention and reduce the speed of reaction to external stimuli; scientists found that during the period of the SF’s the blood condenses, that is, why 135 SF’s are especially dangerous for people suffering from hypertension or prone to blood clots; people with mental illnesses and disabilities during the SF’s are have exacerbation. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE ESTIMATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF THE LUNGS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS D. Budzevich, S. Golovatyi Belarusian State University, ISEI BSU, Minsk, Republic of Belarus [email protected] The cost estimate of ecosystem services is based on the valuation of the ecological resource of different types of ecological systems. Methodological approaches to determining the valuation of ecosystem services and biodi- versity have become the basis of the technical code of established practice. Keywords: ecosystem services, biological diversity, the technical code of established practice, meadow lands, nature management. The increasing scarcity of the planet's resources is currently actualizing the development of a wide range of issues related to ecosystem services, including their identification, assessment, identification of potential sellers and buyers, compensation mechanisms, and the formation of markets for these services. The possibility of providing ecosystem services is due to one of the most important environment-forming resources on the planet, providing the possibility of sustainable development of ecosystems, conservation of habitat and biological resources – biological diversity. The latter is the guarantor of ecological balance on the ground and sustainable development in general. The main problem of the reproduction of ecological resources of ecosystem products and ecosystem services is an underestimation of their economic value, caused by methodological impotence before the value evaluation of the colossal complexity of nature, its functions and interrelations. At the same time, various assessments can play a non-constructive role, which absolutize the economic value of nature, deriving it for real value relationships and financial relations and thereby nullifying the latter's importance in making global and local management decisions for sustainable development. Taking into account the critical consideration of methodological approaches that have adopted the concept of the overall economic value of natural goods, another methodology for the valuation of ecosystem services and biological diversity based on the concept of reproductive natural rents as a modern modification of the classical theory of land rent is proposed. In this regard, the ecosystem service should be considered as a special form (direction) of use (conservation, reproduction) of the components of the natural environment (ecological resources) to meet a variety of social and environmental needs. Such a definition is more correct for disclosing the essence of the concept of "ecosystem service" and its assessment, since the service can arise (to be obtained) only in the course of nature management or nature protection activity. Considering the ecosystem service outside nature management is not only wrong, but also methodologi- cally unacceptable. Biological diversity is an ecological resource that is an ecosystemic trophic relationship between the optimal aggregate of bioorganisms and their habitat, which provides a sustainable environment-forming effect of the func- tioning of natural ecosystems. The calculation of the integrated valuation of ecosystem services is carried out according to four main types of ecological systems: forest, meadow, marsh and water. For areas where different types of ecological systems occur (for example, forest growing on a swamp, etc.), an assessment is made for each type of ecological system and the results are summarized. Methodological approaches to determining the valuation of ecosystem services and biodiversity have become the basis of the technical code of the established practice of TAP 17. 02-10-2012 (02120) "Environmental protec- tion and nature management. Rules of nature protection and nature management (general environmental require- ments). The procedure for the valuation of ecosystem services and the value of biological diversity ". This document regulates the procedure for determining the valuation of ecosystem services and the economic value of biodiversity for making managerial decisions in the environmental sphere and developing paid nature management. 136 .
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