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Neither Rights Nor Security RIGHTS Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico’S “War on Drugs” WATCH

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Neither Rights Nor Security RIGHTS Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico’S “War on Drugs” WATCH Mexico HUMAN Neither Rights Nor Security RIGHTS Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico’s “War on Drugs” WATCH Neither Rights Nor Security Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico’s “War on Drugs” Copyright © 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-825-2 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org NOVEMBER 2011 ISBN: 1-56432-825-2 Neither Rights Nor Security Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico’s “War on Drugs” Maps: States Where Human Rights Watch Conducted Research ..................................................... 1 Glossary of Government Institutions ............................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 4 Widespread Human Rights Violations ....................................................................................... 5 Failure to Investigate Human Rights Violations ......................................................................... 8 Failure to Improve Public Security ........................................................................................... 14 Key Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 17 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 25 Torture ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 28 Torture Tactics ....................................................................................................................... 29 The Hidden Prevalence of Torture ............................................................................................ 32 Fear of Reprisals and Lack of Confidence in Authorities ..................................................... 33 Complicity of Civilian Prosecutors and Judicial Investigative Police in Torture .......................... 35 Complicity of Judges ............................................................................................................... 39 Complicity of Medical Examiners ............................................................................................ 42 Negligence and Omissions in Civilian Medical Exams ....................................................... 42 Negligence and Omissions in Military Medical Exams ....................................................... 47 Failures of Prosecutors to Investigate Cases of Torture ........................................................... 48 Failure of Officials from the Federal and State Prosecutors’ Offices to Follow the Istanbul Protocol .......................................................................................................................... 49 Failure of Civilian Prosecutors to Investigate Allegations of Torture ................................... 53 Prosecutors’ Preemptive Dismissal of Torture Allegations as False .................................... 54 Civilian Prosecutors’ Downgrading of Torture .................................................................... 55 Military Prosecutors’ Downgrading of Torture .................................................................... 56 Illegal Detentions and Torture ................................................................................................. 58 Abuse of the “Flagrancia” Exception ................................................................................. 59 Widespread “Flagrancia” Arrests by the Military and Expanding Investigative Duties ......... 63 Transitory Enforced Disappearances ................................................................................ 66 International Obligations to Prevent and Punish Torture ......................................................... 68 Domestic Obligations to Prevent and Punish Torture .............................................................. 69 Flaws in Federal and State Definitions of Torture ............................................................... 70 Illustrative Cases .................................................................................................................... 72 Targeted Recommendations to Address Torture ..................................................................... 121 Enforced Disappearances ......................................................................................................... 125 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 125 The Prevalence of Enforced Disappearances ......................................................................... 125 Levantones and Blaming the Victims .............................................................................. 129 Impunity for Enforced Disappearances .................................................................................. 130 Failure to Promptly Open Investigations .......................................................................... 130 Omissions and Shortcomings in Civilian Investigations .................................................. 132 Efforts by Victims’ Families to Push for Greater Accountability ......................................... 133 Omissions and Shortcomings in Military Investigations .................................................. 134 Downgrading of the Crime of Enforced Disappearance .................................................... 135 Mexico’s International Commitments .................................................................................... 137 Inadequate, Conflicting, or Absent Domestic Legislation ....................................................... 137 The Amparo: An Inadequate Legal Remedy ............................................................................ 139 Illustrative Cases .................................................................................................................. 141 Targeted Recommendations to Address Disappearances ....................................................... 158 Extrajudicial Killings ................................................................................................................. 161 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 161 Prohibition of Extrajudicial Killings ....................................................................................... 162 Prevalence of Killings and Government Rhetoric .................................................................... 163 Killing by Excessive Use of Force ........................................................................................... 167 Presenting Victims of Extrajudicial Killings as “Collateral Damage” or Criminals .................... 168 Manipulating Crime Scenes .................................................................................................. 170 Framing Extrajudicial Killings as Drug-Related Deaths ........................................................... 173 Tortured to Death.................................................................................................................. 175 Military Justice: Flawed Investigations and Lenient Sentences ............................................... 177 Pressure on Victims’ Families to Accept Compensation from the Military in Exchange for Abandoning Investigations ................................................................................................... 180 Illustrative Cases .................................................................................................................. 182 Targeted Recommendations to Address Extrajudicial Killings ............................................... 206 Appendix 1: Glossary of Key Legal Terms and Institutions - Amparos, Quejas, Recomendaciones, and National and State Human Rights Commissions ................................................................. 208 Appendix 2: Index of Illustrative Cases ..................................................................................... 210 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... 211 States
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