Part Two: Administrative Organization, Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss
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IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year. -
Iran Case File (April 2021)
IRAN CASE FILE April 2021 RASANAH International Institute for Iranian Studies, Al-Takhassusi St. Sahafah, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box: 12275 | Zip code: 11473 Contact us [email protected] +966112166696 Executive Summary .....................................................................................4 Internal Affairs ........................................................................................... 7 The Ideological File .............................................................................................8 1. Women and the “Political Man” ............................................................................... 8 2. Khatami and the Position of Women ......................................................................10 The Political File ............................................................................................... 12 1. The Most Notable Highlights of the Leaked Interview .............................................12 2. Consequences and Reactions .................................................................................13 3. The Position of the Iranian President and Foreign Ministry on the Interview ..........14 4. The Implications of Leaking the Interview at This Time..........................................15 The Economic File ............................................................................................. 16 1. Bitcoin’s Genesis Globally and the Start of Its Use in Iran ........................................16 2. The Importance of Bitcoin for Iran -
Airborne Firefighting System Unveiled
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 16 Pages Price 20,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 39th year No.13218 Sunday SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 Mehr 8, 1397 Muharram 20, 1440 ‘Guards of revolution’ Moscow will not allow Louis van Gaal to “Alphabet” picked as will come hard on sending terrorists from replace Carlos Queiroz best animation at enemies like thunder 2 Syria to Afghanistan 3 as Iran coach? 15 New York festival 16 Integrated Trade System unveiled ECONOMY TEHRAN— Iran’s In- The system seeks to facilitate trade desktegrated Trade System procedures for Iranian businessmen and was unveiled on Saturday in the presence combat trafficking of strategic goods be- Airborne firefighting of Iran’s ministers of Industry, Mining sides systematic corruption, the report and Trade Mohammad Shariatmadari and quoted an official from the industry that of Information and Communications ministry, Behnam Amiri, as announc- Technology (ICT) Mohammad-Javad Azari ing addressing the unveiling ceremony See page 12 Jahromi, IRNA reported. of the system at the Tehran Permanent The system includes the comprehensive trade International Fairgrounds. system unveiled system, goods identification system, integrated As Amiri hoped, the integrated system system of warehouses, validation system and will bring acceleration, ease, and trans- credit rating system of the merchants. parency into domestic trade transactions. Zarif meets counterparts in New York POLITICS TEHRAN — Iranian Stef Blok, the Austrian and Dutch foreign deskForeign Minister Mo- ministers, Zarif discussed the need to pre- hammad Javad Zarif met separately with serve the 2015 nuclear deal after the U.S. -
Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making
The London School of Economics and Political Science UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF STATE IDENTITY IN FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING The Rise and Demise of Saudi–Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009) ADEL ALTORAIFI A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, October 2012 1 To Mom and Dad—for everything. 2 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. The final word count of this thesis, including titles, footnotes and in-text citations, is 105,889 words. 3 ABSTRACT The objective of the thesis is to study the concept of state identity and its role in foreign policy decision-making through a constructivist analysis, with particular focus on the Saudi–Iranian rapprochement of 1997. While there has been a recent growth in the study of ideational factors and their effects on foreign policy in the Gulf, state identity remains understudied within mainstream International Relations (IR), Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), and even Middle Eastern studies literature, despite its importance and manifestation in the region’s foreign policy discourses. The aim is to challenge purely realist and power-based explanations that have dominated the discourse on Middle Eastern foreign policy—and in particular, the examination of Saudi–Iranian relations. -
Army to Hold War Game on Thursday Volleyball Club Niš Are a Professional Volleyball Team Based in Niš, Serbia and Play in the Serbian Volley League
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages+4 Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13757 Thursday SEPTEMBER 10, 2020 Shahrivar 20, 1399 Muharram 21, 1442 Senator Murphy calls Skocic talks about Condensate Tehran academic center Pompeo’s remarks on Iran’s his footballing output reaches picks “Les Misérables” for uranium stockpile funny 2 dreams 3 650,000 bpd 4 book reading contest 8 Iran slams West’s hypocrisy on freedom SPECIAL ISSUE of expression TEHRAN — In an indirect reference to the republication of cartoons insulting the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) by the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif Conspiracy on Wednesday slammed “institutional- ized hypocrisy” under the pretext of the freedom of expression. “Freedom of Expression? Or Institutionalized Hypocrisy? 2 Steel ingot output or not? increases 7% in 5 months yr/yr TEHRAN — Production of steel ingot in Iran increased seven percent during the first five months of the current Irani- an calendar year (March 20-August 21) compared to the same period of time in the past year, IRNA reported. As reported, over 9.238 million tons of steel ingot was produced during the five- month period of the present year. 4 Designs from Iran shortlisted for Dezeen Awards 2020 By Seyyed Mostafa Mousavi Sabet TEHRAN — Designs of the Nur-e Mobin Primary School and the Kohan Ceram Central Office created by Iranian archi- File photo tects have been shortlisted for the Dezeen Awards 2020 in London. -
Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................ -
Aktuelle Hinweise Iran 01.09.2014
01. September 2014 Aktuelle Hinweise IRAN: Non-oil exports up by 20.83% in first 5 months of the Iranian year. Trade volume reaches USD 41 billion and 620 million As per the latest figures released by the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration USD 19 billion and 639 million of goods have been exported and USD 21 billion and 981 million of goods have been imported into the country during the first five months of the Iranian calendar year (starting March 21, 2014). The data show an increase of 20.83% for non-oil exports and of 33.59% for imports compared to the same time last year. The largest shares of goods were imported from Iran by China, Iraq, UAE, Afghanistan and India. The main Iranian export products included liquefied propane, liquefied methanol and butane. The goods Iran imported most of were wheat with a share of 4.97%, vehicles with internal combustion piston engine (more than 1500cc) with 3.66%, rice with 3.47%, corn with 2.63%, and soy meal with 2.42%. The main exporters of goods to Iran were UAE, China, India, South Korea and Turkey respectively. Indigenous automobile production reaches 400k in five months The Iranian automobile production has reached about 405,000 during the first five months of the Iranian calendar year (beginning on March 21, 2014). This corresponds with an increase of 74.3% compared to the same time last year. Eight different automobile models were mainly produced by Iran’s two largest manufacturers SAIPA (Société Anonyme Iranienne de Production Automobile) and IKCO (Iran Khodro). -
CT 11 Final:Layout 1
Iran Takes on the World By Jamsheed K. Choksy he islamic republic of iran is today challenging the world. The Iranian leadership’s appetite for power is growing, for they have become thoroughly convinced that no outside power—the U.S. in- cluded—will derail their rise to regional and even global prominence. “Whether you like it or not,” the Iranian cleric and politician Ayatollah TAhmad Khatami, an influential figure and on-and-off mentor to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, publicly boasted to the U.S., “you have to regard Iran as a great power in the political sphere. The people of Iran have realized there is nothing you can do to us now or will be capable of doing [in the future]. So rather than using all your resources in failed attempts to oppose Iran, you should work with us.”1 Khatami’s statement, like many other recent pronouncements made by the Is- lamic Republic’s leaders, underscores why Iran has not complied with years of Amer- ican demands for full transparency in its nuclear programs, for putting a halt to its sponsorship of terrorism and propagation of militant Islam or Islamism globally, and for cooperation in regional affairs. Simply put, the Islamic Republic’s ruling politicians no longer fear America; they believe the U.S. and its allies have lost the political will to preserve the current order. Tehran, therefore, no longer worries about the repercussions of pursuing an ever-more ambitious policy aimed at refash- ioning the international order and extending Iranian power and influence. Students of history know this is not the first time a rising Iran has sought to dom- inate its neighbors and the world beyond. -
Iran's Eternal Figure for 2010
Managing Director: Editorial Dept.: Advertisements Dept.: Subscription & Distribution Dept.: Poem of the day Tel: (+98 21) 88895450 Telefax: (+98 21) 88896970-71 Tel: (+98 21) 88808895 You know all secrets of this earthly sphere, Tel: (+98 21) 88800789 Fax: (+98(21) 88808214 [email protected] Why then remain a prey to empty fear? [email protected] Webmaster: You can not bend things to your will, but yet SINCE 1979 Switchboard Operator: Public Relations Office: [email protected] Cheer up for the few moments you are here! TEHRAN TIMES Khayyam No. 18, BIMEH LANE, NEJATOLLAHI ST., TEHRAN, IRAN Tel: (+98 21) 88800293-5 Tel: (+98 21) 88805807 Printed at: Kayhan - ISSN: 1017-94 P.O. Box: 14155-4843 ZIP Code: 1599814713 Tomorrow’s weather Prayer Times 178 20-2 162 2112112 2122911 17-1 http://www.tehrantimes.com/culture Noon: 11:50 Evening: 17:14 Dawn: 5:18 Sunrise: 6:46 (tomorrow) (tomorrow) TEHRAN SHIRAZ TABRIZ YAZD RASHT MASHHAD AHVAZ ISFAHAN Iranian President Ahmadinejad sends elites praised message to Tehran short filmfest at Eternal Tehran Times Art Desk TEHRAN — The 27th edition of the Tehran International Short Film Festival opened with a cer- Figures emony on Friday noon during which a message from Presi- dent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Gathering was read. “The creative artists and Tehran Times Culture Desk young filmmakers can deepen TEHRAN — Iranian elites from various field our perspective of the world by including cultural luminaries were praised featuring the beauty of nature during the eighth Eternal Figures Gathering Honorees pose for a photograph at the Eighth Eternal Figures Gathering at the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) International Conference Hall on November 18, 2010. -
Iran 2012 International Religious Freedom Report
IRAN 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution and other laws and policies do not protect religious freedom, and in practice, the government severely restricted religious freedom. The government’s respect for religious freedom declined during the year. There were increased reports of the government charging religious and ethnic minorities with moharebeh (enmity against God), “anti-Islamic propaganda,” or vague national security crimes for their religious activities. Those reportedly arrested on religious grounds faced worsening prison conditions and treatment, as with most prisoners of conscience. The arrest and harassment of members of religious minorities also increased significantly during the year. There continued to be reports of the government imprisoning, harassing, intimidating, and discriminating against people because of their religious beliefs. The constitution states that Ja’afari (Twelver) Shia Islam is the official state religion. It provides that “other Islamic denominations are to be accorded full respect” and officially recognizes only three non-Islamic religious groups, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews, as religious minorities. Although the constitution protects the rights of members of these three religions to practice freely, the government imposed legal restrictions on proselytizing and regularly arrests members of the Zoroastrian and Christian communities for practicing their religion. The government regularly vilified Judaism. The government considers Bahais to be apostates and defines the Bahai Faith as a “political sect.” The government prohibits Bahais from teaching and practicing their faith and subjects them to many forms of discrimination not faced by members of other religious groups. Government rhetoric and actions created a threatening atmosphere for nearly all non-Shia religious groups, most notably for Bahais, as well as for Sufi Muslims, evangelical Christians, Jews, and Shia groups not sharing the government’s official religious views. -
How Rouhani's Government Exploits US ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣوﺿوع : Sanctions T
Filling the Void : ωϭοϭϣϟϡγ How Rouhani¶s Government Exploits US : ωϭοϭϣϟϥϭϧϋ Sanctions to Enhance its Position 04/11/2018 : έηϧϟΦϳέΎΗ ΔϣΩϘΗϣϟΕΎγέΩϟϭΙΎΣΑϸϟϝΑϘΗγϣϟίϛέϣ : ΏΗΎϛϟϡγ : ωϭοϭϣϟ 9/28/2021 10:13:19 AM 1 / 2 With the second batch of US sanctions on Iran, coming into effect today, the government of President Hassan Rouhani is taking preemptive measures to strengthen its ability to confront sanctions. It seeks to exploit the sanctions to endorse its candidates for the four ministerial portfolios whose ministers were dismissed in the past months, following a no-confidence vote in the Consultative Assembly.But this move does not mark the beginning of a lull between the government, backed by the moderates, and its opponents from the fundamentalist conservatives and some religious leaders, as well as the powerful institutions, such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). This period seems temporary, in anticipation of the outcome of the new sanctions in the coming period. Numerous JustificationsPresident Hassan Rouhani quickly issued a decree on October 28, 2018, appointing the four ministers to their posts after they gained the confidence of the Consultative Assembly. The timing of the decree has, of course, a significance. The government exploited the approaching sanctions to promote the need for filling the void ensuing from the dismissal of four ministers by the Consultative Assembly, which severely criticized them for failing to handle the various crises, in a way that led - in the view of fundamentalist conservatives -
Iran 2012 Human Rights Report
IRAN 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a theocratic republic established after the 1979 adoption of a constitution by popular referendum. The constitution, amended in 1989, created a political system based on the concept in Shia Islam of velayat-e faqih, the “guardianship of the jurist” or “rule by the jurisprudent.” Shia clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy, many of which are increasingly associated with the country’s security forces, dominate key power structures. The “leader of the revolution” (or supreme leader) is chosen by a popularly elected body of 86 clerics, the Assembly of Experts, and directly controls the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, as well as the armed forces. The supreme leader also indirectly controls internal security forces and other key institutions. Since 1989 the supreme leader has been Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. The March 2 legislative elections for the 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly were generally considered neither free nor fair. Civilian authorities failed at times to maintain effective control over the security forces. The government continued its crackdown on civil society, which intensified after the disputed 2009 presidential elections. The government and its security forces pressured, intimidated, and arrested journalists, students, lawyers, artists, women, ethnic and religious activists, and members of their families. The judiciary continued to harshly punish, imprison, or detain without charges human rights activists, members of the political opposition, and persons linked to reform movements. The government significantly increased its surveillance and monitoring of citizens’ online activities by blocking or filtering content and detaining numerous Internet users for content posted online.