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Women in Gorkhaland Movement a Sociological Study WOMEN IN GORKHALAND MOVEMENT A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY Dissertation submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Philosophy Submitted by Ashlesha Rai Department of Sociology School of Social Science Sikkim University Gangtok- 737102 2015 1 Declaration I declare that the dissertation entitled “Women in Gorkhaland Movement: A Sociological Study” submitted to Sikkim University for the award for the degree of Master of Philosophy is my original work. This dissertation has not been submitted for any other degree of the University or any other University. Ashlesha Rai Roll No: 13MPSG01 Regd No: 11SU4415 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiners for evaluation Head of the Department Supervisor 2 Certificate This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Women in Gorkhaland Movement :A Sociological Study” submitted to the Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Sciences embodies the result of bonafide research work carried out by Ms. Ashlesha Rai under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associated-ship, fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledge by her. Ms. Sandhya Thapa Department of Sociology Sikkim University Place: Gangtok Date: 3 Acknowledgement I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Sandhya Thapa whose guidance, support; encouragement enabled me to complete my dissertation. This work would not have been complete without her help. I am also thankful to all the respondents for their support and being frank and forthcoming in giving me the responses. I am further indebted to Dr. Binu Sundas for his guidance and support. I would also like to extend my thanks to the faculty members of Sociology Department, Dr. Swati Sachdeva and Dr. Indira Khangembam for their valuable guidance throughout my study. I also extend my sincere thanks to my friends and classmates who helped me, one way or the other. I am grateful to the librarians of Sikkim University, Darjeeling Library for providing all support and help to collect books, journals and necessary material for the completion of my work. Last but not the least; I take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude towards my parents. They have been very selfless in supporting me. They have always encouraged and supported me, especially during the pursuit of this degree Ashlesha Rai 4 List of Tables Page No 1. Table 2.1: Census Data on Population in Darjeeling District and its 29 Percentage Increase in Decade 2. Table 3.1: Representation of Women in Lower House of the Parliament 61 3. Table 3.2: Women Candidates in Political Parties, 2009, Lok Sabha Election 62 4. Table 3.3: Women Voters in General Elections in India 63 5. Table 4.1: Gender wise Composition of the Sample Population 67 6. Table 4.2: Ethnic Composition of the Sample Population 67 7. Table 4.3: Educational Background of the Sample Population 68 8. Table 4.4: Occupation of the Sample Population 69 9. Table. 4.5: Gender Break-up of the Executive Members in DGHC and GTA A Comparative Analysis 81 10. Table 4.6: Rural- Urban Break up and Mode of Participation 92 List of Figures 1. Figure 2.1: Administrative Power Structure of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill 40 Council And Gorkha Territorial Administration 2. Figure 2.2: Proposed Map of Gorkhaland 41 5 Acronyms ABNBS: Akhil Bharatiya Nepali Bhasa Samity AIGL: All India Gorkha League AIWC: All India Women’s Conference AITC: All India Trinamool Congress ASHA: Accredited Social Health Activist BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CPI: Communist Party of India CSWI: Committee for Status of Women DDUDF: Darjeeling Dooars United Development Foundation DGHC: Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council ECI: Election Commission of India GDNS: Gorkha Dukha Niwarak Sammelan GJMM: Gorkha Janmukti Morcha GJYM: Gorkha Janmukti Yuwa Morcha GJNM: Gorkha Janmukti Nari Morcha GNSF: Gorkha National Student Front GNYF: Gorkha National Youth Front 6 GNWO: Gorkha National Women Organisation GTA: Gorkha Territorial Administration GNLF: Gorkha National Liberation Front LDC: Lepcha Development Council MNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NCWI: National Council of Women in India NCP: National Congress Party NEBULA: Ne for Nepali, Bu for Bhutia, La for Lepcha NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisation NRHM: National Rural Health Mission RSS: Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh SHGs: Self Help Groups TMC: Trinamool Congress VHP: Visva Hindu Parishad WIA: Women’s Indian Association 7 Map of Study Area (The three hill Subdivision: Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong) 8 CONTENTS Page No Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………… i List of Tables and Figures…………………………………………………… ii Acronyms……………………………………………………………………... iii-iv Map of Study Area……………………………………………………………v ______________________________________________________________________ Chapter I- INTRODUCTION 1-24 ______________________________________________________________________ 1.1 Background………………………………………………………….......... 1-12 1.3 Literature Review……………………………………………………….... 13-20 1.4 Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………..... 20-21 1.5 Research Questions……………………………………………………….... 22 1.6 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………...... 22 1.7 Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...... 23 1.8 Methodology……………………………………………………………….. 23 1.9 Study Area………………………………………………………………....... 23-24 1.10 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………………... 24 ______________________________________________________________________ Chapter II-GENESIS OF GORKHALAND MOVEMENT 25- 47 ______________________________________________________________________ 2.1 A Brief Historical Backdrop of Darjeeling…………………………………. 25-27 2.2 Status of Darjeeling during British Rule………………………………….. 27-31 2.3 Genesis of Gorkhaland Movement: A Historical Perspective…………….. 31 9 2.3.1 First Phase of the Movement……………………………………………… 32-35 2.3.2 Rise of Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF): Second Phase of the Movement …………………………………………………………………. 35-37 2.3.3 Advent of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJMM): Third Phase of the Movement…………………………………………………………………. 37-39 2.3.4 Comparison between Administrative Power Structures of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and Gorkha Territorial Administration…………….. 40-41 2.3.5 Fourth Phase of the Movement…………………………………………..... 42-45 2.4 Formation of Lepcha Development Council……………………………… 45-46 2.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...... 46-47 _____________________________________________________________________ Chapter III- POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA 48-65 ______________________________________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….... 48-49 3.2 Conceptual Perspective on Women and Politics………………………….... 49-51 3.3 Status of Women in India………………………………………………... 51-52 3.3.1 Position of Women in Ancient India……………………………………... 52 3.3.2 Position of Women in Medieval Period…………………………………... 52-53 3.4 Political Participation of Women in Colonial Period……………………….53-55 3.5 Political Participation of Women after Independence ……………………....55-59 3.5.1 Women in Politics………………………………………………………….59-60 3.5.2 Women in Legislatures…………………………………………………….60-64 3.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....64-65 10 ______________________________________________________________________ Chapter IV- WOMEN IN GORKHALAND MOVEMENT: THE QUESTION OF EMPOWERMENT 66-100 ______________________________________________________________________ 4.1 A Brief Introduction………………………………………………………… 66-69 4.2 Women’s Participation in Gorkhaland Movement…………………………... 70 4.2.1 Women’s Participation during the Second Phase of the Movement……… 70 4.2.2 Gorkha National Women’s Organisation (GNWO)………………………. 70-72 4.2.3 Formation of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha…………………………………... 72 4.2.4 Gorkha Janmukti Nari Morcha (GJNM)…………………………………… 72-73 4.2.5 Political Activities of Gorkha Janmukti Nari Morcha……………………... 73-75 4.3 Case Study I…………………………………………………………………….75-76 4.3.1 Case Study II…………………………………………………………….... 76-78 4.3.2 Case Study III……………………………………………………………...78-79 4.3.3 Case Study IV…………………………………………………………….. 79-81 4.4 Issues of Power Sharing Structures…………………………………………. 81-84 4.5 Issues of Gender Discrimination…………………………………………….. 84-85 4.6 Mode of Mobilisation and Participation of Women in the Movement…….... 85-88 4.7 Role of Media……………………………………………………………….. 88-89 4.8 Impact of Education…………………………………………………………. 89-90 4.9 Impact of the Movement…………………………………………………….. 90-92 4.10 Nature of Women Participation in the Movement…………………………... 92-94 4.11 Factors Reflecting the Issues of Empowerment 4.11.1 Socio- Economic Status of Women…………………………………….. 94-96 4.11.2 Political Status of Women……………………………………………… 96-98 4.11.3 Issues of Empowerment………………………………………………... 98-100 11 ______________________________________________________________________ Chapter V- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 101-107 ____________________________________________________________________---- ______________________________________________________________________ BIBLIOGRAPHY 108-115 ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES 116-131 _____________________________________________________________________ 12 Chapter I Introduction
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