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Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) En El Arrecife De Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, México

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Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) En El Arrecife De Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, México Ecología trófica del pez Arothron meleagris (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) en el arrecife de Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, México Xchel G. Moreno, L. Andrés Abitia, Araceli Favila, Francisco J. Gutiérrez & Devis S. Palacios Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Playa Palo de Santa Rita s/n Apartado postal 592 La Paz, CP 23096, Baja Califórnia Sur, México: [email protected] Recibido 24-I-2008. Corregido 11-VII-2008. Aceptado 12-VIII-2008. Abstract: Trophic ecology of the fish Arothron meleagris (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) from Los Frailes reef, Southern Baja California, Mexico. Monthly samples were taken from November 2004 to October 2005 in the Los Frailes reef, BCS, Mexico. The objective was to determine the feeding habits of the pufferfish, Arothron meleagris, as well as possible variations in feeding patterns due to size and/or sex. We captured 101 specimens, with all stomachs contained food. The index of relative importance (IRI) was used to determine the main items; which were non-identified organic matter (NIOM) (30.44%), Echinometra vanbrunti (26.25 %), Porifera (12.63 %), Pocillopora spp. (11.84%), Bryozoa (5.37 %) and Porites spp. (4.83 %). Levin’s index indi- cated a low trophic niche breadth (Bi= 0.12) and allowed us to determine that A. meleagris is a specialist preda- tor with strong preferences towards certain food types. The Morisita-Horn index showed a high trophic overlap between sexes (Cλ=0.78), seasons (hot and cold Cλ=0.95) and among sizes (small and medium Cλ=0.94; small and large Cλ=0.74; medium and large Cλ=0.83). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 113-123. Epub 2009 June 30. Key words: Arothron meleagris, reef fish, diet, tropical eastern Pacific, Mexico. El Pacífico Oriental Tropical no presenta que fue declarado como área marina protegida especies coralívoras nativas (Robertson et al. (Parque Marino) en 1995 y constituye una de las 2004), este grupo está representado por dos zonas de mayor riqueza de especies en el Golfo especies residentes de afinidad Indopacífica de California (Reyes-Bonilla 1997). del género Arothron: A. hispidus y A. mele- A. meleagris presenta dos fases de colo- agris, con amplia distribución desde el Golfo ración, una negra y otra dorada, ambas muy de California hasta Ecuador, incluye las islas apreciadas por los acuaristas internacionales y oceánicas (Goodson 1988, Thomson et al. 2000, alcanza un alto valor económico (Almenara- Robertson y Allen 2002). Roldán 2000). Es una especie de hábitos diur- Arothron meleagris forma parte importante nos, de nado lento y puede inflar su cuerpo de la comunidad de peces debido a su dominan- por la ingesta de agua o aire, adaptación que cia espacio-temporal, habita las zonas someras permite disuadir a sus depredadores, también preferentemente con arrecifes rocosos o de coral producen en sus tejidos un veneno muy potente del Bajo Golfo de California y puede encon- “tetrodotoxina”, el cual acumulan especialmente trarse en profundidades de hasta 90 m (Allen en el hígado, gónadas, ovarios e intestinos. La y Robertson 1994, Thomson et al. 2000). De toxicidad varía dependiendo del área geográfica acuerdo con Montes-Hernández (2006) es una y de la época del año, además están equipados de las 10 especies más dominantes en el arrecife con numerosas glándulas celulares en la piel de Los Frailes, el cual se encuentra dentro del que secretan un mucus tóxico (Goodson 1988, perímetro del Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, mismo Allen y Robertson 1994). Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (1-2): 113-123, March-June 2009 113 La biología básica de A. meleagris ha sido La captura de los organismos se realizó poco estudiada y los antecedentes de trabajos en con equipo de buceo básico y hawaiana entre el Pacífico oriental tropical son específicamente las 10:00 y las 16:00 horas cuando la ilumina- investigaciones que solo evaluan cambios en la ción es mejor, en cada localidad de muestreo dieta de la especie de acuerdo a la disponibilidad además se registró la temperatura del agua. de alimento (Hiatt y Strasburg 1960, Hobson Para cada ejemplar se registró la longitud 1974, Guzmán y Robertson 1989, Guzmán y total (LT), sexo y se extrajo su estómago. El López 1991, Reyes-Bonilla y Calderón-López contenido estomacal fue guardado en bolsas 1999), evidenciándose la falta de estudios en de plástico previamente etiquetadas, las cuales donde se efectúen muestreos sistemáticos que fueron congeladas para su posterior análisis aborden cambios en el espectro trófico de acuer- en el laboratorio de ecología de peces del do con la temporalidad, desarrollo ontogénico y Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas por sexos. En cuanto a su estrategia alimenticia (CICIMAR-IPN). Durante el análisis del con- Allen y Robertson (1994) reportaron que A. tenido estomacal se procedió a separar los dife- meleagris, hace uso de sus placas dentales en rentes ítems de acuerdo al grupo taxonómico, forma de pico de loro para cortar las porciones identificándose hasta el mínimo taxon posible, de corales, algas calcáreas y estructuras duras de dependiendo de su estado de digestión. invertebrados de los que se alimenta. Para la identificación taxonómica de crus- A pesar de la importancia ecológica y táceos y moluscos se utilizaron las claves de económica de A. meleagris en el Bajo Golfo de Brusca (1980) y Morris et al. (1980); para California, es reducida la información concer- algas las claves de Abbott y Hollenberg (1976). niente a la composición de la dieta y los hábi- Asimismo se contó con el apoyo de investi- tos alimenticios. Por lo que objetivo de este gadores especialistas de CICIMAR y de la estudio fue analizar los hábitos alimenticios de Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur A. meleagris, con la finalidad de caracterizar (UABCS), los cuales corroboraron la identifi- su espectro trófico y determinar sus posibles cación realizada. variaciones estacionales, talla y sexo, en el Se calculó el porcentaje de frecuencia de arrecife de Los Frailes B.C.S., México. aparición (%FA), porcentaje numérico (%N) y porcentaje gravimétrico (%P). Una vez obteni- MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS dos estos valores, se calculó el índice de impor- tancia relativa (IIR) (Pinkas et al. 1971), el cual Se realizaron muestreos mensualmente incorpora los métodos anteriores por medio de durante noviembre 2004-octubre 2005, en el la siguiente fórmula: arrecife rocoso de Los Frailes, el cual se localiza en la parte sur de la Península de IIR= (%P + %N) * %FA Baja California (entre los 23°5’ N y los 109° 5’ W). El área del arrecife mide 0.070 km2 y Se obtuvo la proporción sexual, dividiendo en él se observan acumulaciónes de rocas de el número total de hembras entre el número total diferentes tamaños (desde canto rodado menor de machos; expresando la proporción de sexos de 0.3 m hasta más de 3 m de longitud), que con un numero 1 a la izquierda, que correspon- proporcionan un numero alto de oquedades, de a un macho y a la derecha la proporción de que van desde la zona intermareal hasta los 10 hembras por macho. Para determinar si existian m de profundidad, con presencia de parches de diferencias significativas entre las proporciones arenosos y escasas formaciones coralinas. Las se utilizó el estadístico de prueba Chi-cuadrada aguas de la zona son claras y la precipitación es (Zar 1999). Para la determinación de los inter- escasa, siendo la temporada de lluvias de julio valos de talla se emplearon los valores de a septiembre (Anaya-Reyna, 1993; Montes- longitud total y para determinar el número de Hernández 2006). intervalos se usó la fórmula de Sturges. Una 114 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (1-2): 113-123, March-June 2009 vez obtenido el número de intervalos de clase molusco gasterópodo Crepidula arenata con el se procedió a determinar su amplitud todo esto 19.54 %, y el invertebrado Bryozoa con el 15.03 de acuerdo con Daniel (1997). %. Los ítems más frecuentes fueron el erizo E. Se calculó la amplitud de la dieta (Bi) vanbrunti (65.34 %) y el coral Pocillopora spp. con el índice estandarizado de Levin (Hurlbert (49.50 %). La MONI se registro en el 73.26 % 1978); el cual asume valores de 0 a 1. Cuando de los estómagos analizados. los valores de Bi son menores de 0.60, el Al incorporar los valores porcentuales de organismo se considera especialista, lo que los métodos anteriores en el índice de impor- indica que utiliza un número bajo de recursos y tancia relativa (IIR), tomando solo los valores presenta una preferencia por ciertos alimentos. que sumaran más de 90 % se determinó que los Cuando los valores son cercanos a uno (> 0.60), ítems más importantes del espectro trófico de su espectro es generalista, es decir, utiliza todos A. meleagris fueron: E. vanbrunti (26.25 %), los recursos sin ninguna selección. Porifera (12.63 %), Pocillopora spp. (11.84 %), Para evaluar el traslape de dietas entre Bryozoa (5.37 %), Porites spp. (4.83 %) y C. tallas, sexos y temporada se aplicó el índice arenata (3.82 %). Cabe destacar que la MONI de Morisita-Horn (Smith y Zaret 1982). Este ocupo el segundo lugar de la importancia rela- índice varía entre cero (cuando las dietas son tiva con el 25.55 % (Fig. 1). completamente distintas) y uno (cuando las Para las hembras se registraron 28 estó- dietas son similares). Se considera un traslape magos con alimento, a partir de los cuales, los biológico significativo cuando el valor excede ítems más importantes fueron: E. vanbrunti a 0.60; y valores menores a 0.60 se considera (25.17 %), Pocillopora spp. (11.59%), Porifera que no hay traslape (Langton 1982). Asimismo (9.07 %), Porites spp.
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