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The Emergence, Development and Survival of Four Lesbian and Gay Archives

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The Emergence, Development and Survival of Four Lesbian and Gay Archives by Rebecka Taves Sheffield A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Rebecka Taves Sheffield 2015 The Emergence, Development and Survival of Four Lesbian and Gay Archives Rebecka Taves Sheffield Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies University of Toronto 2015 ABSTRACT Lesbian and gay archives, particularly those established within the context of the homophile, gay liberation, and lesbian feminist movements, serve as social movement organizations (SMOs). That is, they are organizational and administrative members of activist communities that acquire, manage, and share resources for the purpose of collective action for social change. Archives are nevertheless absent from literature on social movements and social movement theory. This project was designed to expand on current research in the fields of archival studies, social movement studies, and sexuality studies to better understand the experiences of lesbian and gay archives. A multiple case study was conducted at four community grown archives: The Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives, the ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives, The June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives, and the Lesbian Herstory Archives. Site visits took place over six months in 2013 and 2014, during which time interviews were conducted with 33 community archivists, volunteers, and community partners. In addition, more than 20,000 pages of organizational records related to the founding and development of these archives were reviewed. By tracing the emergence, development, and resource struggles of four lesbian and gay archives, this dissertation shows how these organizations have been shaped by broader movement goals, local geographies, socio-political structures, and the particular interests and energies of those who have nurtured their collections over the years. I examine how these archives have sustained themselves over time. Discussions with community archivists, volunteers, and community partners ii have generally confirmed that the four archives that inform this study are SMOs, but have also raised important questions about the sustainability of archives established by and for social movements. The dissertation tells a history of each archives and comments on the common challenges that they have faced over the past forty-plus years. Engagements between these archives and their local academic institutions are also explored, as are their continuing relationships with the communities they serve. By tracing the emergence and development of these organizations, this project uncovers representational politics, institutional pluralism, generational divides, shifting national politics, interpersonal relations, and challenges with sustainability, both financial and otherwise. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation grew out of conversations, collaborations, and explorations that I have been fortunate to share with family, friends, and colleagues over the past six years. I’m thankful for every one of these experiences, even if at times, they were difficult to endure. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Patrick Keilty, my thesis supervisor, who breezed into my life half-way through this process and quickly became a kindred spirit. It is no exaggeration to say that without his ongoing support, encouragement, and trust, I would not have been able to bring this project to fruition. Thanks, Patrick, for pushing me to see my research questions in a broad perspective and for engendering in me the confidence to speak to deeper philosophical implications of this work. Knowing that I always have you as my enthusiastic cheerleader has allowed me to experience a tremendous amount of joy as I’ve moved through many stages of research. To Judith Taylor, thank you for investing in this project and trusting that I would be able to contribute to the field of social movement research. You have encouraged me to think deeply about theoretical frameworks, methods, and methodologies in ways that are both productive and delightful. To Fiorella Foscarini, thank you for your sensitive, helpful, and important suggestions. You have spent a generous amount of time reviewing my work and providing insightful feedback. Even across the ocean, I know that you are watching out for me and making sure that I get the support I need. I am forever grateful for your commitment. I am also grateful for the long-term support from Wendy Duff, Lynne Howarth, Cara Krmpotich, Heather MacNeil, David Phillips, Seamus Ross, Leslie Regan Shade, and Siobhan Stevenson, who each offered much-valued advice over the years. I would also like to extend a heartfelt thank you to the faculty and staff at the Faculty of Information. I have had the fortune of working alongside exceptional fellow travellers at the iSchool. I thank Krista Boa, Jean Dryden, iv Lysanne Lessard, Rhonda McEwen, Lisa Quirke, and Sayaka Sugimoto for leading the way, and Glen Farrelly, Michael Jones, Stephanie Perrin, and Rhon Teruelle for taking the road with me. I was fortunate to take part in a collaborative doctoral program at the Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies, where I had the great pleasure of learning from Brenda Cossman, Maureen FitzGerald, Nick Matte, David Rayside, Scott Rayter, and Tori Smith. Mari Ruti’s transformative course on queer theory helped me situate my own work within sexuality studies and learn how to ask and answer critical questions about ‘queer’ as both adjective and verb. I also thank David Rayside and Jack Hallam for supporting my research and conference travel through generous scholarships and awards. I have benefited immensely from taking part in the annual week-long Archival Education and Research Institute (AERI). Every year since 2011, I have packed my suitcase and headed off for archives boot camp, an intensely stimulating and immersive five days spent with archival scholars from around the globe. The AERI program has provided me with an embarrassment of riches. I have met colleagues and collaborators, mentors and leaders, and trusted friends. Thank you to Jeannette Bastian, Joanne Evans, Andrew Flinn, and Anne Gilliland for holding my hand through some challenging times, and to Ed Benoit for sharing the stage with me at AERI-oke (and politely letting me know when I should stop singing). Thanks also to Marika Cifor, Chris Colwell, Roderick Crooks, Jonathan Dorey, Patricia Garcia, Dalena Hunter, David Kim, Ally Krebs, Adam Kriesberg, Andrew Lau, Jamie Lee, Jessie Lymn, Mario Ramirez, Tonia Sutherland, and Stacy Wood. I have cherished our conversations about the purpose and power of community archives. Over the years, I have also been inspired by so many brilliant archival practitioners and scholars. Thanks to Elspeth Brown, Rodney Carter, Michelle Caswell, Danielle Cooper, Barbara Craig, Ann Cvetkovich, Kate Guay, Cait McKinney, Loryl MacDonald, Sue McKemmish, Laura Millar, Richard Pearce-Moses, Ricky Punzalan, Elizabeth Yakel, and Kate Zieman. I am also indebted to Scott Kettles, Alan Miller, Dennis Findlay, and all of my colleagues at the Canadian v Lesbian and Gay Archives for encouraging me to pursue this research project and for checking in on me from time to time. Thanks to Ama Birch for introducing me to New York City. A special thanks to Elizabeth Clark Bailey, whose generosity of spirit and steady care has carried me through the last few years. Not only have you listened to me talk ad nauseum about lesbian and gay archives, but you have also never feared to challenge my assumptions about the ways in which these organizations have developed over time. Your insight is keen and your hospitality, peerless. I owe you at least 10 bottles of bourbon. Finally, thank you to my family (chosen and given). Thanks to Kate and Bruce Hobin, both former faculty who cautioned me against an academic career and then supported me whole- heartedly when I completely ignored their advice. Thanks also to Evelyn Taves, who never lets me forget that I’m her favourite granddaughter. I’m grateful for Dan and Diane Chabot, who swoop in and visit at just the right time to help manage the household while I galavant across the continent to attend conferences and do field work. A special thank you to Elaine Gabor-Katz and Kathy Narraway, who have gently nudged me along the path. This dissertation is dedicated to my daughter, Lark, who does not yet understand just how much her early life has been shaped by this project, and to Jessie Chabot, who understands exactly how this project has impacted all of our lives. I love you both. *** This project would not have been possible without the support of the four community archives that inform this study. Thanks to the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives, The ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives, The June L. Mazer Archives, and the Lesbian Herstory Archives. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the community archivists, volunteers, and community partners who took the time to meet with me, both formally and informally, to talk about the important work that they do. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................
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