ジャッキー・チェン、ツイ・ハーク、ジョニー・ト ー( Dissertation 全文 )

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ジャッキー・チェン、ツイ・ハーク、ジョニー・ト ー( Dissertation 全文 ) 1980-90年代の香港映画産業における俳優と監督の境界線 Title ――ジャッキー・チェン、ツイ・ハーク、ジョニー・ト ー( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) 雑賀, 広海 Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2020-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k22529 Right 許諾条件により本文は2020-12-31に公開 Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University 1980-90 年代の香港映画産業における俳優と監督の境界線 —ジャッキー・チェン、ツイ・ハーク、ジョニー・トー— 雑賀広海 序論 .......................................................................................................................................... 3 第 1 部 ジャッキー・チェン ............................................................................................... 11 第 1 章 父と子、監督と俳優 ............................................................................................ 11 1. 『笑拳怪招』製作までの背景.................................................................................. 12 2. 独立プロダクションとコミカル・カンフーの登場 ................................................. 14 3. 『蛇形刁手』『醉拳』における父子関係 ................................................................. 17 4. 『笑拳怪招』における父子関係 .............................................................................. 20 5. 父と子、あるいは監督と俳優.................................................................................. 22 第 2 章 ハードボディから離れて .................................................................................... 25 1. 人種/セクシュアリティ ......................................................................................... 27 2. 身体/マスキュリニティ ......................................................................................... 31 3. ハリウッド・アクション・ヒーロー ....................................................................... 35 第 3 章 肉体と形象 .......................................................................................................... 42 1. 『A 計劃』と『ロイドの要心無用』における落下 ................................................. 43 2. アニメーションにおける落下の表象 ....................................................................... 46 3. 『ミッキーの大時計』とジャッキー・チェンの両義的身体 .................................. 48 4. ギャグとしての反復 ................................................................................................ 51 5. 形象的な演技と空間 ................................................................................................ 53 第 2 部 ツイ・ハーク .......................................................................................................... 57 第 4 章 監督システムの混乱 ............................................................................................ 57 1. 香港映画批評における作家主義とニューウェーブ ................................................. 57 2. 『蝶變』の語りにおける中心と周縁 ..................................................................... 59 3. 『地獄無門』の空間における中心と周縁 ............................................................. 61 4. 『第一類型危險』における中心的権威の解体 ...................................................... 65 第 5 章 演じる監督 .......................................................................................................... 75 1. 新藝城の登場 ........................................................................................................... 76 2. 集団創作としての新藝城スタイル .......................................................................... 78 3. 新藝城作品の多孔性 ................................................................................................ 82 4. 演技をする監督 ....................................................................................................... 84 第 6 章 人間と動物の境界 ............................................................................................... 88 1. 声の脱身体化と身体化 ............................................................................................ 90 2. 身体の人間性と動物性 ............................................................................................ 94 3. カメラの視線の主観性と客観性 .............................................................................. 97 第 3 部 ジョニー・トー ..................................................................................................... 105 第 7 章 映画産業と政治 ................................................................................................. 105 1. 文化大革命と左派映画 .......................................................................................... 106 1 2. キン・フーとジョニー・トーの風景描写 ............................................................. 109 3. 実景の機能と身体性 .............................................................................................. 113 第 8 章 父と監督のメロドラマ ...................................................................................... 121 1. 『阿郎的故事』とチョウ・ユンファ ..................................................................... 122 2. 『愛的世界』とダミアン・ラウ ............................................................................ 124 3. 『赤腳小子』とティ・ロン ................................................................................... 126 4. 『無味神探』とラウ・チンワン ............................................................................ 129 第 9 章 1997 年と遊戯 ................................................................................................... 134 1. 男たちの遊戯的関係 .............................................................................................. 135 2. ジョン・ウーとジョニー・トーの身体表象 .......................................................... 137 3. 1997 年以前にたいするノスタルジー ................................................................... 141 結論 ...................................................................................................................................... 144 参考資料 .............................................................................................................................. 147 引用文献リスト ................................................................................................................... 150 2 序論 1. 背景 1970 年代における香港映画産業の製作本数は 100 本前後で推移していたが、1970 年代末 からそれを上回る数が製作されるようになる。1980 年代半ばは再び 100 本以下に落ち込み はするものの、1987 年から 1993 年にかけては 200 本を超えるまでに急増する。そして、1993 年を境にして急落する。1980 年代前半が減少傾向にあるのは、低予算による大量生産から ブロックバスター映画へと産業全体がシフトしたからであり、けっして不況にあったわけ ではない。その証拠に、総興行収入は 1977 年まで 1 億香港ドル未満だったのにたいし、1978 年以降は 1992 年まで上昇を続けて 10 倍以上にまで成長する。その後は、製作本数と足並 みをそろえるように急落していく(表 0-1)。 この推移が示すのは、1970 年代末から 1990 年代初頭まで、香港映画産業は一時的な黄金 期を迎えていたということである。デイヴィッド・ボードウェルは、2000 年が初版となる Planet Hong Kong において「約 20 年間、600 万人ほどが住むこの都市国家には、世界でも っとも強力な映画産業のひとつがあった」(Bordwell[2011] 1)と述べる。ここでボードウェ ルが指している「20 年間」に、上記の黄金期が含まれているのは明らかである。実際、先 の引用のあとには、「1970 年代以来、香港映画はまちがいなく世界でもっとも活気に満ちて 想像力に富む大衆映画であり続けている」(同上)と記している。 1970 年代に香港映画に起きたことというと、まずその発端にはブルース・リーの登場が ある。そして、1970 年代半ばにはマイケル・ホイのコメディ映画によって広東語映画が復 活し、後半からはジャッキー・チェンやサモ・ハン・キンポーらによるコミカル・カンフ ーが流行となった。1980 年代にさしかかるときには、ツイ・ハークやアン・ホイなど香港 ニューウェーブと名付けられた作家監督たちが次々とデビューを果たす。このようなスタ ー俳優や作家たちが先導して、1980 年代の香港映画産業は黄金期へと押し上げられていく。 日本やアメリカなど世界中から香港映画は人気を集め、1990 年代になると香港からハリウ ッドに進出して成功を収める監督や俳優も出現する。本研究が議論の俎上にのせるのは、 このように世界からその特異性に注目が集まるようになる黄金期の香港映画産業である。 2. 先行研究と問題点 これまでの香港映画研究は、様々な視点からこの黄金期にたいして強い関心を持ってき た。それらは以下のように、四つのカテゴリーに分類することができる。 2-1. 網羅的研究、通史(産業史)的研究 先述したボードウェル[2011]やスティーブン・テオ[1997]、リサ・ストークス/マイケル・ フーヴァー[1999]の研究はその後の香港映画研究ではくり返し引用される基礎的文献であ る。これらは黄金期を中心としながらも、初期映画から現代の作品まで幅広く網羅的に扱 うことで香港映画の全体像を描出しようとする。しかし、俯瞰的視点をとっているために 3 個々の作品分析は十分ではない。ボードウェルの関心はあくまで香港映画とハリウッド映 画のショット構造の差異という形式的側面にあり、映画の物語や作品をめぐる批評言説な ど内容にはない。テオはすでに確立した直線的な映画史の線上に作品を配置していくにと どまり、それぞれの監督や作品の時系列的な関係を整理することはできても、作品の分析 や解釈は歴史的文脈の枠内に制限されてしまう。ストークス/フーヴァーは映画史の直線 的な流れではなく、主題にもとづいて作品を分類するという手法をとっている。この手法 でもやはり、作品の分析や解釈は論者が設定した主題に制限されることになる。これら基 礎的文献は、作品テクストではなく、その外部にある構造、映画史、主題が中心となって いるため、テクストはそれらを再確認するための手段として利用されるだけである。 また、網羅的研究に類似するものに香港映画産業の歴史を通史的に整理した基礎的文献 がある。英語による最初の香港映画研究でもある I・C・ジャーヴィー[1977]から、趙衛防[2007; 2008]、鍾寶賢[2011]などがこれに該当するが、もちろんこれらは事実関係の整理が主眼にあ り、個々の作品の内容まで検討されることはない。この延長線上にあるチュー・インチ[2003] は、産業史から作品分析に移行する際に「ナショナルシネマの概念との関係から香港映画 に注目する」(Chu[2003] 63)と述べる。言うまでもなく、香港は「ネイションというより は準ネイション(quasi-nation)」(同上)であり、すなわち、植民地社会に根付いてきた映画 産業の固有性を実証するために映画作品が利用される。いずれにしろ、反映論的手法によ ってテクスト分析の結果が制限されるという問題点が浮上する。 2-2. ジャンル研究 香港映画を世界的に有名にしたのは、武侠映画やカンフー映画などのアクション映画で ある。したがって、アクション映画に着目したジャンル研究は多く、スティーブン・テオ [2009]、レオン・ハント[2003]、マンファン・イップ[2017]、陳墨[2004; 2005]の研究書から、 ヴェリナ・グレースナー[1974]、ステファン・ハモンド/マイク・ウィルキンス[1997]など の商業的なガイドブックまである。これらは作品の内容に踏み込んだ研究である反面、テ オや陳墨に特徴的なように、中国思想との関係が問題にされることが多い。そもそも、武 侠映画やカンフー映画は香港に固有のものではなく、中国語圏で広く製作されるものであ るため、アクション映画という世界的で広範な枠組みのなかで中国の伝統的なジャンルが どのように展開してきたかに焦点が絞られる。それゆえ、ジャンル研究では黄金期の香港 映画産業が持っていた特異性には触れられない。そのなかでも、イップは同時代の香港社 会との関係を探ろうとしているものの、これは 2-1 と同様の問題点が指摘できる。加えて、 ジャンル研究はジャンルの定義を明確にしなければならないために、他ジャンルとの関係 については不十分となる。香港の映画産業は複数のジャンルと無節操に混交して展開して きたという事実があるが、ジャンル研究はそのような特徴には踏み込むことができない。 これに関連して、アクション・スター研究として、四方田犬彦[2005]、マーク・ギャラガ ー[2006]もある。これらはブルース・リーやジャッキー・チェンといった具体的な一人の人 4 物に光を当てることで、人種、ジェンダー、マスキュリニティなどの表象的な問題まで視 野にいれる。しかし、これらはスター俳優という見られる対象が中心であるため、見る側 にある視点、すなわち、スター・イメージをつくりだす製作側の視点が抜け落ちている。 産業に着目する場合、テクスト分析は見られる側だけではなく見る側の立場まで範囲にお さめなければならない。 2-3. 作家研究 ニューウェーブと名付けられた作家たちが登場したことで、彼らの作家性に注目した作 家研究が香港映画研究の主流となっている。四方田犬彦[1993]、ヤウ・チン[2004]、チュク・ パクトン[2008]、リサ・モートン[2009]、スティーブン・テオ[2007a]、呉晶[2010]のほか、 The New Hong Kong Cinema Series として一本の映画のみに着目して論じたシリーズ本もあ る。個々の作品内容や映画産業との関係にも言及されており、キン・フー、チャン・チェ、 ツイ・ハーク、アン・ホイ、ジョニー・トー、ウォン・カーウァイなどといったように、 作家研究からはこれまで多くの作家が輩出されてきた。本研究の立場もこのグループにも っとも近い。しかし、こうした作家研究が往々にして見過ごしていることは、香港におい ては作家主義的批評が冷戦時代の政治的対立を背景にして導入されたという事実である。 つまり、西洋中心主義的な立場をとった右派の批評家によって、西洋の映画に匹敵しうる 作品を生み出すことができる作家を発見するために作家主義が利用されたのだ。彼らにと っては、キン・フーやニューウェーブ監督が西洋に対抗できる中国語映画を代表するにふ さわしい作家であった。そして、ここで擁立された作家を中心として、石琪(Sek Kei)、羅 卡(Law Kar)、スティーブン・テオといった香港の批評家が現在の香港映画史を組み立て ていったのである。 このことに鑑みれば、従来の作家研究とは距離を置く必要がある。ただし、1980 年代の 映画批評では作家主義的な方法論が主流だったことは事実としてあり、ニューウェーブ監 督たちがその作品の作家として評価されたこともたしかではある。しかし、作家研究が前 提としている監督をその作品の作家(author)とする見解は必ずしも実態に即しているわけ ではない。そもそも、ニューウェーブ監督たちは自身がニューウェーブ監督であることに は否定的である。批評側と監督側には作品における監督の位置付けに関してギャップがあ り、監督側は自身が産業システムの一部であることに意識的だった。このギャップを無視 して、個々の監督を作家として扱う限り、その監督のフィルモグラフィに見られる特徴の
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