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The Greek Testament of Westcott and Hort.*

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The Greek Testament of Westcott and Hort.* THE 4 PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW. No. 10 -April, 1882. I. THE MESSIANIC KINGDOM. r ^ H E Greek term fiaaikz ia signifies dominion, rule, reign, the exer- | X cise of kingly power. It signifies also a kingdom, dominion, realm, a people and country under kingly rule. The Greek word answers to the Latin regnum, which is also equally adapted to express the English terms, reign and kingdom. The first relates to the time or duration of the sovereignty; the second, to the place or country over which it extends. Though it sometimes signifies, in the Gospels, reign, yet it is always translated kingdom. Three forms of expression are employed in the New Testament to designate the reign and spiritual kingdom of the Messiah. These forms of expression are r) fiaGiXeia rear ovpavcov, rj /3aGi\eia rou Seov, t) fiaGiXua tou ^pzerrot). All these forms of expression are considered to be synonymous. They all signify the kingdom of the Messiah. The idea of the kingdom of God has its origin in the Old Testa- ment, in which the coming of the Messiah and His triumphs are foretold. We cannot, therefore, adequately understand its import, unless we first trace its historical development in the Old Testament Scriptures. The book of Genesis begins with the announcement that “ In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth ” (i. i). It states that He made man in His image, and gave him dominion over all the “ earth (v. and Abram calls God the Lord, the most high God, 26) ; the possessor of heaven and earth ” (xiv. 22). God, by the act of creation, is possessor of all things and universal sovereign. Moses in his sublime song (Ex. xv. 18), says, “the Lord shall reign for ever and ever.” • 15 VI. THE GREEK TESTAMENT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT.* FTER twenty-eight years of preparation, the text of Drs. Westcott and Hort’s Greek Testament was at length given to the world in May last, followed in September by an Introduction discussing the principles of text criticism, and an Appendix compris- ing, among other important matter, a much needed series of notes on select readings. Long expected as it was, the reception which the published work has met with has been unprecedented among books of its class. It has not merely been greeted by critical jour- nals, but it has been extravagantly lauded and extravagantly con- demned by publications of purely popular character. So that, thus, a work which ordinarily would have passed silently to the shelves of specialists, has sprung suddenly into the notice of the general reader, and has, in this new sphere, made parties and raised wordy strife on subjects hitherto alien to its whole thought. This remarkable recep- tion is due partly, doubtless, to the accident of the time of its ap- pearance—the Text, just when men were looking eagerly for the publication of the Revised English New Testament, + and their minds were full of the textual problems necessarily brought before them in connection with that work, and the Introduction, just when the dis- putes concerning those problems and the proper methods of solving them were at white heat. It is due also partly, doubtless, to the excellent advertising which, prior to the publication, was given to the forthcoming work. Nearly every English writer on the subject has, * The New Testament in the Original Greek, the text revised by Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., and Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D. [Vol. I.] Text, [Vol. II.] Introduction, Appendix. Cambridge and London : Macmillan & Co., 1881. In the “ American edition (New York : Harper & Bros , 1881 and 1S82) an Introduction to the American edition, by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D.” (pp. v. —lxxxvii.), is prefixed to the first volume. j- It was published five days before the Revision. 326 THE PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW. for a term of years, pointed to its coming as a boon in store for us; so that men’s minds have been on a stretch with expectations which they were eager to see fulfilled. It is undeniable, however, that it is also due partly to the character of the text which has been found on publication to be contained in and defended by the new volumes. Naturally enough it has been looked upon as a gage thrown down in defence of the main principles,* adopted by the Revision Committee ; and, naturally enough, it has, therefore, only poured oil on the al- ready blazing controversy, and has called forth praise or condemna- tion according as it fell in with previously held principles or rubbed already abraded sores of prejudice. Thus, for instance, on the one hand, the Quarterly Review “ with regret records its conviction that these accomplished scholars have succeeded in producing a text vastly more remote from the inspired autographs of the Evangelists than any which has appeared since the invention of printing” while, ; on the other, the Church Quarterly Review thinks that “ all students of the New Testament must hail with delight the appearance” of a text which, having been framed “ with a splendid patience, which is at once an example and an encouragement to younger scholars,” pre- sents “ the New Testament in the form most approaching the original autographs which is accessible.” f Other journals range themselves on one or the other of these sides with more or less enthusiasm. It is, therefore, clearly worth our while to turn aside for an hour from more attractive subjects to ask after the truth here, and seek to know just what the principles expressed by Dr. Hort:{: are, and just what kind of text has been formed from them. It may affect the expectations with which we enter on this inquiry to know that, among previous inquirers, the opinions of those of critical judgment are pretty much all one way but this cannot exonerate us from ; § * October, 1881, p. 391 (supposed to be by Dean Burgon). f July, 1881, pp. 514 and 519. J The Introduction, though expressing the common views and conclusions of the editors, is yet from the pen of Dr. Hort. § Dr. Schaff (Introduction to American edition, p. viii.) thinks that this work presents a more ancient and purer text than any other edition. Dr. Ezra Abbot believes that it will mark an epoch in the history of {Sunday School Times , Nov. 5, 1881) ’^ November, New Testament criticism. Dr. William Sanday( 7 Expositor, October, December, 1881, and Contemporary Review, December, 1881) enthusiastically advocates plainly likes it. it. Dr. William Milligan ( Catholic Presbyterian, September, 1881) From Germany we have seen but two brief statements : one from Hilgenfeld, who merely mentions it as a “ noteworthy edition ” Zeitsch fur Wissenschafil. Theologie, 25, ( . II., p. 212), and the other from Dr. Von Gebhardt (Novum Test. Greece, etc., Tauch- nitz, 1881, pp. vi. and vii.) who believes that the new edition “ novum certo et inexspec- tatum his studiis emolumentum afferet,” and “ omnibus quotquot adhuc publicatae sunt editionibus eo praestat quod ad testimonia in diversas quasi classes discribenda et : THE GREEK TESTAMENT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT. 327 the task, but rather renders it the more incumbent that the investi- gation shall be careful and the exposition clear. THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED TEXT. Before, however, we enter upon this our proper task, it will be well to take a general review of the history of the printed text of the New Testament in order that we may see clearly just where the new edi- tors take up the task,—with what basis of established fact behind them and with what unsettled problems before them. The printed text of any work which has been previously propagated for a con- siderable period in manuscript usually passes through three stages an editio princeps is published,—then, some one edition acquires a circulation and acceptance which gives it the position and authority of a “ received text,”—and then, critical editions are framed and pub- lished in the effort to amend the received text into nearer conformity with the autographs. This is the legitimate course of history. For, the first edition is naturally printed from whatever MSS. lie nearest at hand and a text becomes the received text usually from any ; not peculiar purity that belongs to it, but from some commending exter- nal quality,—such as the beauty of its presswork or the convenience of its form,—which wins it popular favor. In a much-read work, this stage is, naturally, reached early in its printed history, before any im- portant critical amendment has been undergone. Hence, as knowl- edge is acquired of older and better MSS. than those which accident- ally fell into the way of the editor of the first edition, it becomes necessary to prepare critical editions. There must, therefore, result a striking peculiarity of procedure in the preparation of a pure edition of such a text, as distinguished from that of a work which was first published in a printed form : in the latter case the first edition is com- monly the standard to which all others reprints therefore,) should ( , conform,— in the other, as the representative, ordinarily of the latest and therefore presumptively the most corrupt MSS., it is the standard of that from which subsequent editions should diverge. This is pe- culiarly true of a work which has been very popular during a long period of existence in MS. and has lost none of its popularity by be- ing put through the press. The one circumstance secures the rapid multiplication of MSS. and consequently rapidly growing corruption ; the other, the early formation of favorite passing into received texts, fixing the early corruption. acute dijudicanda certa cum ratione et tanta prolixitate quanta antehac a nemine, ibi adhibita est textus historia.” Journals for 1882 were received too late for mention here.
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