Aqueducts the Essential Question
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
(Valens) Aqueduct in Istanbul
International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(11), pp. 1660-1670, 18 September, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS ISSN 1992 - 1950 ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Out-of-plane seismic analysis of Bozdogan (Valens) aqueduct in Istanbul M. Arif Gurel*, Kasim Yenigun and R. Kadir Pekgokgoz Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, Civil Engineering Department, Osmanbey Campus, 63190, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Accepted 17 September, 2010 The Bozdogan (Valens) aqueduct in Istanbul is one of the most prominent water supply structures inherited from the Byzantine period. The paper investigates the out-of-plane seismic resistance of the aqueduct. The structural system of the aqueduct is composed of a series of piers connected to each other with arches at two tier levels. Taking advantage of the structural periodicity, only one pier of the highest part of the aqueduct is considered for the analysis instead of the whole structure. This pier is modelled as a cantilever prismatic element subjected to gravity load and increasing lateral load representing out-of-plane seismic loading. It is assumed that the pier is made of a no-tension material, with a linear stress-strain relationship in compression, and has infinite compression strength. To accomplish the solution, an efficient numerical model and solution procedure developed by La Mendola and Papia for investigating the stability of masonry piers under their own weight and an eccentric top load, is utilised and adapted to the problem at hand. The analysis showed that, although, the aqueduct can withstand out-of-plane earthquake ground motions of medium size and usually encountered periods, it is vulnerable to the ones containing long-period pulses. -
Springtime in Provence ◆ Burgundy ◆ Beaujolais Cruising the Rhône and Saône Rivers
SPRINGTIME IN PROVENCE ◆ BURGUNDY ◆ BEAUJOLAIS CRUISING THE RHÔNE AND SAÔNE RIVERS Beaune Deluxe Small River Ship Chalon-sur-Saône e SWITZERLAND n r ô e v a i S R Geneva FRANCE Mâcon Beaujolais Trévoux Chamonix Lyon Mont Blanc Tournon Tain-l’Hermitage Pont Du Gard e r e n v ô i h Orange R UNESCO R World Heritage Site Châteauneuf-du-Pape Av ig non Cruise Itinerary Arles Aix-en-Provence Land Routing Mediterranean Marseille Sea Air Routing Join this exclusive, nine-day French sojourn in world-famous Provence and in the Burgundy Itinerary and Beaujolais wine regions during springtime, May 15 to 23, 2019 the best time of year to visit. Cruise from Provençal Arles to historic Lyon along the fabled Rhône and Marseille, Arles, Avignon, Orange, Saône Rivers aboard the exclusively chartered, Pont du Gard, Tournon, Lyon, Beaune deluxe Amadeus Provence, launched in 2017. Day Dock in the heart of port towns and visit the 1 Depart the U.S. wonderfully preserved Roman Amphitheater in Arles, the medieval Papal Palace of Avignon, the Roman city 2 Marseille, France/Arles/Embark Amadeus Provence of Orange and the legendary Hôtel-Dieu in Beaune. 3 Arles/Avignon Enjoy a walking tour of Lyon, France’s gastronomique 4 Avignon gateway, and an excursion to the Beaujolais vineyards for a private wine tasting at the Château Montmelas. 5 Avignon/Châteauneuf-du-Pape for Orange and Pont du Gard/ The carefully designed Pre-Cruise Option immerses Saint-Étienne-des-Sorts you in the vibrant culture of the quintessential 6 Tournon and Tain-l’Hermitage/Lyon Provençal region. -
A Pre-Feasibility Study on Water Conveyance Routes to the Dead
A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER CONVEYANCE ROUTES TO THE DEAD SEA Published by Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Kibbutz Ketura, D.N Hevel Eilot 88840, ISRAEL. Copyright by Willner Bros. Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. Funded by: Willner Bros Ltd. Publisher: Arava Institute for Environmental Studies Research Team: Samuel E. Willner, Dr. Clive Lipchin, Shira Kronich, Tal Amiel, Nathan Hartshorne and Shae Selix www.arava.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 HISTORICAL REVIEW 5 2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE MED-DEAD SEA CONVEYANCE PROJECT ................................................................... 7 2.2 THE HISTORY OF THE CONVEYANCE SINCE ISRAELI INDEPENDENCE .................................................................. 9 2.3 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION ......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 MULTILATERAL COOPERATION ............................................................................................................ 12 3 MED-DEAD PROJECT BENEFITS 14 3.1 WATER MANAGEMENT IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ............................................... 14 3.2 POWER GENERATION IN ISRAEL ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY .................................................................................... 20 3.4 POWER GENERATION IN JORDAN ........................................................................................................ -
CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT SUBSIDENCE STUDY San Luis Field Division San Joaquin Field Division
State of California California Natural Resources Agency DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Division of Engineering CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT SUBSIDENCE STUDY San Luis Field Division San Joaquin Field Division June 2017 State of California California Natural Resources Agency DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Division of Engineering CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT SUBSIDENCE STUDY Jeanne M. Kuttel ......................................................................................... Division Chief Joseph W. Royer .......................... Chief, Geotechnical and Engineering Services Branch Tru Van Nguyen ............................... Supervising Engineer, General Engineering Section G. Robert Barry .................. Supervising Engineering Geologist, Project Geology Section by James Lopes ................................................................................ Senior Engineer, W.R. John M. Curless .................................................................. Senior Engineering Geologist Anna Gutierrez .......................................................................................... Engineer, W.R. Ganesh Pandey .................................................................... Supervising Engineer, W.R. assisted by Bradley von Dessonneck ................................................................ Engineering Geologist Steven Friesen ...................................................................... Engineer, Water Resources Dan Mardock .............................................................................. Chief, Geodetic -
The Fairly Hydrated Knight
THE FAIRLY GAMES BOOKLET HYDRATED Play & Learn KNIGHT When building a fort, the engineers would try to enclose a natural Water in forts spring inside its walls. Often this was not possible, so they had to make other waterworks, such as large cisterns (gwiebi), smaller close-bottom wells (bjar) or a groundwater well (spiera). In some cases they brought water from afar with an aqueduct (akwedott) or an underground tunnel (mina). Draining the sewage and storm water outside the fort was equally important in order to avoid contamination and diseases. When under siege, what was the most important thing for any fort to have? High strong walls? Surrounding ditches? Weapons and gunpowder? A lot of guards? Guess again … No fort, no matter how strongly built and well armed, could survive any siege if it lacked access to fresh water! 2 3 Inside a close-bottom cistern (gibjun, bir) Fill in the missing words: bell, clean, cool, dust, evaporation, gravity, inclined, lid, locked, rainfalls, summer, terraces. 1. The rain is collected from the nearby _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. All collection surfaces must be kept _ _ _ _ _. 2. The feeding gutter is slightly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, so water moves only with the power of _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 3. The _ _ _ _ shape gives stability and strength to the cistern. 4. The _ _ _ is closed when the cistern is not in use and sometimes _ _ _ _ _ _ to prevent water theft. -
Simulation of Flows and Water Quality in the California Aqueduct Using DSM2
Simulation of Flows and Water Quality in the California Aqueduct Using DSM2 Siqing Liu, Bob Suits DWR, Bay Delta Office, Modeling Support Branch 2011 CWEMF Annual Meeting, February 28 –March 2 1 Topics • Project objectives • Aqueduct System modeled • Assumptions / issues with modeling • Model results –Flows / Storage, EC, Bromide 2 Objectives Simulate Aqueduct hydraulics and water quality • 1990 – 2010 period • DSM2 Aqueduct version calibrated by CH2Mhill Achieve 1st step in enabling forecasting Physical System Canals simulated • South Bay Aqueduct (42 miles) • California Aqueduct (444 miles) • East Branch to Silverwood Lake • West Branch to Pyramid Lake (40 miles) • Delta‐Mendota Canal (117 miles) 4 Physical System, cont Pumping Plants Banks Pumping Plant Buena Vista (Check 30) Jones Pumping Plant Teerink (Check 35) South Bay Chrisman (Check 36) O’Neill Pumping-Generating Edmonston (Check 40) Gianelli Pumping-Generating Alamo (Check 42) Dos Amigos (Check 13) Oso (West Branch) Las Perillas (Costal branch) Pearblossom (Check 58) 5 Physical System, cont Check structures and gates • Pools separated by check structures throughout the aqueduct system (SWP: 66, DMC: 21 ) • Gates at check structures regulate flow rates and water surface elevation 6 Physical System, cont Turnout and diversion structures • Water delivered to agricultural and municipal contractors through diversion structures • Over 270 diversion structures on SWP • Over 200 turnouts on DMC 7 Physical System, cont Reservoirs / Lakes Represented as complete mixing of water body • -
Every Life in 19Th and Early 20Th Century Malta
MALTESE HISTORY Unit L Everyday Life and Living Standards Public Health Form 4 1 Unit L.1 – Population, Emigration and Living Standards 1. Demographic growth The population was about 100,000 in 1800, it surpassed the 250,000 mark after World War II and rose to over 300,000 by 1960. A quarter of the population lived in the harbour towns by 1921. This increase in the population caused the fast growth of harbour suburbs and the rural villages. The British were in constant need of skilled labourers for the Dockyard. From 1871 onwards, the younger generation migrated from the villages in search of employment with the Colonial Government. Employment with the British Services reached a peak in the inter-war period (1919-39) and started to decline after World War II. In the 1950s and 1960s the British started a gradual rundown of military personnel in their overseas colonies, including Malta. Before the beginning of the first rundown in 1957, the British Government still employed 27% of the Maltese work force. 2. Maltese emigration The Maltese first became attracted to emigration in the early 19th century. The first organised attempt to establish a Maltese colony of migrants in Corfu took place in 1826. Other successful colonies of Maltese migrants were established in North African and Mediterranean ports in Algiers, Tunis, Bona, Tripoli, Alexandria, Port Said, Cairo, Smyrna, Constantinople, Marseilles and Gibraltar. By 1842 there were 20,000 Maltese emigrants in Mediterranean countries (15% of the population). But most of these returned to Malta sometime or another. Emigration to Mediterranean areas declined rapidly after World War II. -
County of Butte State Water Supply Contract
STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES WATER SUPPLY CONTRACT BETWEEN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND COUNTY OF BUTTE Disclaimer: This document integrates County of Butte’s State Water Project water supply contract and amendments to the contract entered into since December 26, 1963. It is intended only to provide a convenient reference source, and the Department of Water Resources is unable to provide assurances that this integrated version accurately represents the original documents. For legal purposes, or when precise accuracy is required, users should direct their attention to original source documents rather than this integrated version. (Incorporates through Amendment No. 21, executed December 31, 2013) (No other amendments through 2017) EXPLANATORY NOTES This symbol encloses material not contained in < > the original or amended contract, but added to assist the reader. Materials that explain or provide detailed Exhibits information regarding a contract provision. Materials that implement provisions of the basic Attachments contract when certain conditions are met. Amendments have been incorporated into this Amendments consolidated contract and are indicated by footnote. This Water Supply Contract used the term Agency Name “Agency” in the original contract for this contractor. Some amendments may not have retained the same nomenclature. This consolidated contract uses the term “Agency” to be consistent with the original contract. It does not change the content meaning. This Water Supply Contract used the term “State” in the original contract for this contractor. Some Department Name amendments may not have retained the same nomenclature. This consolidated contract uses the term “State” throughout to be consistent with the original contract. -
Shrinking Sea of Galilee Has Some Hoping for a Miracle 13 November 2018, by Clothilde Mraffko
Shrinking Sea of Galilee has some hoping for a miracle 13 November 2018, by Clothilde Mraffko Plans are being devised to resuscitate the freshwater body known to Israelis as the Kinneret and to some as Lake Tiberias. For Israel, the lake is vital, having long been the country's main source of water. Israeli newspaper Haaretz provides its water level daily on its back page. Its shrinking has been a source of deep concern. When two islands appeared recently due to falling water levels, it received widespread attention in the Israeli media. The Sea of Galilee has been shrinking for years, leading to the appearance of sandy spots at the water's edge It was not so long ago when swimmers at Ein Gev would lay out their towels in the grass at the edge of the Sea of Galilee. Today, they put up their parasols 100 metres (yards) further down, on a sandy beach that has appeared due to the shrinking of the iconic body of water. "Every time we come we feel an ache in our hearts," said Yael Lichi, 47, who has been visiting Believed by Christians to be where Jesus walked on the famous lake with her family for 15 years. water, the Sea of Galilee has been shrinking mainly due to overuse "The lake is a symbol in Israel. Whenever there is a drought, it is the first thing we talk about." In front of Lichi, wooden boats with Christian Since 2013 "we are below the low red line" beyond pilgrims aboard navigate the calm waters, among which "salinity rises, fish have difficulty surviving groups from across the world that visit. -
The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
THE AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME by EVAN JAMES DEMBSKEY Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANCIENT HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR. M.E.A. DE MARRE CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. R. EVANS February 2009 2 Student Number 3116 522 2 I declare that The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome is my own work and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. .......................... SIGNATURE (MR E J DEMBSKEY) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to: My supervisors, Dr. M. De Marre and Dr. R. Evans for their positive attitudes and guidance. My parents and Angeline, for their support. I'd like to dedicate this study to my mother, Alicia Dembskey. Contents LIST OF FIGURES . v LIST OF TABLES . vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Objectives . 6 1.3 Conclusion . 7 2 METHODOLOGY 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Conclusion . 16 3 SOURCES 19 3.1 Introduction . 19 3.2 Literary evidence . 20 3.3 Archaeological evidence . 29 3.4 Numismatic evidence . 30 3.5 Epigraphic evidence . 32 3.6 Conclusion . 37 4 TOOLS, SKILLS AND CONSTRUCTION 39 4.1 Introduction . 39 4.2 Levels . 39 4.3 Lifting apparatus . 43 4.4 Construction . 46 4.5 Cost . 51 i 4.6 Labour . 54 4.7 Locating the source . 55 4.8 Surveying the course . 56 4.9 Construction materials . 58 4.10 Tunnels . 66 4.11 Measuring capacity . -
Chateau Empire Region: Uzes Sleeps: 12
Chateau Empire Region: Uzes Sleeps: 12 Overview Be surrounded by elegance and history at this village château just outside the incredibly beautiful town of Uzès, within striking distance to Nîmes and the world-famous Pont du Gard. The setting really is idyllic – the château is in the heart of a traditional village with flower-filled lanes and pretty houses, a little café and shop and even a church and marie, making it ideal for weddings as well as a relaxing break away. Once you are in the château’s vast grounds, you will feel immediately at ease with its glorious gardens and picturesque views. Listen to the trickle of the water fountain, smell the summer scent of the roses by the gated swimming pool and find shady terraces under century-old trees for a fine glass of Côtes du Rhône. Enjoy barbecues by the summer kitchen feasting al-fresco with close family or friends. Château Empire has been part of the owner’s family for the past 400 years – it originally dates back to the 17th century and its historic charm is evident today with characterful rooms which have been restored with class and style. Downstairs a superb chef’s kitchen and various reception rooms have doors leading straight out to the magnificent north-facing terrace overlooking the manicured gardens and beyond. Upstairs find six pretty bedrooms with exquisite décor, some with four poster beds, some with en suite bathrooms. If you can bear to leave your historic idyll, there is so much in this part of southern France to explore. -
MES AQUEDUCT Hubert CHANSON Dept of Civil Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
MES AQUEDUCT Hubert CHANSON Dept of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia INTRODUCTION The hydraulic expertise of the Romans contributed significantly to the advance of science and engineering in Antiquity. Aqueducts were built primarily for public health and sanitary needs: i.e., public baths, thermes, toilets (HODGE 1992, FABRE et al. 1992,2000). Many were used for centuries; some are still in use, for example at Carthage (CLAMAGIRAND et al. 1990). Magnificent aqueduct remains at Rome, in France, Spain and North Africa for example, are still standing (e.g. ASHBY 1935, VAN DEMAN 1934, RAKOB 1974, Conseil Général du Rhône 1987, 1991, 1993, 1996) (Fig. 1). Aqueduct construction was an enormous task often performed by the army and the design was undertaken by experienced army hydraulicians. The construction cost was gigantic considering the small flow rates (less than 0.5 m3/s) : it was around one to three millions sesterces per kilometre on average (e.g. FEVRIER 1979, LEVEAU 1991). [During the Augustan period (BC 33 to AD 14), one sesterce weighted about 1/336 of a pound of silver which would bring the cost of one kilometre of aqueduct to about US$ 23 to 69 millions, based on US$485.5 per ounce of silver on 25 November 1998 ! By comparison the pipeline for the Tarong power station (70-km long, 0.9 m3/s) in Queensland costed AUD$ 0.2 millions per km (Courier Mail 3 Dec. 1994, p.13).] Recent surveys have thrown new light on the longitudinal profiles of Roman aqueducts (GREWE 1986,1991, HODGE 1992, BURDY 2002).