Digest of Demographic Statistics

This summary of the basic demographic statistics for Wakefield District is intended as an introduction and aide for Nova Wakefield District Limited staff and members.

Because of the breadth of the topics covered, it will not always cover topics to the degree of detail and disaggregation that many users will require for their particular purposes. It is also likely that users will find that some topics of interest (such as crime or education and skills) are not covered at all.

Wherever possible, links are provided to where further information can be found. Assistance on using these sources can be obtained from Nova Wakefield District Limited (telephone 01924 367418 or email [email protected] ). Similarly, if you are interested in topics or data not included here, please discuss this with Nova Wakefield District Limited.

Background

Wakefield District is a metropolitan district, one of five in the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, the others being Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees and Leeds. (The other metropolitan counties are Tyne and Wear, South Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Midlands.)

The metropolitan county councils were abolished in the 1980s, and their powers and responsibilities were transferred to the metropolitan districts. So Wakefield Council has responsibility for all local authority services. In this respect, metropolitan districts are almost identical to London boroughs and to unitary authorities such as Derby and York, which are large population centres within non-metropolitan counties.

In non-metropolitan counties, such as North Yorkshire, local services and responsibilities are shared between the district council and the county council.

Accessing the Data

The starting-points for a wide range of facts and figures are:

1. The "Wakefield Observatory" at http://observatory.wakefield.gov.uk/ This provides a huge range of data, mostly accessed interactively so that you can choose what data to have in a table, for what areas, etc.

2. Wakefield Council at http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/about-the-council/access-to- information/stats-facts-maps#.U3NI8tjjjIU Here you can download the "State of the District" report which is both quite comprehensive in its range of information covered, but also provides some description and discussion in the text.

Through either of the above sources, you can access Ward Profiles, Area Profiles and Priority Neighbourhood Profiles.

3. There is also a large amount of data on the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA) website at http://www.wakefieldjsna.co.uk/

1 The JSNA is a statutory requirement for every local authority to produce, and focusses primarily on health and health needs, but also incorporates community, public health, care, etc. The JSNA includes a lot of demographic information and information about public perceptions.

4. The Office for National Statistics (ONS). This is the single largest source of official data on all demographic aspects and many other topics, but its website https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics is thought by many to be quite difficult to use.

5. Much easier to use is the Neighbourhood Statistics website http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/ . It is part of the ONS but is relatively simple to get data from, and allows you to extract neighbourhood, ward and district profiles, as well as specifying particular data- sets.

6. Perhaps the easiest of all is http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ . This has data on the census, population estimates, labour statistics, businesses, etc.

2 1. Population

The latest official figures for Wakefield District give a population in 2012 of 328,000. In population terms, Wakefield is the 20 th largest local authority in England and Wales, but the second smallest in West Yorkshire (after Calderdale).

The table below shows ten-yearly population growth over the last three decades.

Wakefield Change over ten years

1982 313,500 ------1992 314,800 +0.4% 2002 316,300 +0.5% 2012 327,600 +3.6% Source: ONS, Mid-Year Population Estimates https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?opt=3&theme=&subgrp

The table shows that after very slow growth in the 1980s and 1990s, the population of the district has grown substantially in the last decade or so.

Despite this, Wakefield's population has grown more slowly than both the West Yorkshire and national rates, as the chart below shows.

115 Wakefield Population Change, 1981-2012 113 Indexed to 1981 = 100 111 Wakefield 109 West Yorks 107 England 105 103 101 99 97 95 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2012

Source: ONS, Population Estimates Unit

Wakefield City and its surrounding areas comprise less than half of this population, the rest being accounted for by the towns of Castleford, Normanton, Pontefract, Knottingley and Featherstone, together with the villages in the south east of the district.

3 Projected Population Change

Official projections of population based on 2011 figures suggest a continuing sharp rise in population, nationally and locally, close to the rate over the last decade or so. However, overall projections are simply based on the continuation of recent trends, rather than on assessments of how things will change over coming years.

Of greater interest are the projected rates of growth of different age-groups. Although the exact numbers cannot be relied on from population projections, the trends in different age-groups are almost certain to occur.

The table below shows Wakefield's projected growth in numbers for different age- groups, and compares the percentage rate of growth with England. What is most noticeable from the table is that the population of broadly economically active age, i.e.16-64, is projected to grow fairly slowly. By contrast, the child population (under 16) is projected to grow much more rapidly, by about 10% by 2021 in Wakefield, and even faster nationally.

Projected Population Change, 2011 – 2021

Change 2011-2016 Change 2011-2021 Wakefield England Wakefield England

Number % % Number % % All ages 11,964 +3.7% +4.5% +24,026 +7.4% +8.6% 0-15 2,386 +4.0% +5.7% +5,939 +9.9% +12.6% 16-64 1,561 +0.7% +1.8% +4,127 +2.0% +3.7% 65-74 5,108 +16.7% +16.7% +6,198 +20.3% +20.3% 75+ 2,909 +11.6% +10.1% +7,762 +31.0% +27.2% Source: ONS, Interim 2011-based Subnational Population Projections http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Sub-national+Population+Projections#tab- data-tables

However, the most dramatic changes are projected in the older population. The number of people in Wakefield aged 65 and over is projected to increase by about 8,000 between 2011 and 2016, a rise of about 14%. By 2021, the population in this age-group is projected to have risen by almost 14,000 compared to 2011.

Looking only at the 75+ age-group – for which a range of medical, care and other services become increasingly important – the increase in numbers over the ten-year period is projected to be almost 8,000, a rise of nearly one-third. Similar changes are projected regionally and nationally, although slightly lower.

4 Ethnicity

The table below shows the make-up of Wakefield's population by broad ethnic group.

Ethnic Group, 2011

Wakefield England

White 95.4 85.4 Mixed/multiple ethnic groups 0.9 2.3 Asian/Asian British 2.6 7.8 Black/African/Caribbean/Black British 0.8 3.5 Other ethnic group 0.3 1.0 Source: ONS, 2011 Census https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=608

Wakefield has a very small ethnic population compared to the national average, only 4.6% whilst the England overall figure is 14.6%. Within West Yorkshire, Wakefield has the smallest proportion: Calderdale's ethnic minority population exceeds 10% whilst Bradford's is about one-third. Leeds and Kirklees lie between these figures.

"White-British" is by far the largest single ethnic group in Wakefield (92.8% of the total). The next largest is "Other White" (7,416 people, 2.3%), Pakistani (4,896, 1.5%), and African (1,955, 0.6%).

Religion

Figures from the 2011 census show that Wakefield has a higher than national average proportion of residents defining themselves as Christian, and a correspondingly lower figure defining their religion as Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Sikh or Other. As the table below shows, about one quarter said they had no religion, and a small minority declined to say.

Religion of Wakefield Residents, 2011

Wakefield England Religion Number % % Christian 216,215 66.4 59.4 Muslim 6,475 2.0 5.0 Buddhist 573 0.2 0.5 Hindu 831 0.3 1.5 Jewish 117 0.0 0.5 Sikh 399 0.1 0.8 Other religion 973 0.3 0.4 No religion 79,497 24.4 24.7 Religion not stated 20,757 6.4 7.2 Source: ONS, 2011 Census https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=616

5 2. Households

Total Households

The table below shows the total number of households in Wakefield District, and the ten-yearly change since 1991. The figures show the continuing rapid growth in numbers of households which, broadly speaking , translates into numbers of dwellings, putting pressure on housing land and house prices and rental rates.

Growth in Numbers of Households

Change over previous Total Households ten years 1991 123,483 2001 132,209 +7.1% 2011 140,414 +6.2% Source: ONS http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=605

This growth results from two quite separate trends, population growth and the fall in average household size. For many years, the fall in household size was more important, with more people living in one-person households and families having fewer children. In recent years, this has changed, with population growth having a greater impact.

Projections of Growth in Numbers of Households

Government regularly provides official projections of household numbers, which are used by councils to help plan for housing. Latest projections for Wakefield are shown below.

Household Projections up to 2021

Change 2011 2021 2011-2021 Total households 141,000 153,000 +8.5% With "head of household" aged 75+ 19,000 24,000 +26.3% One-person household 42,000 47,000 +11.9% With lone-parent family 11,000 15,000 +36.3% Average household size (persons) 2.30 2.26 -1.7% Figures are "mid-year", rounded to nearest 000. See https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-household-projections for more information.

These figures indicate an 8% growth in the number of households over the ten-year period up to 2021, which includes growth of 26% in the number of households whose "head of household" is aged 75 or over, and a 12% rise in the number of one-person households. The number of households containing a lone-parent family is projected to grow very rapidly over the period.

6 As mentioned above, this growth in household numbers has a big impact in terms of the need for new housing, and possibly also local house prices and rentals. In addition, the type of households projected to grow fastest will also affect the sort of housing that needs to be built and local pressures on prices and rental levels.

Household Composition

The table below shows the types of household in Wakefield at the time of the last census.

Composition of Households in Wakefield and England, 2011

Wakefield England Number % % All households 140,414

One person aged 65+ 18,205 13.0 12.4 Other one person households 23,435 16.7 17.9 2+ adults with dependent children 29,929 21.3 22.0 Lone parent with dependent children 10,605 7.6 7.1 Households with 2+, all aged 65 or over 12,157 8.7 8.4 2+ adults, with no dependent children 46,083 32.8 32.3 Source: ONS, Census of Population, 2011 http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=605

The table shows that in 2011 approximately 30% of all households had only one person. Households containing only people aged 65+ totalled over 30,000 and accounted for 22% of all households. Households with two or more adults and no dependent children accounted for one-third of all households, whilst households with one or more dependent children made up 29% of the total, lone parents with dependent children being 7.6% of all households. These figures are demonstrated in the chart below.

35 Household Composition, 2011 Wakefield and England

30

25 Wakefield

20 England 15

10

5

0 One person Other one 2+ adults with Lone parent Households 2+ people, no aged 65+ person dependent with with 2+, all dependent households children dependent aged 65 or children children over

7 Tenure

The 2011 census showed the following figures for housing tenure in Wakefield, with comparisons with England.

Household Tenure, 2011

Wakefield England Tenure Type Number % % Owned: Owned outright 40,766 29.0 30.6 Owned: Owned with a mortgage or loan 48,525 34.6 32.8 Social rented 33,129 23.6 17.7 Private rented 16,017 11.4 16.8 Other (i) 1,977 1.4 2.1 Source: ONS, 2011 Census (i) "Other" includes "Shared Ownership" and "Living Rent-Free" http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=619

40 % of all Household Tenure in 2011: 35 Wakefield compared to England

30 Wakefield 25 England 20 15 10 5 0 Owned outright Owned with a Social rented Private rented Other mortgage/loan Source: ONS, 2011 Census

Wakefield has owner-occupation rates broadly comparable to the England average, although somewhat higher proportion has a mortgage.

Wakefield has significantly higher rates of social renting (a category which includes housing associations – such as Wakefield and District Housing – as well as direct Council provision).

The privately-rented sector is correspondingly lower, about two-thirds of the national rate. Nevertheless, it has risen sharply in Wakefield over the last decade, from about 7% in 2001, reflecting national trends.

8 Homelessness

The number of households being accepted as "homeless and in priority need" was around 200 in 2012/13, and had risen substantially over the previous two years (although the rate of homelessness remains below regional and national averages).

Over the last ten years, increasing numbers of young people have been living with their parents, reflecting the unavailability or unaffordability of suitable accommodation.

For more information, see the State of the District report at http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/about-the-council/access-to-information/stats-facts- maps#.U3NI8tjjjIU

"Bedroom Tax"

It is anticipated that the bedroom tax will create increasing homelessness pressures. More than 5,000 social housing tenants have had their housing benefit reduced as a result of the bedroom tax, affecting more than 9,000 people. Source: Wakefield MDC, April 2014

9 3. Employment and Economic Activity in Wakefield

Employment in Wakefield

The latest figures (for 2012) show that 135,100 people were employed in Wakefield District, that is, people working within Wakefield District (as distinct from Wakefield residents in work). This represents a fall of 3,400, or 2.5%, compared with 2009 (excluding the self-employed), compared with a national rise of 0.3%. The table and chart below show the share of the ten largest sectors in Wakefield District in terms of employment, and comparison with the England average.

Sector of Employment, Wakefield and England, 2012

Wakefield England Sector % % Manufacturing 11.5 8.5 Construction 5.1 4.4 Retail 10.0 10.2 Wholesale 5.5 4.2 Transport and storage (inc postal) 9.5 4.6 Professional, scientific and technical 4.1 7.7 Business administration and support services 7.1 8.5 Public administration and defence 6.8 4.8 Education 8.7 9.6 Health 14.3 13.0 Source: Business Register and Employment Survey, 2012 http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=27

In Wakefield, employment is highest in the health and manufacturing sectors, which together account for over one-quarter of jobs in the district. Employment in manufacturing and in transport and storage are significantly above the national average.

Financial services, information and communications, and professional, scientific and technical are far less important sources of employment in Wakefield than nationally.

16.0 % Sector of Employment, Wakefield and England, 2012 14.0 12.0 10.0 Wakefield England 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0

10 Business Size

Wakefield's economy appears to be more reliant on large companies than the national average, as the table below shows.

Number of Employees in Enterprises of Different Sizes, 2012 Wakefield England Size of Business Number % % Total 135,108

Micro (0 to 9) 12,108 9.0 12.6 Small (10 to 49) 16,808 12.4 15.5 Medium-sized (50 to 249) 20,122 14.9 14.4 Large (250+) 86,070 63.7 57.4 Source: Business Register and Employment Survey, 2012 http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=27

Public sector employment has traditionally accounted for a higher proportion of total employment in Wakefield than is the case nationally. In 2012, the proportion was 23.6%, compared to 18.6% for England as a whole. However, this figure had fallen more than 1% in the three years since 2009, and the indications from public spending plans are that the public sector share of employment will continue to fall.

Patterns of Economic Activity

The term "Economically Active" means people who are employed, self-employed or available for work but unemployed. (Clearly, people looking after the home, children, ill or aged relatives, etc., make a huge economic contribution, but this terminology has been used for a long time.)

The table below shows that in 2011 Wakefield had slightly lower economic activity rates than the national average, and significantly lower rates of self-employment and full-time students. It also had higher unemployment, and substantially more of its unemployed population was under 25.

Economic Activity in 2011 Wakefield England Economic Activity Number % % All residents aged 16 to 74 240,997

Economically active 164,768 68.4 69.9 In employment 148,026 61.4 62.1 Employee: Part-time 35,763 14.8 13.7 Employee: Full-time 95,559 39.7 38.6 Self-employed 16,704 6.9 9.8 Unemployed 11,702 4.9 4.4 Full-time student 5,040 2.1 3.4 Economically inactive 76,229 31.6 30.1 Unemployed aged 16 to 24, as % 3,875 33.1 27.7 of total unemployment Source: ONS, 2011 Census http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=1046

11 Data from a continuous sample survey by the ONS shows the trend in employment in terms of full-time, part-time and self-employment over recent years.

Changing Patterns of Employment in Wakefield, 2008-2013

2008 2013

Number % Number % Female Total 71,700 72,500 Full-time 41,600 58.0 41,900 57.8 Part-time 27,100 37.8 26,500 36.6 Self-employed 3,000 4.2 4,100 5.7 Male Total 92,100 90,400 Full-time 76,800 83.4 71,700 79.3 Part-time 5,500 6.0 5,700 6.3 Self-employed 9,800 10.6 13,000 14.4 Source: Annual Population Survey/Labour Force Survey http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=28

The figures above, though based on a sample survey, show a very clear trend in employment patterns that appears to be reflected nationally. Total female employment has risen slightly, principally as a result of a rise in self-employment. Female employment now accounts for 44.5% of the total, and 37% of full-time employment.

Male employment totals have fallen, but this hides the most dramatic developments, which are a 7% fall in full-time employment, partly offset by a rise in self-employment from under 10,000 to 13,000.

National studies have drawn attention to the very mixed nature of self-employment, indicating that in many cases it does not approach full-time employment or provide an income equivalent to formal employment. This is particularly so when there is no eligibility for benefits and is likely to be a key component in the rise in numbers of people who are defined as "in employment" yet on very low income.

12 Earnings

The consequences of these trends for household incomes and levels of poverty are compounded by the continuing very large pay gaps according to sex and whether the employment is full-time or part-time. Latest national data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) shows that:

• Male part-time workers got an average (median) basic hourly rate of 58% of their full-time counterparts.

• Female full-time workers got an average (median) basic hourly rate of 89% of their male full-time counterparts.

The table below compares the 2013 figures for median earnings for Wakefield residents, with the England average.

Gross Earnings and Pay Rates (Median), 2013 – Wakefield Residents

Wakefield England

Gross Weekly Pay All 374.1 421.6 Male Full-time 500.6 563.4 Male Part-time 154.8 150.0 Female Full-time 392.4 460.5 Female Part-time 178.1 164.2 Gross Hourly Pay All 10.10 11.76 Male Full-time 11.54 13.92 Male Part-time 7.54 8.00 Female Full-time 10.22 12.32 Female Part-time 8.20 8.41 Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2013 http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=25

Although the sample size for Wakefield means that the figures are not precise, a clear picture emerges from the table of pay rates far below the national average:

• Overall gross pay between 11% (weekly) and 14% (hourly rates) below the national average.

• Male and female full-time gross hourly rates both 17% below the national average.

Part-time rates show a more ambiguous picture, with hourly rates actually above the national average (although this could be a statistical blip owing to the smaller sample size for part-time workers).

13 4. Unemployment, Deprivation and Low Income

The table below shows the number of people registered unemployed and claiming benefit.

Claimant Count, Wakefield and England; Proportion of Economically Active Population

Wakefield England Date Number % % May 2007 4,757 3.0 2.9 May 2010 8,583 5.3 4.7 May 2013 9,826 5.9 4.5 May 2014 6,731 4.0 3.2 Source: ONS, Claimant Count http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?opt=3&theme=&subgrp

The table shows the huge rise in claimant numbers following the banking crash of 2008. Both in Wakefield and nationally, the figures have come down very substantially over the last year. However, in Wakefield they remain 41% higher than in 2007.

As a proportion of the economically active population, Wakefield was close to the national average before the crash but is now significantly higher, an indication that the crash has hit this area much harder than some parts of the country.

The claimant count is useful because it provides data for very small areas. However, it is a very limited and flawed way of measuring unemployment. It only records those who are unemployed and claiming benefit. Clearly, there are a number of reasons why people may be out of work and seeking work, but not eligible for benefits. As a result, the claimant count inevitably understates the level of unemployment by a large margin.

Because of this, for a number of years the "headline" unemployment figures are now based on a very large rolling survey, called the Annual Population Survey. Data from this is taken for a full year. The figures are shown below.

Survey-based Unemployment Count, Wakefield and England; Proportions of Economically Active Population aged 16-64

Wakefield England Period Number % % Jan 2007-Dec 2007 8,900 5.6 5.2 Jan 2010-Dec 2010 14,600 9.0 7.6 Jan 2012-Dec 2012 16,800 10.1 7.8 Jan 2013-Dec 2013 15,600 9.4 7.4 Source: NOMIS, Local Authority Labour Market Profiles http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157128/report.aspx

14 The pattern reflects that of the claimant count, with the huge rise following the banking crash, followed by a fall over the last year or so. According to this data-set, more than 1 in 10 of the economically active population in Wakefield is currently out of work but seeking work, a rate two-thirds higher than before the crash. While the rate as a proportion of the economically active population was only slightly above the national rate in 2007, it is now far higher.

The biggest difference between this survey and the claimant count is in the absolute numbers unemployed: according to the Annual Population Survey, almost 16,000 people in Wakefield were unemployed in 2013. In December 2013, the total claimant count was less than half of this, at 6,918.

Geographical Concentrations of Unemployment

The table on the following page shows Wakefield District's electoral wards, and shows claimant count figures and census unemployment data.

The second column shows the claimant count totals for each ward in May 2014. Although it does not show claimant count rates, the raw figures still give a picture of where claimant numbers are concentrated:

• The highest number of claimants is in Wakefield East ward, followed by Wakefield West, Wakefield North and Airedale and Ferry Fryston.

• The fewest claimants are in Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton, followed by Crofton, Ryhill and Walton, Wakefield Rural, Wrenthorpe and Outwood West, Ossett, and Stanley and Outwood East.

• The four wards with the highest number of claimants average 533 claimants per ward, whilst the six lowest average 176 claimants.

In the third and fourth column is the unemployment data from the 2011 census, with the number unemployed and the rate of unemployment (as a % of the economically active population in that ward).

The numbers unemployed are much higher in the census figures. There are two main factors explaining this. First, the census unemployment is self-defined, so a person does not need to be eligible for or receiving, unemployment-related benefits in order to count as unemployed. Secondly, unemployment figures have fallen substantially since 2011.

Note : The claimant count, annual population survey-based unemployment rates, and the census figures are all used to measure unemployment in some form. This is not the same as worklessness, which includes people not in work but unable to work due to illness or disability.

15 Wakefield Wards: Claimant Count, May 2014 and Census 2011 Unemployment

May 2014 Census 2011 Rate (% of Ward Claimant Number economically Count Unemployed active) Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton 164 403 5.0 Airedale and Ferry Fryston 434 746 11.3 Altofts and Whitwood 324 512 6.0 Castleford Central and 310 491 5.8 Glasshoughton Crofton, Ryhill and Walton 168 403 5.3 Featherstone 366 603 7.9 Hemsworth 324 628 9.0 Horbury and South Ossett 226 428 5.3 Knottingley 402 601 8.8 Normanton 322 578 6.7 Ossett 185 463 5.3 Pontefract North 300 607 7.4 Pontefract South 256 485 6.8 South Elmsall and South Kirkby 334 710 8.6 Stanley and Outwood East 192 396 4.6 Wakefield East 690 912 11.8 Wakefield North 486 640 7.7 Wakefield Rural 170 422 4.6 Wakefield South 377 479 7.2 Wakefield West 521 805 11.2 Wrenthorpe and Outwood West 180 390 5.1 Source: DWP, Claimant Count; ONS, 2011 Census http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=24 http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=1046

In terms of the distribution among wards, there are a number of similarities:

• Wakefield East has the highest number of claimants and had the highest unemployment rate according to the census; Wakefield West was second highest on one count and third highest on the other. Airedale and Ferry Fryston and Knottingley are both in the top five on both counts.

• At the other end of the scale, Wakefield Rural and Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton are in the lowest three wards on both counts. Stanley and Outwood East, and Crofton, Ryhill and Walton are both in the lowest six on both counts.

However, there are also significant differences in the ranking. These may be the result partly of demographic differences between wards (for instance affecting levels of economic activity and benefit eligibility), and perhaps also changes that have occurred since 2011.

16 Deprivation and Low Income

Until relatively recently, a national set of deprivation indicators was calculated and updated every three years by the Department for Communities and Local Government. However, there have been no updates since 2010.

The Indices were based on a set of geographical areas called Lower Level Super Output Areas (LSOAs). These are aggregations of Census Output Areas, and have an average (mean) population of about 1,500 residents (and a minimum of 1,000). Super Output Areas were created as a fixed geographical area, not affected by the changes made to electoral wards, so as to provide a robust basis for measuring changes over time. There are 210 LSOAs in Wakefield District.

Although calculated at LSOA level, the Indices of Deprivation are also manipulated to give a number of summary indicators at district level. Wakefield's position on these is shown below.

The table below shows that on these different measures of deprivation at district level, Wakefield is in all cases in the most deprived 25%. In terms of Employment Scale and Income Scale, Wakefield appears relatively more deprived, but this is because these two measures are affected by the size of the district's population (and Wakefield is far above the average population for a district).

National Indices of Deprivation – Ranking of Wakefield (1 = Worst Nationally, 326 = Best Nationally)

Local Employment Average Average Extent Income Scale Concentration Scale Score Rank 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010

68 66 62 69 37 37 11 17 66 67 74 77 Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation, 2010 (See the notes at the end of this document for description of the calculation of these indicators.)

The chart on the following page shows the district indicators for West Yorkshire, but excludes the Scale of Employment and Income Deprivation measures, since these are greatly influenced by the population size of the district.

The chart illustrates that Bradford has the highest deprivation on all measures, and Calderdale the lowest. Kirklees and Leeds have greater concentrations of deprivation and more severe deprivation. However, the fact that they appear as less deprived in terms of the overall average scores indicates that their levels of deprivation sit alongside significantly greater concentrations of prosperity. Thus, Wakefield's overall (average) prosperity is lower than Leeds and Kirklees, but it does not suffer from the same levels of the highest deprivation. One interpretation of this is that the extremes of poverty and prosperity are less pronounced in Wakefield than in Leeds and Kirklees.

17 Worst % Indices of Deprivation 2010 - nationally Comparative Deprivation across W. Yorks Districts

100 Local Concentration 95 Extent 90 Average Score

85 Average Rank

80

75

70

65

60 Wakefield Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds

Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation, 2010

At small area level, the Indices of Deprivation produce an Index of Multiple Deprivation. This is the basic measure on which are based the four measures shown in the chart.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is calculated from the results from a number of "domains" of deprivation, each of which in turn is calculated from several different indicators. The domains are:

• Barriers to Housing and Services. This is mainly about physical access and proximity to services. • Crime and Disorder • Education, Skills and Training • Employment. This measures the number and percentage of people in "employment deprivation". • Health and Disability • Income. This measures the number and percentage of people in "employment deprivation". • Living Environment

For each domain of deprivation, there is a deprivation score and a ranking (out of the 32482 LSOAs nationally). The chart on the following page shows the percentage of Wakefield's 209 LSOAs that fall within the most deprived 5% nationally and the most deprived 10% nationally .

(For more explanation, see the notes at the end of this document.)

18 Extent and Type of Deprivation in Wakefield, 2010 % 25

% of Wakefield Small Areas Within 20 Most Deprived 5% Nationally

% of Wakefield Small Areas Within 15 Most Deprived 10% Nationally

10

5

0 Multiple Barriers to Crime and Education, Employment Health & Income Living Deprivation Housing & Disorder Skills & Training Disability Environment Services

Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation, 2010

19 The chart on the preceding page shows the following:

• Within the Education, Skills & Training domain, 23% of Wakefield's small areas (LSOAs) lie within the most deprived 10% nationally, and 13% within the most deprived 5% nationally. (Clearly, the "averages" are 10% and 5% respectively, so these figures are far above average.)

• For the Employment domain, the comparative figures are 21% and 9%.

• In the Health & Disability domain, 18% are in the most deprived 10% nationally, and 7% in the most deprived 5%.

• The Crime & Disorder domain has 13% of small areas in the most deprived 10% nationally.

Three domains have fewer than average small areas within the worst 10% and 5% nationally, in other words below average deprivation. These are:

• Income. 15 LSOAs are in the worst 10% nationally, but this is only 7% of the district's LSOAs. Five are in the worst 5%, but this is only 2.4%. This seems to confirm and reflect the pattern of the overall deprivation figures for Wakefield, i.e. quite high deprivation on a national and regional scale, but without the large and intense concentrations manifested in some districts.

• The "Living Environment" domain. Only five LSOAs are within the national worst 10% and none within the national worst 5%. This domain is based on indicators relating to housing, central heating, air pollution and road accidents. The relatively high proportion of social housing almost certainly means that Wakefield has low deprivation in terms of housing and central heating, whilst air pollution is unlikely to be a big issue compared with districts with larger urban areas.

• Wakefield has no LSOAs in the worst 10% or 5% in the "Barriers to Housing & Services" domain. This domain uses indicators on over- crowding, housing affordability, homelessness and distance to various services (GP, post office, primary school, supermarket). On most of the latter, Wakefield is relatively well provided, whilst over-crowding is relatively low and affordability high compared to many parts of the country.

The map on the following page – taken from the Wakefield JSNA – shows the relative deprivation of areas within Wakefield District, plotted against the towns, the Seven Areas, and the areas designated by the Council as Priority Neighbourhoods.

20 21 In the map, shadings represent the national ranking of all the LSOAs in Wakefield (but areas that are unpopulated or have no significant settlements are left un- shaded). Six different shadings are used, one each for areas within the worst 10% and worst 10-20% nationally, and one each for each subsequent 20%.

The map demonstrates very well how the more deprived areas are spread across the district, with Wakefield, Castleford, and the smaller towns and pit villages in the north east and south east of the district accounting for almost all of the areas in the worst 20% nationally.

The map also shows how areas of high deprivation exist right beside areas that are counted among the most prosperous 20% or 40% nationally:

• Most of the rural areas do not exhibit high levels of deprivation, but this does not apply to all areas.

• Most – but not all – of the most deprived 10% lie within Priority Neighbourhood areas depicted by the blue lines and listed in the top left corner. However, there are many areas within the most deprived 10-20% that are not within such areas, such as within Normanton, Pontefract and parts of Castleford.

On a cautionary note, it is worth bearing in mind that geographical depictions of deprivation such as this have limitations and can present a misleading picture. There are certain to be many households and individuals in poverty or facing other aspects of deprivation, but who live in prosperous areas; and conversely, even the most deprived areas will have many households with members in work, not on very low income, not suffering from poor health etc. So using this sort of analysis for allocation of resources and services can be a useful starter but is likely to be flawed.

22 Health

There is a huge amount of data on health now publicly available. The table below and on the following page shows only a tiny range of indicators of the population's health, but many of these are widely seen as good headline indicators of a population's general health. Figures shown in red are significantly worse than the national rates.

Health and Health-related Indicators

Indicator Wakefield Y&H (W . Yorks) England

Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR), All Ages 111.21 107.75 (WY) 100* (2005-2009) SMR, Aged under 75 114.38 112.16 (WY) 100* (2005-2009)

Female All Age-All Cause Mortality, Standardised, 515.5 488.8 454.5 per 100,000 (2009-2011) Male All Age-All Cause Mortality, Standardised, 716.0 683.6 639.6 per 100,000 (2009-2011)

% of population defining itself as in Bad/Very Bad 7.7 6.0 5.5 Health (2011 Census)

Male Life Expectancy at 77.5 78.1 78.9 Birth (2009-2011) Female Life Expectancy at 81.5 81.9 82.9 Birth (2009-2011)

Infant deaths <1 year per 1,000 live births (2008- 5.0 5.0 4.3 2010)

Est'd deaths attributable to smoking per 100,000 pop'n 243 228 201 aged 35+ (2009-2011)

Under-18 conceptions, crude rate per 1,000 42.2 39.1 34.0 females aged 15-17 (2009- 2011)

Alcohol-related hospital admissions, all ages age- 820 na 637 standardised, per 100,000 (2012-2013) * All figures are indexed to the all-England figure, which is taken to be 100. Sources: Wakefield MDC, "Joint Strategic Needs Assessment"; Public Health England, "Health Profiles"

23 Indicator Wakefield Y&H (W . Yorks) England

Emergency admissions for self-harm, standardised 281.6 228.2 153.3 rate per 100,000 (2011- 2012)

Smoking in Pregnancy per 21.7 16.6 13.3 100 (2011-2012)

Obesity among Adults 28.5 26.3 24.2 aged 16+ (%) (2006-2008) Obesity among Children aged 10/11 (%) (2011- 19.6 19.2 19.2 2012) Incidence of Diabetes 6.2 5.9 5.8 aged 17+ (%) (2011-2012) Sources: Wakefield MDC, "Joint Strategic Needs Assessment"; Public Health England, "Health Profiles" http://www.wakefieldjsna.co.uk/executive-summary/foreword/ http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=126453 http:// Broadly speaking, the health of people in Wakefield is worse than the national average, and so are peoples' own perceptions of their health (as shown in the census figures in the table).

The Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) – which is widely used as a means of comparing two areas or groups of the population – shows Wakefield District to have much higher "premature" mortality than the national average, and also higher than the West Yorkshire average. All Age All Causes Mortality for Men and Women are significantly higher than national and regional rates.

Premature death rates from cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular disease are all high, as are rates of diabetes and of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Although continuing to increase, both male and female life expectancy at birth are lower than the regional figures and the national figures; infant mortality is around the regional average but above the national one.

In general, the headline indicators that are either about "health behaviours" or usually linked, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity, are higher than the national and regional rates, although alcohol-related hospital admissions are lower. Where measured for children, these are also high in Wakefield.

However, the differences between Wakefield District and the national averages are relatively small compared with differences within Wakefield. A huge range of data on health and health determinants for electoral wards and the seven "Local Areas" can be found on these sites:

• Public Health Observatory Profiles http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=50215&SEARCH=wakefi eld&SPEAR

24 • Local Area Profiles http://www.wakefieldjsna.co.uk/IA/7areaspine-current/atlas.html

• Ward Profiles by Public Health England http://www.localhealth.org.uk/#l=en;v=map4

These show a huge range in the health of people across Wakefield District, most strongly illustrated by the fact that life expectancy is 9.1 years lower for men and 7.7 years lower for women in the most deprived areas of Wakefield than in the least deprived areas.

The wards and areas where health indicators are worst are strongly associated with levels of deprivation and social exclusion.

25 Appendix – Notes on Deprivation Indicators

Local Concentration

Population weighted average of the ranks of a local authority district's most deprived LSOAs that contain exactly 10% of the district's population.

This measure defines 'hot spots' of deprivation by reference to a percentage of the local authority district's population. This involves taking the mean of the population weighted rank of a district's most deprived LSOAs that capture exactly 10% of the district's population. For the purpose of calculation, LSOAs are ranked such that the most deprived LSOA is given the rank of 32482.

Extent

Proportion of a local authority district's population living in the most deprived LSOAs in the country.

In this measure, 100% of the people living in the 10% most deprived LSOAs in England are captured in the numerator, plus a proportion of the population of those LSOAs in the next two deciles on a sliding scale – that is 95% of the population of the LSOA at the 11th percentile, and 5% of the population of the LSOA at the 29th percentile. This measure only includes local authority districts containing LSOAs which fall within the most deprived 30% of LSOAs in England. Therefore some districts do not have an overall score for this measure and they are given a joint rank.

Scale (two measures)

Income Scale is the number of people who are income deprived; Employment Scale is the number of people who are employment deprived.

Average of LSOA Scores

Population weighted average of the combined scores for the LSOAs in a local authority district.

This measure is calculated by averaging the LSOA scores in each local authority district after they have been population weighted. This measure retains the fact that more deprived LSOAs may have more 'extreme' scores, which is not revealed to the same extent if the ranks are used.

Average of LSOA Ranks

Population weighted average of the combined ranks for the LSOAs in a local authority district.

This measure is calculated by averaging all of the LSOA ranks in each local authority district. For the purpose of calculation, LSOAs are ranked such that the most deprived LSOA is given the rank of 32482. The LSOA ranks are population weighted within a local authority district to take account of the fact that LSOA size can vary.

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