DOCSLIB.ORG

1 a Critical Review: Katharine C. Gorka & Patrick Sookhdeo (Eds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 a Critical Review: Katharine C. Gorka & Patrick Sookhdeo (Eds A Critical Review: Katharine C. Gorka & Patrick Sookhdeo (eds.). Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism McLean: Isaac Publishing 2012, 240 pp; ISBN: 978-0985310905; $15. Reviewed by Zubair Qamar 1 Contents Introduction and Outline of the Review .............................................................................. 7 Part-1: Biographies of Authors and Institutions of Affiliation .......................................... 10 Patrick Sookhdeo ........................................................................................................... 10 Katharine C. Gorka – and The Westminster Institute ................................................... 11 Isaac Publishing ............................................................................................................. 12 Stephen Ulph ................................................................................................................. 13 John H. Moore ............................................................................................................... 13 Robert Reilly ................................................................................................................. 13 Thomas Joscelyn ........................................................................................................... 13 John Lenczowski ........................................................................................................... 14 Sebastian Gorka ............................................................................................................. 14 Knowledge of the Authors’ Background ....................................................................... 15 Part-2: Book Structure, Organization, and Related Issues ................................................ 15 Initial Observations ....................................................................................................... 15 Lessons from the Cold War to Defeat Islamism? .......................................................... 15 Grammar, Spelling, and Terminology ........................................................................... 16 Grammar and Phrases .................................................................................................... 16 Irrelevant Chapters ........................................................................................................ 17 Part-3: Identification of the “Enemy” ................................................................................ 18 Two General Kinds of “Islamists” ................................................................................ 18 The Majority of Classical Sunni Muslims as Accomplices to “Islamists” .................... 18 The “Progressive Reformers” ........................................................................................ 20 Is This a War on Islam? ................................................................................................. 20 Part-4: The Cold War Approach of the Authors, and the Utility of Applying Any Purported Lessons to the Battle Against Islamists. ........................................................... 20 The Cold War as a Battle of “Ideologies” ..................................................................... 20 The Cold War: Exaggerating Ideology? ........................................................................ 21 Part-5: The Authors’/Editors’ Views and Arguments ....................................................... 22 General View of Authors/Editors .................................................................................. 22 Detailed Views of Authors/Editors ............................................................................... 23 2 Introduction: Katharine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo .......................................... 23 Chapter-1: Patrick Sookhdeo ..................................................................................... 24 Chapter-2: Stephen Ulph ........................................................................................... 24 Chapter-3: John H. Moore ......................................................................................... 25 Chapter-4: John Lenczowski ..................................................................................... 25 Chapter-5: Robert Reilly ........................................................................................... 26 Chapter-6: Thomas Joscelyn ..................................................................................... 27 Chapter-7: Sebastian Gorka ....................................................................................... 27 Part-6-11: Responding to the Authors’ Arguments ........................................................... 29 Part-6: Islamism - Exaggerating the Role of “Ideology”? ................................................. 29 Islamism Beyond Ideology ............................................................................................ 29 Al-Qa’eda Beyond Ideology .......................................................................................... 31 Part-7: Comparison of the Understanding of Politics and Ideology in Classical Sunni Islam with the Political Ideology of Islamist Movements Today ...................................... 32 Is Classical Sunni Islam a Political Ideology? .............................................................. 32 Classical Sunni Islam and Caliph-Scholar Dynamics: Separation of ‘Religion and State’ .............................................................................................................................. 34 How Modern Islamism Differs from Classical Islam’s Tradition in the Political Realm ....................................................................................................................................... 35 The Altering of the Religious Scholar-and-Caliph Arrangement that had Existed for Over 1,000 Years in Classical Sunni Tradition ............................................................. 36 Religion as a “Vehicle” ................................................................................................. 37 Does Today’s “Islamic State” Mimic the Early Muslims? ........................................... 38 Shari’ah’s Penal Code ................................................................................................... 40 Summary of Differences Between Classical Islam and Modern Islamism ................... 41 Part-8: Jihad in Classical Sunni Islam Compared with “Jihad” as Understood by Militants Today ................................................................................................................................. 41 Jihad in Classical Sunni Islam – an Overview .............................................................. 42 War as Part of the Norm ................................................................................................ 43 Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule ................................................................................ 43 The Petering Out of Offensive Jihad ............................................................................. 44 Non-Muslims Helped Muslims in Jihad ........................................................................ 44 3 Caliphs Were Tolerated More Than Supported ............................................................. 44 The Pseudo-“jihads” of Today: Contradicting Classical Sunni Tradition ..................... 45 Advocacy of Peace Over War Today as the Norm ........................................................ 45 Muslims Today and “Abrogation” of Peaceful Qur’anic Verses .................................. 46 Jihad versus Terrorism .................................................................................................. 48 Division of the World into Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Kufr ............................................. 50 Summary Overview of This Section ............................................................................. 52 Part-9: Religion and Terrorism .......................................................................................... 53 Hirabah, Muharib, and Muharibun/Hirabiyyun – Terrorism, Terrorist, and Terrorists55 Irhab, Irhabi, and Irahabiyyun – Terrorism, Terrorist, and Terrorists ........................... 56 Irjaf, Irjafi, and Irajafiyyn/Murjifun – A Better Translation of Terrorism, Terrorist, and Terrorists ........................................................................................................................ 56 The Khawarij as Murjifun/Irjafiyyun and Today’s al-Qa’eda ...................................... 57 Classical Sunni Scholars Who Accused the Khawarij of Disbelief .............................. 57 Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali Of the famous Sunni scholar and Sufi, al-Ghazali, Ibn Hajar said: .................................................................................................................. 58 Does Islam Teach and Condone Terrorism? Sookhdeo says, ...................................... 58 Al-Qa’eda Recruits Know Little About Islam ............................................................... 59 The “Verse of the Sword” ............................................................................................. 60 Foreign Policy and Terrorism ........................................................................................ 61 The Problem of “Root-Cause Theory” ...................................................................... 61 Exaggerating
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kingdom Partnerships for Synergy in Missions
    Kingdom Partnerships for Synergy in Missions William D. Taylor, Editor William Carey Library Pasadena, California, USA Editor: William D. Taylor Technical Editor: Susan Peterson Cover Design: Jeff Northway © 1994 World Evangelical Fellowship Missions Commission All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying and recording, for any purpose, without the express written consent of the publisher. Published by: William Carey Library P.O. Box 40129 Pasadena, CA 91114 USA Telephone: (818) 798-0819 ISBN 0-87808-249-2 Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents Preface Michael Griffiths . vii The World Evangelical Fellowship Missions Commission William D. Taylor . xiii 1 Introduction: Setting the Partnership Stage William D. Taylor . 1 PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF PARTNERSHIP 2 Kingdom Partnerships in the 90s: Is There a New Way Forward? Phillip Butler . 9 3 Responding to Butler: Mission in Partnership R. Theodore Srinivasagam . 31 4 Responding to Butler: Reflections From Europe Stanley Davies . 43 PART TWO: CRITICAL ISSUES IN PARTNERSHIPS 5 Cultural Issues in Partnership in Mission Patrick Sookhdeo . 49 6 A North American Response to Patrick Sookhdeo Paul McKaughan . 67 7 A Nigerian Response to Patrick Sookhdeo Maikudi Kure . 89 8 A Latin American Response to Patrick Sookhdeo Federico Bertuzzi . 93 9 Control in Church/Missions Relationship and Partnership Jun Vencer . 101 10 Confidence Factors: Accountability in Christian Partnerships Alexandre Araujo . 119 iii PART THREE: INTERNATIONALIZING AGENCIES 11 Challenges of Partnership: Interserves History, Positives and Negatives James Tebbe and Robin Thomson . 131 12 Internationalizing Agency Membership as a Model of Partnership Ronald Wiebe .
    [Show full text]
  • Barnabas Aid Magazine May/June 2020
    barnabasfund.org barnabasaid MAY/JUNE 2020 BARNABAS FUND - AID AGENCY FOR THE PERSECUTED CHURCH - BRINGING HOPE TO SUFFERING CHRISTIANS EAST AFRICA AND ASIA UK PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW COVID-19 GLOBAL CRISIS “Perfect storm” of locust plague Barnabas Fund praised for best How the pandemic crisis is and coronavirus pandemic practice by British government affecting the persecuted Church SAVING GOD’S PEOPLE IN CRISIS What helps make Barnabas Fund distinctive from other The Barnabas Fund Distinctive Christian organisations that deal with persecution? We work by: ● Acting on behalf of the persecuted ● facilitate global intercession for Church, to be their voice - making their the persecuted Church by providing ● Directing our aid only to Christians, needs known to Christians around comprehensive prayer material although its benefits may not be the world and the injustice of their safeguard and protect our volunteers, exclusive to them (“As we have persecution known to governments and ● staff, partners and beneficiaries opportunity, let us do good to all international bodies people, especially to those who belong ● keep our overheads low to the family of believers.” Galatians 6:10, emphasis added) We seek to: meet both practical and spiritual needs We believe: ● Channelling money from Christians ● we are called to address both religious and through Christians to Christians (we do encourage, strengthen and enable the ● ● secular ideologies that deny full religious not send people, we only send money) existing local Church and Christian liberty to Christian minorities - while communities - so they can maintain ● Channelling money through existing continuing to show God’s love to all people structures in the countries where their presence and witness rather funds are sent (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Semitism?
    'p IsnlaWklmnicf" ,4MONS[ER CRthL T'HEHOLOCAUS r.rHE HOL ANTI..ZIONISM IN GREAT BRITAIN AND BEYOND A "Respectable" Anti-Semitism? ALVIN H. ROSENFELD THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE The American Jewish Committee protects the rights and freedoms of Jews the world over; combats bigotry and anti-Semitism and promotes human rights for all; works for the securityofIsraeland deepened understanding between Americans and Israelis; advocates public policy positions rooted in American democratic values and the perspectives of the Jewish heritage; and enhances the cre- ative vitality of the Jewish people. Founded in 1906, itis the pioneer human-relations agency in the United States. To learn more about how the American Jewish Committee fightshatred and anti-Semitism,visit our website at www.ajc.org and see related publications on the inside back cover. ANTI-ZIONISM IN GREAT BRITAIN AND BEYOND: A "Respectable" Anti-Semitism? ALVIN H. ROSENFELD THEAMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of friends and colleagues read earlier versions of this essay and suggested ways to improve it. 'While they are not responsible for any shortcomings still present, I am certain the final version is better for their efforts. I would like to thank the following: Edward Alexan- der, Tamar Benjamin, Paul Bogdanor, Todd Endelman, Harry Geduld, Barbara Krawcowicz, Vivian Liska, Daniel Nichols, Gale Nichols, Aron Rodrigue, Erna Rosenfeld, Gavriel Rosenfeld, Natania Rosenfeld, Sidney Rosenfeld, Roger Temam, and Leona Toker. Alvin Rosenfeld Foiuwoiu Two popular national magazines have recently carried cover stories exploring "The New Face of Anti-Semitism" and "The New Anti- Semitism." One would think that a hatred as old and long-lasting as anti-Semitism could hardly be described as "new." Yet this protean virus has reared its head again, in its most recent incarnation, as a pattern of discourse that poses "merely" as criticism of Israel, but in reality propagates classic hatred and distrust of Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Islamist Ideology to America's Founding Principles
    No. 2430 June 29, 2010 The Challenges of Islamist Ideology to America’s Founding Principles Michael Nazir-Ali Abstract: What challenges does Islamism pose domesti- cally to the core principles of Western plural societies, par- ticularly the United States? Although Islamist rhetoric is Talking Points sharp and polarizing, many of these tenets have been • Radical Islamism poses critical challenges for derived from classical Islamic sources, and Islamists reject free societies in the West. any interpretations of them offered by “reform-minded” or • In recent years, there have been increasing “moderate” Muslims. Western European and British expe- calls for Western legal recognition of cer- riences point to potential areas of friction in public life. tain aspects of Islamic law; but because of Specifically of note are the following Islamist tenets as they the fundamental opposition between the relate to specific core principles of Western legal and social assumptions of Western public law and those foundations: the challenge of Shari-ca law to the rule of law; of the Sharīca, it is impossible to provide of the role of women to equality before the law; of alleged Sharīca with a recognized place in terms of “defamation of religion” to religious liberty, freedom of the rule of law. speech, and academic freedom; and of Islamic financing to • Sharīca’s denial that the law should apply free enterprise. equally to all has ramifications in arenas ranging from family law and the place of women in society to freedom of belief and expression. Western legal tradition rests on the idea that there is “one law for all.” This idea has emerged from the • The rise of radical Islamism, the relation- Judeo–Christian tradition as mediated by the Enlight- ship of isolation to radicalization, and the spread of radicalization through extremists in enment, particularly from the tradition’s teaching mosques, schools, universities, and prisons about the equal dignity and liberty of all and that the pose crucial concerns for the United States, law should therefore apply equally to all.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Patrick Sookhdeo Dr Patrick Sookhdeo Was
    Dr Patrick Sookhdeo Dr Patrick Sookhdeo was born in Guyana, South America, of South Asian parentage. He was ordained in the Church of Pakistan, and gained a Ph.D. from London University’s School of Oriental and African Studies. In the USA he has received a doctorate from Nashotah House Episcopal Seminary, Wisconsin, for his work in the area of human rights and religious liberty and also from Western Seminary, Portland, Oregon, for his work in the area of pluralism. Dr Sookhdeo is the International Director of Barnabas Fund, an aid agency that works in over 80 countries to assist the persecuted Church, with a particular emphasis on Islamic contexts. He is also Director of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity, a UK-based Christian research institute which focuses on the situation of Christian minorities in Muslim- majority contexts and current trends in Islam. He was for 23 years minister of St Andrew’s Church, Plaistow, in a multi-cultural area of east London, UK. He has been a visiting lecturer at various theological institutions around the world including Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, and Oak Hill Theological College, London, in the UK; Western Seminary, Portland, Oregon and the Reformed Theological Seminary, Orlando, Florida in the USA; and the Bible College of Victoria. With more than 40 years’ experience as pastor, evangelist, Bible teacher and author, he regularly speaks at Christian conferences worldwide and lectures on Islamic, multicultural and race issues. He is the author, co-author or editor of 23 books. He is Dean-Theologian of Abuja (Church of Nigeria) and Non-Residentiary Canon of Peshawar (Church of Pakistan).
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Prospectus Template
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara American Muslim Networks and Neotraditionalism A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies by Brendan Peter Newlon Committee in charge: Professor Richard Hecht, Chair Professor Ahmad Ahmad Professor Rudy Busto Professor Kathleen Moore Professor Dominic Steavu-Balint December 2017 The dissertation of Brendan Peter Newlon is approved. _____________________________________________ Ahmad Ahmad _____________________________________________ Rudy Busto _____________________________________________ Kathleen Moore _____________________________________________ Dominic Steavu-Balint _____________________________________________ Richard Hecht, Committee Chair September 2017 American Muslim Networks and Neotraditionalism Copyright © 2017 by Brendan Peter Newlon iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Prophet Muhammad was reported to have said, “one who has not thanked the people has not thanked Allah.” I owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude to my parents and family, my patient wife, and my daughter who is still too young to have patience. I could never have done any of this without the wise guidance of all of my teachers, both in and out of the academy. Professor Richard Hecht has dedicated his time generously to keeping this project advancing with his insightful feedback and invaluable reading recommendations. Professor Kathie Moore taught me the continuity of religion from the abstraction of Constitutional Law to the local Interfaith Initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Reform Beyond the Project on National Security Reform
    United States Army War College Class of 2013 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: A Approved for Public Release Distribution is Unlimited This manuscript is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the U.S. Army War College Fellowship. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Security Reform beyond the Project on National Security Reform by Author Appears Here when Entered on SF 298 Army COL Brian Mennes The U.S. Army War College is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606. The Commission on Higher Education is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
    [Show full text]
  • National Consensual Narrative Against Terrorism Umbreen Javaid* Abstract When Taliban Were
    Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 22, Issue - 2, 2015, 383:398 National Consensual Narrative against Terrorism Umbreen Javaid* Abstract When Taliban were fighting against USSR, America, Pakistan and Western bloc along with many other countries of the world gave them moral and material support. They were given the name of Mujahideen and their struggle against USSR was considered as ‘holy war’. They also developed a strong narrative that impressed not only Mujahideen but the outer world also. However, after the disintegration of USSR, they were left unattended; therefore, they also changed their direction and started their struggle against imperialism and non Muslim Europe and especially America. After the incident of 9/11 USA along with her allies launched a war against them labeling them as terrorists. However there is a point of view that they cannot be completely defeated with military force. Their ideology or narrative that has become very strong should also be encountered. Key Words: Terrorism, narrative, Pakistan, Afghanistan, al-Qaida. Introduction "Mujahideen is a word literally comes from the same Arabic root as jihad, which means struggle. Therefore, a mujahid is a person who struggles. In the milieu of Afghanistan through the late twentieth century, the mujahideen were Islamic combatants shielding their state from the USSR”, which in 1979 assaulted and waged a pointless and gory war for a decade. Afghan mujahideen were outstandingly varied group including Uzbeks, Tajiks, ethnic Pashtuns, and others. Some were patron by Iran, whilst numerous groups were formation of Deoband Muslims and pro-Pakistan elements (Szczepanski, n.d. “Who Were the Mujahideen of Afghanistan?” about news.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter I Introduction
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background Malaysia is a country which consists of various ethnic groups or multiethnic populations. From the various ethnic groups there are three ethnicities which have the biggest population in Malaysia; there are Melayu, Chinese, and Indian. Melayu is the biggest ethnic population, because this ethnic is the original ethnic which is the oldest inhabittant in Malaysia state territory compared to the other two ethnic groups. Malay ethnic and indigenous tribes of Malaysia are known as Bumiputera which refers to the indigenous population who has lived in this land since a long time ago. While the other two ethnic groups are the immigrants who come from China and India. Indian population is the descendant of Indian immigrant who come to Tanah Melayu (Malaysia) in the 11th century and during the British occupation. Meanwhile The Chinese population is the descendant of Chinese immigrants who came to Tanah Melayu (Malaysia) in the 15th and early 20th centuries as traders.1 Chinese and Indian come to Malaysia generally for trade or work in British colonial's company and plantation, then the descendants of Chinese and Indian immigrants become the Malaysian citizens today. According to the population census in 2012, Melayu is the first placed population with the percentage of 50.4%, while Chinese the second place population with the percentage 23.7% and 1 J. Cambria (2010, April). Overseas Chinese in Malaysia Chinatownology, Retrieved September 02, 2017, from http://www.chinatownology.com/overseas_chinese_malaysia.html i followed by Indians in third place with 7.1% from 29.17 million Malaysian total population.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Saving Grace: Saqshbandi Spiritual Transmission in the Asian Sub-Continent, 1928-1997 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Lizzio, Kenneth Paul Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 09:49:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/270114 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistina print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy.
    [Show full text]
  • PERSONS • of the YEAR • Muslimthe 500 the WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 •
    PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • MuslimThe 500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 • MuslimThe 500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 • C The Muslim 500: 2018 Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer The World’s 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2018 Deputy Chief Editor: Ms Farah El-Sharif ISBN: 978-9957-635-14-5 Contributing Editor: Dr Tarek Elgawhary Editor-at-Large: Mr Aftab Ahmed Jordan National Library Deposit No: 2017/10/5597 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour © 2017 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, PO BOX 950361 Zeinab Asfour, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN http://www.rissc.jo Consultant: Simon Hart All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced Typeset by: M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or me- chanic, including photocopying or recording or by any in- formation storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courtesy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi • Contents • page 1 Introduction 5 Persons of the Year—2018 7 Influence and The Muslim 500 9 The House of Islam 21 The Top 50 89 Honourable Mentions 97 The 450 Lists 99 Scholarly
    [Show full text]
  • Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: the Instrumentalization of Culture Under the Soft Power Theory
    Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: The Instrumentalization of Culture under the Soft Power Theory By Mariano Martín Zamorano Abstract Although cultural diplomacy has grown in importance in recent years, there is no consensus on its definition. Cultural diplomacy is commonly framed in terms of soft power: the capacity of persuasion and attraction that allows the state to construct hegemony without using coercive methods. In this article, I offer a cri- tical analysis of this theory’s limitations. To shed light on this situation, I provide an historical analysis of cultural diplomacy. Based on this historical analysis and on an extensive desk research, I examine the dominant methodological and con- ceptual articulation of soft power in cultural diplomacy literature to clarify how the logical framework of soft power favors a specific and restrained conception of these policies, narrowing its understanding and legitimating its economic and political instrumentalization. Keywords: cultural diplomacy, soft power, instrumentalization, bran- ding, propaganda Zamorano, Mariano Martín: “Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: The Instrumentaliza- tion of Culture under the Soft Power Theory”, Culture Unbound, Volume 8, 2016: 166–186. Published by Linköping University Electronic Press: http://www.culture- unbound.ep.liu.se Culture Unbound Journal of Current Cultural Research Introduction In today´s globalized and highly interconnected world, cultural diplomacy is re- ceiving renewed attention. Social and economic changes as well as geopolitical transformations have led to a new relevance for international cultural policies. The impulse towards financial and technological globalization and post-Fordism economic changes (Jessop 2002; Brenner 2004) have given greater importance to cultural production and consumption in the so-called post-industrial society (Bell 1976; Morató 2012).
    [Show full text]